*« 


DUKE 

UNIVERSITY 

LIBRARY 


FRIENDS  OF 
DUKE  UNIVERSITY 
LIBRARY 

GIFT  OF 


Ma ry  Opal  Shuf ord 


Cable  Address:  Saco-Lowell,  Boston. 
Codes:  Bentley’s  ABC,  5th  Edition; 
Western  Union;  Schofield’s  Electric 
Phrase  Code. 


TEXTILE  MACHINERY 


COTTON  MILL 
EQUIPMENT 


1923 


SECOND  EDITION 


S ACO-LOWELL  SHOPS 

Executive  Offices 

77  FRANKLIN  STREET  * BOSTON,  MASS. 
Shops 

BIDDEFORD,  MAINE  • LOWELL,  MASS. 
NEWTON  UPPER  FALLS,  MASS. 
PAWTUCKET,  R.  I. 

Southern  Agent 

ROGERS  W.  DAVIS  ' CHARLOTTE,  N.  C. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016  with  funding  from 
Duke  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/cottonmillequipm01saco 


Introductory 

IN  offering  to  our  clients  this  second  edition  of  our  General 
Catalog,  we  wish  to  extend  our  thanks  for  the  kind 
reception  given  our  first  issue. 

In  this  edition  we  have  rearranged  the  subject  matter 
with  a view  to  making  the  catalog  more  convenient  for 
quick  reference.  The  first  section  is  restricted  to  cuts  and 
general  description,  that  is,  the  points  which  would  be  of 
particular  interest  to  the  buyer  of  machinery.  The  second 
half  contains  technical  data,  specifications,  plans,  formulae, 
tables,  etc.,  of  interest  to  the  engineers  and  actual  operators. 
Both  sections  are  logically  subdivided  by  machines,  starting 
with  the  Opening  Room  and  ending  with  Slashers.  Some  of 
the  detailed  drawings,  gear  lists,  etc.,  previously  shown  in 
the  Picker  section  have  been  omitted,  this  information  now 
being  included  in  our  new  Picker  Parts  Catalog  for  con- 
venience of  mill  superintendents  and  foremen.  All  tables, 
formulae,  etc.,  have  been  carefully  checked  and  revised  to 
accord  with  changes  in  machines.  In  addition  to  purely 
technical  descriptions  of  our  equipment  we  have  included 
a brief  discussion  of  the  various  processes  used  in  cotton 
spinning  and  of  the  uses  and  operation  of  the  different 
machines. 

In  this  new  catalog  we  have  covered  many  changes  in 
design  and  construction  and  particularly  call  attention  to 
the  No.  5 Model  Picker,  which  is  of  entirely  new  pattern. 
We  have  also  adopted  many  radical  changes  in  our  spinning 
frames,  notably  the  new  pattern  Geared  End,  Geared  End 
Drive,  Birkenhead  Creel,  Die  Cast  Aluminum  Separators, 
Y-Type  Spindles,  and  various  other  changes  in  construction. 

W e wish  to  assure  our  customers  that  our  staff  of  mechanics 
and  engineers  is  always  at  their  disposal,  and  we  are  only 
too  glad  to  discuss  with  them  any  problems  which  may 
arise,  either  in  the  operation  of  present  machinery  or  in 
the  production  of  special  equipment  to  meet  special  needs. 

Saco-Lowell  Shops. 


Bostox,  Mass. 


1 


Worsted  and  Silk  Spinning 
Machinery 

IN  addition  to  the  Cotton  Mill  Equipment  described  in 
this  catalog  we  are  prepared  to  supply  a line  of  Worsted 
and  Silk  Machinery  of  standard  construction  and  proved 
efficiency. 

WORSTED  MACHINERY 
Bradford  System 

Revolving  Creels  — Gill  Boxes  — Drawing  Boxes  — Rovers, 
Two -Rail  and  Single-Rail- — Spinning,  Cap,  Ring  or 
Flyer  — Twisters,  Cap,  Ring  or  Flyer  — Spoolers 

French  System 

Intersecting  Mixer-  Intersecting  Gill  Box  — Heavy  Drawing 
Intermediates — Finishers  — Ring  Spinning — Twisters 


SILK  MACHINERY 

Filling  Engines  — Spreaders  — Intersecting  Gill  Drawing 
Frames  — Rotary  (Porcupine)  Drawing  Frames  — Rov- 
ing, for  Long  or  Short  Silk  — Spinning,  for  Long  or  Short 
Silk  — Twisters  — Gassing  Spoolers  — Controlling 
Spoolers 

SACO -LOWELL  SHOPS,  BOSTON,  MASS. 

Above  machinery  built  at  our  Lowell,  Mass.,  Shops 


2 


CONTENTS 


Technical 

Descriptive 

Dat 

A 

Bale  Opening  and  Conveying 

4 to  35 

330  to  341 

Automatic  Feeders  

36  “ 43 

342  “ 

343 

( )peners 

44  “ 46 

344  “ 

345 

Tappers 

48  “ 85 

346  “ 

360 

Waste  Cleaning  Machinery  . . 

88  “ 95 

362  “ 

367 

Waste  Opening  Machinery  . . 

96  “ 110 

368  “ 

375 

Shoddy  Pickers 

112* “ 116 

376  “ 

379 

Carding  Machinery 

118  “ 149 

388  “ 

403 

Card  Strippers 

150  “ 153 

391  “ 

392 

Lap  Winders 

156  “ 159 

404  “ 

409 

Drawing  Frames  . 

162  “ 175 

412  “ 

433 

Evener  Drawing  Frames  . . . 

178  “ 183 

436  “ 

442 

Roving  Machinery 

186  “ 204 

446  “ 

500 

Spinning  Frames  

206  “ 229 

502  “ 

557 

T wisters 

232  “ 260 

560  “ 

642 

Spoolers 

262  “ 279 

644  “ 

653 

Warpers 

282  “ 295 

656 

686 

Slashers 

298  “ 316 

688  “ 

707 

Sizing  Systems 

318  “ 327 

- 

- 

Miscellaneous  Information  and 

Data 

709  “ 737 

Views  of  Cotton  Mills  ... 

740  “ 794 

Index  

795  “ 805 

3 


4 


(See  'page  17  for  description.) 


Opening  and  Conveying  Machinery 

NO  department  in  the  mill  has  seen  so  many  radical  changes 
and  .improvements  in  methods  of  handling  stock  as  have  been 
effected  in  the  opening  room  during  the  last  few  years.  Modern 
baling  presses  compress  stock  to  a density  of  approximately  thirty 
pounds  per  cubic  foot  and  this  stock  when  properly  opened  for 
delivery  to  Pickers  has  a density  of  about  two  pounds  per  foot. 
To  obtain  thorough  opening,  careful  manipulation  is  necessary  and 
much  attention  has  been  paid  to  producing  machinery  for  accom- 
plishing this  result.  The  old  method  of  ageing  cotton  consisted  of 
opening  up  several  bales  by  hand  and  piling  alternate  layers  in  a 
bin  where  the  fibres  gradually  opened  and  straightened  out  through 
the  absorption  of  moisture  from  the  air.  This  process  was  slow, 
required  a large  amount  of  space  and  hand  labor.  With  the  modern 
Bale  Breaker,  stock  is  placed  directly  from  the  bales  onto  the  apron 
of  the  machine,  alternate  layers  from  several  bales  being  fed  at 
the  same  time  to  insure  a thorough  mixing.  The  machine  thoroughly 
©pens  up  and  airs  the  stock,  delivering  it  in  excellent  condition  for 
subsequent  processes.  The  capacity  of  the  Bale  Breaker  is  large, 
one  machine  handling  effectively  from  ten  to  sixty  bales  per  day. 
Stock  is  usually  delivered  by  this  machine  to  a conveying  pipe, 
through  which  it  is  carried  by  a current  of  air,  this  process  tending 
to  further  open  and  air  the  stock  and  put  the  fibres  in  their  natural 
condition. 

The  importance  of  cleaning  stock  in  the  initial  stages  of  its 
handling  is  becoming  more  appreciated  by  mill  men,  and  to  this 
end  it  is  now  common  practice  to  connect  the  Bale  Breaker  directly 
to  a Vertical  Opener.  These  machines  are  used  singly  or  in  sets  of 
two  or  three  machines  arranged  tandem,  the  number  of  machines 
depending  on  the  class  of  stock  used  and  the  amount  of  cleaning 
desired.  With  this  system  practically  all  of  the  heavy  dirt,  sand, 
loose  seed,  and  leaf  is  taken  out  of  the  stock  before  it  goes  to  the 
Pickers.  A surprising  difference  in  the  color  of  the  finished  yarn 
will  be  noted  when  using  a thorough  cleaning  process  of  this 
description  in  the  opening  room.  Further  cleaning  is  sometimes 
obtained  by  the  use  of  sections  of  cleaning  trunk  inserted  in  the 
pipe  line  between  opening  room  and  Pickers.  Cotton  bins  are 
frequently  used,  but  rather  with  the  object  of  handling  different 
grades  of  stock  than  with  the  idea  of  ageing  the  cotton. 

Automatic  distributors  connected  by  means  of  condensers  with 
the  pipe  line,  as  described  in  detail  in  this  catalog,  complete  the 
equipment  between  Bale  Breakers  and  Pickers  so  that  the  stock 
is  not  touched  by  hand  from  the  time  it  is  placed  on  the  Bale- 
Breaker  Apron  until  it  is  removed  from  the  Breaker  Pickers  in 
the  form  of  laps. 

A detailed  description  of  the  various  special  arrangements  of 
Condensers,  Lattice  Aprons,  Distributors,  etc.,  for  meeting  all 
ordinary  requirements  will  be  found  on  following  pages. 

5 


G 


N umber  4 Male  Mueaiceu 

(Production  controlled  by  Reeves  Variable-Speed  Device) 


Number  4 Bale  Breaker 

'T'HE  NUMBER  FOUR  BALE  BREAKER  lias  been  de- 
* signed  to  meet  the  demand  for  a heavy  machine  of  large 
capacity.  Baled  stock  is  fed  directly  into  the  hopper,  the  best 
practice  consisting  of  feeding  alternate  layers  from  several  bales 
grouped  around  the  machine.  By  this  method  of  feeding,  a 
thorough  mixing  is  obtained,  and  stock  is  in  excellent  condition 
for  delivering  to  Pickers  without  the  necessity  of  ageing  in  bins. 
The  machine  is  especially  efficient  in  handling  hard-pressed  bales, 
both  American  and  foreign. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION:  Frame  is  of  heavy  castings  with  sides 
accurately  milled  and  fitted.  Cross  girts  are  of  similar  construction. 
Top  is  sheet  steel  fastened  to  frame  by  screws  and  is  readily  removed 
when  necessary.  All  working  parts  are  adjustable  to  suit  varying  re- 
quirements. PIN  APRON  is  made  of  heavy  wood  slats  with  steel  pins, 
fastened  securely  to  heavy  belting.  BOTTOM  LATTICE  APRON  is 
made  of  hardwood  oval  slats  riveted  to  heavy  belting.  Both  aprons 
run  on  large  pulleys,  insuring  positive  drive.  Hand  holes  are  provided 
for  removing  -or  adjusting  apron  pulleys.  All  SHAFTS  are  ample 
size,  running  in  our  Self-Aligning  Bearings.  This  bearing,  which  is 
used  in  several  of  our  machines,  is  illustrated  and  fully  described  on 
a following  page.  Slots  with  detachable  filling  pieces  are  provided  for 
the  easy  removal  of  shafts  and  bearings. 

BREAKING-UP  CYLINDER  consists  of  four  cast-steel  pin  bars 
securely  bolted  to  three  heavy  cast-iron  heads  keyed  to  steel  shaft  of 
ample  size,  space  between  heads  being  filled  in  with  sheet  steel.  This 
cylinder  is  practically  indestructible  and  has  stood  the  hardest  tests.  It 
runs  in  self-aligning  bearings  fitted  with  screw  adjustment. 

The  STRIPPING  CYLINDER  is  of  similar  heavy  construction  and 
is  fully  adjustable. 

The  DOFFER,  which  strips  the  stock  from  the  pin  apron,  is  strongly 
built,  with  special  heads  which  absolutely  prevent  any  winding-up  of  the 
stock. 

COUNTERSHAFT  is  an  integral  part  of  the  Bale  Breaker,  being 
mounted  directly  on  the  frame  sides.  It  is  equipped  with  SELF-ALIGN- 
ING BEARINGS  ( see  detailed  description  on  a following  page)  and  is 
regularly  furnished  with  16"  X 4"  T.  & L.  receiving  pulleys.  A speed  of 
300  R.P.M.  is  necessary  in  order  to  give  proper  speeds  to  the  various  parts 
which  are  driven  from  this  countershaft. 


7 


8 


Cross  Section  ok  No.  t Hale  Breaker 


Number  4 Bale  Breaker — Continued 


DRIVING:  A pair  of  tight  and  loose  pulleys  are  provided  for  driving 
the  lifting  apron,  with  hand  shipper  that  can  be  operated  from  either 
side  of  the  machine.  The  two  gears  operating  in  connection  with  these 
T.  & L.  pulleys  are  the  only  gears  on  the  machine,  and  these  are  carefully 
figured  with  a view  to  eliminating  noise  and  wear. 

EXTENSION  APRONS,  as  illustrated  in  the  cut  on  page  8,  can  be 
supplied  in  varying  lengths.  The  first  section  adds  6'  6"  to  over-all  length. 
Additional  sections  are  regularly  furnished  in  6'  0"  lengths.  Apron  sides 
are  heavy  castings,  and  fitted  with  adjusting  bearings  for  taking  up  slack 
as  apron  stretches.  An  extended  apron  is  recommended  from  the  fact 
that  a large  number  of  bales  can  be  grouped  around  it  and  fed  alternately, 
providing  an  excellent  mixing. 

STOP  AND  START  APRONS.  The  principle  of  the  Hopper  Feed 
Regulator,  described  on  page  41,  has  been  adopted  in  applying  a stop  and 
start  apron  to  the  No.  4 Rale  Breaker.  The  use  of  this  device  produces  a 
regular  delivery  from  the  machine  and  prevents  any  possibility  of  clogging- 
up  through  careless  feeding.  Any  amount  of  stock  may  be  piled  onto  the 
lattice  apron,  but  delivery  to  the  hopper  is  automatically  controlled  and 
stock  in  the  hopper  kept  at  a constant  level. 

We  strongly  recommend  its  use  on  all  Bale  Breakers  and  particularly 
when  delivering  stock  to  Vertical  Openers. 

A cut  illustrating  this  arrangement  is  shown  on  page  C. 

FAN  FOR  RKMO\  I\G  DUST:  Under  ordinary  conditions,  this 
Bale  Breaker  produces  very  little  dust  and  lint,  and  we  do  not  recom- 
mend the  use  of  a dust  fan.  However,  this  fan  can  readily  be  added  to 
meet  unusual  conditions. 

The  GALVANIZED-IRON  MOUTH  piece,  shown  in  drawing  on 
page  8,  is  furnished  as  an  extra  when  required.  As  supplied  by  us,  this 
mouth  is  made  of  No.  24  galvanized  iron  and  is  of  the  best  obtainable 
stock  and  workmanship.  Mouth  is  made  to  fit  any  desired  size  of  piping. 

( See  page  2f  for  description  of  pipe  lines.) 


KEY  TO  CUT  ON  PAGE  8 


A Stripping  Roll 

B Pin  Cylinder 

C Pin  Apron 

D I)  OFFER 


E Bottom  Apron 

F Apron  Extension 

G ....  Galvanized-Iron  Mouth 


Vertical  Opener  with  Apron  Delivery  Feeding  Single 
Feed  Table 


Vertical  Opener  with  Apron  Delivery'  Feeding 
Double  Feed  Table 


Lattice  Feed  Table 

IN  operation  the  Feed  Table  collects  stock  from  two  or  more 
A bale  breakers  or  vertical  openers  and  delivers  at  a single  point 
to  some  form  of  conveying  system,  usually  a pipe  line  leading  to 
condenser  in  picker  room.  Aside  from  its  value  as  a conveyor  this 
apron  offers  the  opportunity  of  making  a very  thorough  mixing  of 
stock,  the  product  of  the  various  bale  breakers  being  mixed  uni- 
formly on  the  apron.  This  Feed  Table  is  shown  by  cuts  on  pre- 
ceding page.  The  upper  illustration  shows  a Single  Feed  Table 
receiving  stock  from  vertical  openers  with  apron  delivery.  The 
lower  illustration  shows  a Double  Feed  Table.  With  this  arrange- 
ment, different  kinds  of  stock  may  be  fed  to  adjacent  openers  and 
delivered  to  different  condensers.  These  Feed  Tables  are  also  used 
for  receiving  stock  direct  from  bale  breakers  or  No.  5 Feeders. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION : The  sides  are  heavy  castings,  sup- 
ported by  adjustable  legs.  This  adjustment  permits  the  proper  lining- 
up  of  the  table  regardless  of  any  irregularities  in  the  floor.  The  apron 
consists  of  hardwood  oval  slats  securely  fastened  to  two  heavy  belts  run- 
ning over  large  drums  at  either  end  of  the  table.  The  lower  half  of  the  apron 
is  supported  by  carrier  rolls  placed  at  frequent  intervals. 

Bearings  are  self-aligning  and  adjustable  to  provide  for  tightening  apron. 
Drivingps  through  a pair  of  8"  X 2"  T.  & L.  pulleys  usually  located  at  the 
delivery  end  of  the  table  on  the  side  nearest  the  feeder.  To  determine  the 
HAND  of  a Feed  Table  stand  facing  the  hopper  of  the  feeder  and  note  which 
side  the  pulley  is  on. 

Double  Feed  Tables  are  provided  for  special  layouts.  With  this  ar- 
rangement the  table  is  widened  and  a partition  run  the  whole  length  of 
table. 

Special  mouth  pieces  are  provided  for  the  feeders  with  swinging  doors 
which  can  be  adjusted  to  deliver  the  stock  to  either  side.  This  double 
table  is  used  where  two  grades  of  stock  in  varying  quantities  are  required. 
A further  description  of  such  a system  will  be  found  under  Distributors  on 
page  33. 

Galvanized-iron  mouths,  with  elbow  to  any  desired  size  of  round  pipe, 
are  furnished  in  connection  with  all  Feed  Tables. 


11 


Vertical  Opener  with  No.  4 Bale  Breaker 


Vertical  Opener  with  Apron  Delivery  and  No.  4 
Bale  Breaker 


12 


Vertical  Opener 


HE  Y ertical  Opener  provides  very  thorough  cleaning  without 


possibility  of  injuring  the  fibres,  stock  being  carried  over  a 
large  grid  surface  by  the  conical  cylinder.  The  amount  of  clean- 
ing can  be  controlled  by  adjusting  the  grids,  by  raising  or  lowering 
the  cylinder  through  means  of  an  adjustment  provided,  and  In- 
varying  the  speed  of  cylinder. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION:  Framework  is  heavy  cast  iron,  each  of 
the  four  sides  and  the  top  being  cast  in  one  piece.  Joints  are  accurately 
milled  and  fitted.  Large  cleanout  doors  are  provided.  A heavy  3-armed 
bracket,  mounted  on  top  of  the  machine,  supports  the  upper  bearing  of 
the  vertical  shaft. 

BEARINGS:  High-grade  ball  bearings,  specially  designed  for  this 

machine,  are  used  throughout.  The  step  bearing  at  the  foot  of  cylinder 
is  made  especially  heavy  to  withstand  the  great  pressure.  Detail  of  both 
upper  and  lower  bearing  is  shown  by  cuts  on  page  15.  No  oil  or  water 
jackets  are  required,  as  these  bearings  are  packed  in  grease  and  run  for 
weeks  without  attention.  Bearings  are  fitted  with  the  alemite  greasing 
system.  We  supply  a grease  gun  with  new  installations. 

DRIVING.  We  are  prepared  to  supply  several  methods  of  driving  to 
meet  varying  requirements. 

Gallows  Pulleys.  This  method  is  illustrated  on  page  18  and  is  the  newest 
and  in  many  ways  the  most  satisfactory  method.  Shaft  may  be  mounted 
on  any  desired  side  of  the  machine  to  receive  straight  drive  from  overhead 
countershaft.  Pulleys  are  ball  bearing  and  require  no  adjustments.  Pulley 
on  shaft  11"  X 1". 

Idler  Pulleys.  This  method  is  illustrated  on  page  18.  Idler  pulleys  are 
mounted  on  adjustable  stands  which  can  be  set  to  receive  belt  from  counter- 
shaft located  at  any  height  above  machine  or  at  any  angle  to  axis  of  machine. 
Pulleys  are  ball  bearing.  Pulley  on  Cyl.  shaft  11"  X 11". 

Rope  Drive.  This  has  been  developed  to  meet  the  demands  of  some  of 
our  clients  but  is  not  widely  used.  We  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
principal  object  of  this  type,  i.e.,  to  prevent  side  pull  on  cylinder  shaft,  is 
nullified  in  our  machine  through  the  special  construction  of  the  bearings, 
which  prevents  any  possible  trouble  from  this  source. 

DELIVERY.  We  recommend  the  use  of  the  apron  delivery  as  the  draft 
and  cleaning  capacity  can  be  better  controlled.  Connection  can  be  made 
direct  from  outlet  of  Vertical  Opener  to  conveying  pipe. 

GRIDS.  Regular  equipment  includes  the  Adjustable  Bar  Grids  described 
on  following  page.  We  can  supply  a perforated  sheet  metal  cone  if  preferred. 

CYLINDER:  The  cylinder  consists  of  six  steel  discs  or  plates  to  which 
are  riveted  picks  or  fingers.  These  plates  are  mounted  on  a heavy  steel 
shaft  and  cylinder  carefully  balanced  at  running  speed.  A cross  section 
detail  of  cylinder  is  shown  on  page  15. 


Improved  Vertical  Opener  Grids 

(Patent  applied  for) 


THIS  type  of  Grid  has  many  advantages  over  previous  patterns.  The 
steel  triangular  bars  are  of  uniform  size  throughout  their  length,  of  ample 
dimensions  to  insure  rigidity.  Adjustments  are  easily  made,  the  adjust- 
ing levers  being  positive  in  their  action  and  holding  the  bars  firmly  in  posi- 
tion. There  are  120  bars  in  four  sections  of  30  bars,  the  adjusting  levers 
operating  sets  of  15  bars  each.  It  is  possible  to  get  a different  adjustment 
for  each  set  if  desired,  for  example,  the  set  which  the  cotton  strikes  first 
can  be  opened  wide,  the  next  one  slightly  closed  and  so  on,  the  final  set 
being  set  close.  Spaces  between  the  bars  are  filled  in  with  tapered  Grids 
of  perforated  cast  iron,  which  are  easily  removed,  providing  access  to  the 
cylinder  without  disturbing  the  setting  of  the  bars. 

The  result  of  tests  recently  made  with  these  bars  may  prove  of  interest 
Using  good  middling  cotton,  cylinder  speed  of  800  R.P.M.  and  feeding 
at  rate  of  10,000  lbs.  per  ten  hours,  six  bales  totaling  2850  lbs.  were  run  on 
each  test  with  bars  closed,  half  open,  and  wide  open,  with  the  following 
results:  Bars  closed,  6 lbs.  (.21%)  droppings;  bars  half  open,  21  lbs.  (.74%) 
droppings;  bars  open,  47  lbs.  (1.68%)  droppings. 

The  quality  of  the  droppings  was  quite  as  remarkable  as  the  quantity, 
especially  those  obtained  with  wide-open  bars,  which  contained  many 
large  pieces  of  unbroken  leaf. 


& OF  GREASE  CUT 


15 


Sectional  View  Sectional  View 

Upper  and  Lower  Thrust  Hearings  Vertical  Opener 


Sectional  View 

Vertical  Opener  with  Apron  Delivery 


10 


Vertical  Opener 

With  Single  Screen  Section  and  Horizontal  Apron  Delivery 

IX  large  opening  rooms  where  three  or  more  Vertical  Openers  are  used 
it  is  difficult  to  adjust  the  fan  draft  to  take  care  of  stock  if  delivered 
directly  from  the  Openers  to  pipe.  We  have  had  in  use  for  several  years 
a special  section  with  apron  delivery  attached  to  Vertical  Opener,  arranged 
to  drop  stock  onto  lattice  feed  table.  An  improved  type  of  this  arrange- 
ment is  shown  by  line  drawing  on  preceding  page  and  by;  cut  on  page  12. 
It  includes  a single  screen,  a pair  of  draw  rolls,  a short  horizontal  apron 
and  a six-bladed  fan  which  can  be  arranged  to  discharge  down  through  the 
floor  or  horizontally  above  floor  as  required.  This  section  is  built  25 ?4* 
wide,  apron  being  proper  distance  above  floor  to  deliver  stock  to  standard 
feed  table. 

Screen  is  covered  with  perforated  steel  and  is  so  arranged  that  it  can  be 
readily  removed  for  repairs  or  cleaning. 

Ball  bearings  are  used  throughout. 

Draw  rolls  are  of  large  diameter  and  so  arranged  that  stock  threads 
itself  when  starting  machine. 

Either  the  Xo.  4 Bale  Breaker  or  Xo.  .5  Feeder  can  be  used  with  this 
machine,  galvanized  connections  being  furnished. 

Tandem  Vertical  Openers 

CUT  on  page  4 illustrates  a gang  of  three  Vertical  Openers  arranged 
tandem,  coupled  to  a Xo.  4 Bale  Breaker.  The  value  of  such  an  ar- 
rangement when  handling  cotton  containing  a large  amount  of  loose  dirt 
and  sand  is  unquestionable.  We  have  recently  made  exhaustive  tests  with 
these  machines,  the  results  of  which  will  undoubtedly  be  of  interest. 

With  reference  to  cylinder  speeds  it  was  shown  that  best  results  were 
obtained  by  running  the  first  cylinder  at  800  R.P.M.,  the  second  at  000 
R.P.M.,  and  the  third  at  400  R.P.M. 

On  a test  using  about  384,000  lbs.  of  dirty  low  middling  cotton,  machines 
fitted  with  perforated  metal  and  with  our  old  type  of  bar  grids,  we  averaged 
1.71%  on  the  first  machine,  1.19%  on  the  second  and  .62%  on  the  third, 
a total  of  3.51%  on  the  three  machines. 

After  perfecting  our  new  type  of  bar,  using  some  good  middling  and 
some  low  middling  stock,  we  averaged  as  high  as  4.03%  on  the  good  mid- 
dling and  6.18%  on  the  low  middling. 

The  droppings  were  reclaimed  by  running  through  a card  and  picker 
waste  cleaner,  the  results  from  the  waste  of  the  first  Opener  averaging 
10.1%;  from  the  second  Opener,  9.2%;  and  from  the  third  Opener,  10.4% 
of  reclaimed  fibre.  The  reclaimed  fibre  consisted  so  largely  of  short  fibres, 
neps,  and  motes  as  to  be  of  practically  no  spinning  value. 

The  most  noticeable  feature  of  the  droppings  was  the  presence  of  a 
great  amount  of  leaf  in  pieces  from  one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
in  diameter. 

Yarn  spun  from  the  stock  cleaned  in  this  way  was  many  shades  whiter 
than  that  spun  from  the  same  cotton  that  had  been  through  only  one  Ver- 
tical Opener,  demonstrating  clearly  the  value  of  this  extra  cleaning  process. 


17 


Gallows  Pulley  Drive  for  Vertical  Opener 


SAC'O  - LOWELL  SHOPS-KITSON  PLANT 
LOWELL  MASS 


Vertical  - Opener  Hall- Bearing  Idler  Pulleys 
Arranged  for  No.  4 Bale  Breaker 


Hope  Drive  for  Vertical  Opener 

is 


Vertical  Opener  with  Apron  Delivery  — 
Hand  Feed 

THIS  arrangement  is  of  value  to  mills  handling  a limited  amount 
of  stock,  particularly  in  localities  where  cotton  is  grown  and 
stock  received  in  soft  hales,  not  requiring  the  use  of  a hale  breaker. 
The  machine  is  in  every  respect  our  standard  Vertical  Opener, 
previously  described,  and  is  fitted  with  a galvanized-iron  hopper 
mouth  into  which  stock  is  fed  by  hand. 

This  cut  also  illustrates  the  auxiliary  countershaft  mounted  on 
screen  section.  This  makes  a neat,  compact  arrangement  requiring 
only  one  overhead  belt.  This  auxiliary  shaft  is  always  used  on 
tandem  or  triple  Vertical  Openers,  avoiding  use  of  a long  belt 
from  bale  breaker. 

VERTICAL  MOTOR  DRIVE 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish  Vertical  Openers  fitted  to  receive 
motors  directly  on  vertical  shaft.  This  arrangement  is  illustrated 
by  the  above  cut.  It  requires  a special  vertical  motor,  mounted 
on  heavy  stands  and  coupled  direct  to  cylinder  shaft.  We  do  not 
supply  the  motor  but  furnish  the  stands  and  will  cooperate  fully 
with  the  concern  furnishing  the  motor  in  order  to  insure  proper  fit. 

Cut  also  clearly  illustrates  the  application  of  the  small  auxiliary 
shaft  driving  the  screen  section. 

This  makes  a neat  compact  unit,  entirely  independent  of  other 
equipment. 


19 


Numbers  6 and  9 Condenser 


Number  1 Condenser 


20 


Condensers 

WITH  the  continued  growth  of  the  cotton  spinning  industry,  there 
has  developed  a demand  for  improved  methods  of  handling  raw 
cotton.  Large  storehouses  are  necessary  for  taking  care  of  the  haled  stock, 
and  it  is  frequently  advisable  to  locate  these  storehouses  at  a considerable 
distance  ftom  the  picker  room.  The  use  of  the  Condenser  in  connection 
with  a pipe  line  provides  a simple  and  effective  method  of  transferring 
opened  stock  from  the  storehouse  to  any  desired  point  in  the  mill,  deliver- 
ing same,  free  from  dust,  to  bins  for  mixing  and  ageing,  or  direct  to  pickers, 
as  may  be  required. 

We  build  two  distinct  types  of  Condensers,  as  illustrated  on  the  oppo- 
site page.  The  No.  C and  No.  9 machines  are  similar  except  in  size,  and 
require  the  use  of  a separate  exhaust  fan.  ( See  below.)  The  No.  1 type 
is  fitted  with  a self-contained  fan  and  is  in  itself  a complete  unit.  This 
type  is  especially  adapted  to  small  mills  requiring  a reliable  and  inexpen- 
sive arrangement. 

Galvanized-iron  inlet  and  outlet  mouths  are  furnished  with  the  No.  C 
and  No.  9 types.  Inlet  mouth  only  is  supplied  with  the  No.  1.  These 
mouths  are  made  to  fit  any  specified  size  of  round  pipe. 

Fire  protection  is  provided  by  the  dome-shaped  easting  fitted  on  top 
of  each  machine.  Sprinkler  heads  when  fitted  into  this  casting  do  not 
extend  down  into  the  cotton  passage.  Any  fire  originating  in  the  opener 
room  and  carried  through  the  pipe  line  is  extinguished  on  reaching  the 
Condenser. 

For  detailed  description  of  machines  see  following  pages. 


Fans 

THE  successful  operation  of  an  exhaust  system  is  largely  dependent 
upon  the  operation  of  the  Fan.  This  Fan  must  provide  a draft  of  air 
sufficient  to  carry  the  cotton  long  distances  and  must  be  designed  to  do 
this  work  with  the  least  possible  expenditure  of  power.  The  Sturtevant 
Universal  Exhauster  has  been  equipped  with  a special  type  of  wheel  to 
meet  these  requirements.  This  Fan  is  of  heavy  construction  with  large 
bearings,  fitted  with  self -oiling  arrangement.  It  takes  a minimum  amount 
of  power  and  its  action  is  uniform  and  positive.  (In  layouts  when  it  is 
necessary  to  put  stock  through  the  Fan,  same  is  furnished  with  a bronze  wheel 
which  reduces  the  chance  of  striking  fire  to  a minimum.) 

We  can  supply  Fans  of  any  type  to  suit  requirements,  that  is,  with 
pulley  on  the  right-  or  left-hand  side,  and  arranged  to  discharge  stock 
either  up  or  down,  top  or  bottom  horizontal.  Fan  can  also  be  arranged 
either  to  hang  from  ceiling  or  set  on  floor  or  platform. 

In  determining  the  hand  of  Fan,  stand  facing  the  outlet  and  note  on 
which  side  the  driving  pulley  is  located. 


21 


Cross  Section  of  Number  (i  and  Number  !)  Condensers  — Insert  Shows  Gearing 


Condensers 


'TRIE  CONDENSER  is  installed  at  some  point  in  picker  room 
where  it  is  desired  to  deliver  cotton.  Refer  to  mill  plans  on 
pages  338  and  339  which  show  relative  location  of  units  making 
up  an  exhaust  system. 

Cut  on  page  22  shows  cross  section  through  Condenser,  and 
letters  shown  on  cut  are  referred  to  in  following  description. 

Cotton  enters  through  galvanized-iron  inlet  mouth  E and  is  deposited 
on  the  exposed  surface  of  revolving  wire  screen  G-M.  The  air  passes 
through  the  meshes  of  the  wire  screen  covering  M out  through  ends 
of  screen,  then  through  the  ogee  outlet  to  the  fan.  Inside  the  screen  is  a 
sheet-iron  damper  or  shield  H which  covers  about  one-half  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  screen.  This  damper  is  held  by  set  screws  on  a fixed  shaft  and 
screen  revolves  around  it.  A cut-off  O with  strip  of  leather  on  edge  of 
same  presses  closely  on  the  screen  at  point  I5,  and  the  upper  edge  of  the 
inner  damper  is  set  just  above  this  cut-off.  This  prevents  any  air  sucking 
into  the  Condenser  at  this  point.  An  outside  swing  damper  J meets  the 
opposite  edge  of  the  inner  damper  at  point  Q.  This  is  controlled  by 
sliding  weight  K.  Cotton  is  held  on  the  screen  by  the  air  draft  until  it 
reaches  point  Q,  where  the  draft  is  shut  off  by  the  inner  damper  and 
stock  is  released  and  knocked  off  the  screen  by  the  revolving  fluted  roll  R. 

Heavy  leather  lagging  L is  tacked  to  the  framework  of  the  Condenser 
and  extends  over  the  .ends  of  the  screen,  forming  an  air-tight  packing. 
One  of  the  important  details  in  the  care  of  the  Condenser  is  to  see  that 
this  leather  is  in  good  condition.  It  must  be  frequently  inspected  and 
renewed  when  worn. 

Any  leakage  at  this  point  interferes  with  the  proper  action  of  the  Con- 
denser and  also  causes  waste  of  good  fibre  which  is  sucked  through  to  dust 
room. 

The  sprinkler  casting  S is  dome-shaped,  raising  the  sprinkler  head  so 
that  it  does  not  extend  down  into  the  cotton  passage. 

The  hangers  F are  heavy  castings  with  feet  made  to  fit  accurately 
onto  the  Condenser  framework.  These  are  made  in  various  lengths- 
Condenser  can  be  bolted  directly  to  timbers  when  hangers  are  not 
needed. 

The  gearing  is  simple  and  accessible.  Detailed  gear  plan  for  both  No.  6 
and  No.  9 Condensers  is  shown  by  insert  on  page  22. 


23 


Galvanized-Iron  Pipe  Work 

HPHE  successful  operation  of  a conveying  system  depends  to  a 
1 large  extent  on  the  quality  of  the  pipe  work,  that  is,  the 
joints  must  be  air-tight  and  the  pipe  must  be  smooth  on  the 
inside,  especially  at  the  turns  or  elbows. 

We  are  prepared  to  supply  with  our  machinery,  galvanized 
pipe  of  the  best  obtainable  quality  and  workmanship,  at  current 
prices.  All  pipe  lines  are  furnished  with  cleanouts  at  frequent 
intervals. 

The  question  of  specifications  must  be  handled  individually 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  each  job.  The  table  shown  on 
page  337  gives  an  approximate  idea  of  the  size  of  pipe  required, 
but  this  is  subject  to  variation.  In  laying  out  systems,  sharp 
turns  and  long  vertical  lifts  should  be  avoided. 

Supports  are  always  supplied  by  mill  and  can  be  of  any  type 
preferred.  Our  only  requirement  is  that  the  supports  must  be 
rigid  and  at  frequent  intervals  to  prevent  any  movement  of  the 
pipe. 

Covering  pipe  lines  where  they  run  out  of  doors  is  usually 
recommended,  as  this  not  only  preserves  the  pipe  but  tends  to 
lessen  the  condensation  inside  the  pipe  in  cold  weather. 

The  pipe  connecting  the  fan  outlet  to  dust  room  should  be, 
through  its  entire  length,  the  same  diameter  as  the  fan  outlet. 

We  are  prepared  to  make  up  complete  plans  of  convening  systems 
including  pipe  lines.  Data  for  making  up  plans  to  be  furnished  by 
mill  or  obtained  by  our  own  draftsmen,  as  may  be  required  by  conditions. 


24 


Lattice  Conveyor  and  Vertical  Lattice  Feeding-Bin 
Distributors 


25 


nnHE  VERTICAL  APRON  offers  a convenient  and  reliable 
method  for  taking  stock  from  a Bale  Breaker  to  a Distributing 
Apron  without  the  use  of  Condensers  and  Fan. 

Above  cut  shows  a No.  4 Bale  Breaker  delivering  stock  to  a 
short  lattice  which  acts  as  a feeder  to  the  elevating  lattice.  This 
in  turn  delivers  to  a Distributor  Apron  running  in  a direction 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  Bale  Breaker. 

This  Apron  is  very  substantially  built  with  sheet-steel  sides 
strongly  reinforced.  Head  and  foot  end  castings  are  milled  and 
fitted  in  a thoroughly  workmanlike  manner.  Aprons  are  made 
of  oval  hardwood  slats  riveted  to  heavy  belting.  All  shafts  are 
ample  size,  running  in  self-aligning  bearings.  All  working  parts 
are  fully  adjustable. 


26 


Vertical  Aprons 


\ BOYE  cut  shows  the  Vertical  Apron  described  on  page  30 
used  in  connection  with  No.  5 Feeders  and  Lattice  Feed 
Table. 

In  the  layout  shown,  the  Distributor  Apron  runs  at  right  angles 
to  the  Feed  Table.  This  necessitates  a short  apron  taking  stock 
from  the  Vertical  Apron  and  delivering  to  Distributor. 

The  units  of  this  combination,  i.e..  Feeders,  Feed  Table,  Vertical 
Apron,  Short  Connecting  Lattices,  are  all  interchangeable  and  can 
be  arranged  in  varying  combinations  to  suit  requirements. 


28 


tomatjo  Dimtk'ibutok  I )i;uvkiung  Stock  to  Automatic  Kkkdkkm 


Distributor 

Morton  Patent 

The  evenness  of  a breaker  lap  depends  largely  on  the  regu- 
larity with  which  stock  is  delivered  from  the  Automatic 
Feeder.  This  in  turn  depends  upon  the  manner  in  which  the 
stock  is  fed  to  hopper,  as  it  is  essential  that  the  hopper  lie  kept 
at  an  even  level.  To  do  this  by  hand  requires  constant  atten- 
tion and  an  immense  amount  of  hand  labor. 

The  Morton  Automatic  Distributor  is  designed  to  overcome 
this  difficulty  and  to  provide  a constant,  regular  feed  without 
attention.  This  device  consists  of  an  iron  trough  supported  on 
a frame  attached  to  the  feeder  hoppers,  with  an  endless  belt 
running  through  same  at  a high  speed.  Stock  is  dropped  from 
a condenser,  described  on  pages  20  to  23,  on  this  traveling  belt. 
A detailed  description  of  the  gates  and  automatic  mechanism  is 
covered  on  pages  30  to  33. 

The  whole  device  is  heavy,  all-metal  construction,  rigidly  sup- 
ported by  suitable  hangers  and  stands.  Each  distributor  is  laid 
out  in  detail  to  fit  the  particular  mill  for  which  it  is  designed.  It 
is  readily  applied  to  all  Kitson  Feeders  except  the  old  short  hopper 
type.  When  necessary  to  use  it  in  connection  with  these  short 
hopper  feeders,  we  furnish  new  long-hopper  sides  to  go  on  old 
feeders  at  a slight  additional  price.  We  also  have  patterns  for 
applying  the  distributor  to  several  other  makes  of  hoppers.  Can 
furnish  draftsman  on  short  notice  to  check  up  details  and  get 
necessary  data  for  applying  the  distributor. 

Distributor 

For  Bins 

\K7HERE  a mill  is  operating  on  several  different  grades  of  stock 
» ▼ the  Distributor  is  modified  for  use  over  bins.  Gates  are 
arranged  in  the  center  of  each  bin  with  doors  swinging  both  ways. 
These  are  operated  by  hand  by  means  of  a wire  rope  extending 
outside  the  bin,  and  each  bin  can  be  filled  up  in  turn  at  the  will 
of  the  operator.  A typical  layout  illustrating  this  arrangement 
is  shown  on  page  338. 

1 his  arrangement  is  especially  valuable  when  mixing  and  ageing 
of  several  grades  is  required  or  in  cases  where  several  different 
grades  of  stock  are  handled  separately. 


29 


Detail  of  Automatic  Shipper 
Arrangement 


30 


Distributor 

Automatic 


\A/]JILE  this  device  is  now  well  known  to  a large  majority 
* ' of  mill  men,  a short  detailed  description  may  be  of 
interest. 

Cut  on  page  28  shows  the  general  arrangement  of  the  con- 
denser and  distributor  trough,  with  automatic  shipper  rigging 
on  hoppers.  Line  drawings  on  page  30  show  the  detail  of  the 
feed  end,  also  of  the  gate  and  shipper  pawl. 

The  front  side  of  the  trough  over  each  hopper  is  cut  away  and 
a curved  sheet-steel  guide  placed  in  front  of  the  opening.  The 
back  wall  of  trough  opposite  tins  opening  is  hinged,  forming  a gate 
which  when  thrown  across  the  path  of  the  cotton,  diverts  same 
through  the  opening  and  into  the  hopper.  The  rake  or  feeler  in 
the  hopper  is  held  in  a forward  position  by  a weighted  lever  {see 
detail  on  page  32)  until  the  bulk  of  cotton  is  sufficient  to  force 
back  the  rake.  This  movement  of  the  rake  drops  a latch,  which 
is  pivoted  on  the  gate  operating  lever,  into  the  path  of  a constantly 
reciprocating  segment,  which  is  also  pivotally  mounted  on  the  gate 
operating  lever,  locking  these  two  members  together  with  the 
result  that  the  gate  is  withdrawn,  thus  allowing  the  cotton  to  pass 
by.  The  amount  of  cotton  which  will  be  delivered  into  each 
hopper  can  be  regulated  by  the  proper  adjustment  of  the  collars 
shown  on  rod  operating  the  latch,  and  it  is  this  automatic  control 
of  the  amount  of  cotton  in  the  feeders  that  insures  a uniformly 
even  feed  to  the  breaker  lapper,  with  a resultant  evenness  in  weight 
of  laps,  while  the  frequency  with  which  a small  amount  of  cotton 
is  delivered  to  each  of  the  feeders  results  in  a uniformity  of  blend 
and  mixing  of  the  cotton,  which  strongly  commends  the  Distributor 
to  its  users. 


31 


32 


Detail  ok  Double  Distributor 


Double  Automatic  Distributor 

'T'HE  drawing  on  opposite  page  illustrates  the  attachment  of 
A two  distributor  troughs  to  a line  of  hoppers.  With  this 
arrangement  two  kinds  of  stock  can  be  handled  simultaneously 
and  the  number  of  machines  running  on  each  class  of  stock  can 
be  varied  to  meet  each  day’s  requirements.  Separate  condensers 
and  conveying  pipe  to  each  system  are  required. 

These  systems  are  usually  fed  by  the  double  feed  table  described 
on  page  11.  This  device  is  particularly  convenient  for  a mill  using 
different  grades  of  stock  for  its  warp  and  filling  yarns  or  for  a 
yarn  mill  where  frequent  changes  of  stock  are  made.  When 
operating  on  more  than  two  grades,  the  bin  system  described  on 
page  29  is  generally  used. 

A brief  description  of  the  operation  of  this  equipment  may  be  of 
interest. 

Connection  between  the  upright  shippers  and  gate  levers  is 
made  at  points  marked  C and  D.  The  horizontal  lever  slips 
over  pin  in  end  of  upright  shipper  and  is  held  by  cotter  pin. 
When  operating  apron  A the  connection  is  broken  at  point  D 
by  removing  cotter  pin  and  slipping  off  the  horizontal  lever. 
When  operating  apron  B connection  is  broken  at  C.  The 
sickle  or  guide  marked  E is  hung  by  slotted  holes  slipping  over 
screws  in  the  framework  to  trough  and  is  readily  changed  from 
one  trough  to  the  other  as  required. 

Systems  can  be  arranged  with  condensers  located  at  opposite 
ends  or  both  at  same  end  of  troughs  as  called  for  by  conditions 
at  mill. 


33 


34 


Thomas  Automatic  Regulator 

For  Automatic  Distributors 

(Patented) 

* I 'HIS  device  is  designed  to  prevent  the  overflow  of  stock  from  the  last 
* hopper  of  a line  of  breakers  fed  by  an  Automatic  Distributor,  that  is, 
to  so  regulate  the  delivery  from  the  Bale  Breaker  that  it  will  always  be 
equal  to  the  amount  used  by  the  lappers. 

This  result  is  accomplished  by  the  use  of  an  electric  switch  attached 
to  the  hopper  of  the  last  feeder  in  the  line,  the  switch  being  operated  by 
the  rake  or  feeler  in  the  hopper.  This  switch  is  connected  with  another, 
located  in  the  opening  room  which  controls  a motor  operating  the  speed 
changing  mechanism  of  a Reeves  Variable-Speed  Drive.  The  motor  is  of 
the  reversing  type,  operating  in  either  direction. 

If  the  hopper  carrying  the  switch  becomes  full  the  switch  lever  is  thrown 
over,  operating  the  switch  in  opening  room,  starting  the  motor  and  re- 
ducing the  speed  of  apron  in  bale  breaker,  resulting  in  diminishing  amount 
of  cotton  delivered.  As  stock  is  used  from  the  hopper,  lever  on  switch  is 
reversed,  motor  is  reversed  and  speed  of  apron  returned  to  normal. 

Without  this  device,  some  method  of  signaling  the  opening  room  is 
necessary,  requiring  attention  from  the  operatives  and  usually  resulting 
in  more  or  less  loose  stock  on  picker-room  floor. 

With  the  Regulator,  no  attention  is  necessary,  and  the  fire  risk  is 
reduced. 


35 


Number  5 Automatic  Feeder 


36 


Automatic  Feeder 

No.  5 Model 


/^VUR  No.  5 Feeder,  while  retaining  the  general  appearance  of 
previous  models,  has  been  completely  redesigned.  Especial 
attention  has  been  given  to  strengthening  all  working  parts  and  to 
making  the  machine  as  nearly  fireproof  as  possible.  Woodwork 
has  been  eliminated  to  the  greatest  extent,  and  the  slat  aprons  are 
the  only  working  parts  which  can  be  seriously  damaged  by  fire. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION.  Frame  is  heavy  cast  iron  with  all  joints 
accurately  milled,  and  fitted.  All  cross  girts  are  iron  and  steel.  The  to]) 
cover  is  heavy  sheet  steel,  attached  by  screws  and  readily  removed.  Shafts 
are  cold  rolled  steel  of  ample  size,  running  in  self-aligning  bearings,  which 
insure  against  heating  or  binding  and  prevent  undue  wear.  Slots  are  pro- 
vided in  the  frame  for  removing  all  shafts  and  rolls.  The  apron  rolls, 
stripping  roll,  doffer,  etc.,  are  all  fully  adjustable.  Large  hand  holes  are 
provided  for  adjusting  or  removing  apron  pulleys. 

COMBING  ROLL.  This  special  feature  of  the  No.  5 model  is  fully 
described  on  page  39. 

DOFFER.  The  doffer  is  of  an  improved  type,  revolving  in  fixed  heads 
of  the  same  diameter  as  the  drum.  This  prevents  any  winding  of  stock  on 
the  shaft  (a  frequent  cause  of  fire  in  older  models).  Blades  are  of  heavy 
leather  lagging  fastened  to  hardwood  strips. 

A GRID  is  provided  under  the  lifting  apron,  and  much  loose  dirt  is 
taken  out  at  this  point.  A set  of  fine  grid  bars  is  fitted  under  the  doffer 
with  a drawer  beneath  for  the  convenient  removal  of  the  dirt. 

APRONS  are  hardwood  slats  riveted  to  heavy  belting.  The  lifting 
apron  has  No.  10  steel  pins  and  is  fitted  with  a heavy  canvas  back.  Bottom 
apron  is  made  of  oval  hardwood  slats  riveted  to  heavy  belting  and  is  posi- 
tively driven.  This,  together  with  the  use  of  large-diameter  pulleys,  pre- 
vents slippage  and  insures  an  even  delivery  of  stock. 

DRIVING.  Bottom  apron  is  driven  by  outside  belt  from  apron  shaft. 
The  combing  roll  is  belt  driven.  Methods  of  driving  other  parts  of  the 
Feeder  vary  according  to  the  machine  with  which  it  is  used.  For  detail  of 
Felts,  see  complete  Belting  List. 


37 


Self-Aligning  Bearings 

r I ""HE  old  type  of  yoke  pivoted  bearing  has  been  replaced  on  our 
4 machines  with  the  type  illustrated  above. 

This  provides  a very  rigid  support  for  the  shaft  and  at  the  same 
time  is  perfectly  flexible.  Shafts  positively  will  not  bind  in  these 
bearings.  A large  oil  hole  is  provided,  and  this  is  covered  so  that 
grit  will  not  work  into  the  bearings.  This  type  of  bearing,  modified 
to  suit  varying  requirements,  is  used  for  all  the  smaller  bearings  on 
our  machinery. 


3S 


Patent  Combing  Roll 

THIS  Roll,  designed  by  a practical  mill  man,  was  adopted  by  us  only 
after  a very  thorough  investigation  of  its  merits.  The  stripping  ar- 
rangement is  so  simple  as  to  appear  ineffective,  but  actual  operation  during 
the  last  five  years  has  proven  its  efficiency. 

The  roll  is  constructed  on  a steel  shaft  with  four  heavy  cast-iron  heads 
keyed  to  same.  The  pin  strips  are  securely  fastened  to  these  heads,  balance 
of  the  drum  being  covered  with  heavy  sheet  iron.  The  clearing  device  con- 
sists of  a strip  of  steel  mounted  behind  the  pins  at  the  proper  angle  and 
height  so  that  the  pins  cannot  bed  into  the  cotton,  and  as  the  cylinder  re- 
volves, stock  falls  readily  from  the  short  exposed  points.  The  slight  fan- 
ning action  of  the  strips  aids  in  throwing  back  the  stock  after  it  is  released 
from  the  pins. 

From  the  viewpoint  of  repairs,  the  advantages  of  this  type  of  Roll  are 
evident.  It  is  practically  indestructible  and  cannot  be  damaged  by  fire. 

The  above  cut  shows  clearly  the  construction  and  method  of  installing 
the  Combing  Roll. 


39 


40 


Automatic  Hopper  Feed  Regulator 

CUT  on  opposite  page  illustrates  an  Automatic  Feed  Regulator  with  one 
section  of  lattice  feed  table,  applied  to  a standard  No.  5 Feeder. 

This  Regulator  has  been  designed  to  meet  the  demand  for  an  inexpensive 
and  effective  mechanism  that  will  control  the  delivery  of  stock  to  a breaker 
lapper  and  thus  insure  even  laps. 

The  object  of  the  device  is  to  keep  the  amount  of  stock  in  the  feeder 
hopper  at  a constant  level  by  providing  an  intermittent  feed  which  acts 
automatically,  its  action  being  controlled  by  the  quantity  of  stock  in  the 
hopper.  This  principle  necessitates  a source  of  supply  independent  of  the 
feeder  itself,  which  is  provided  by  the  lattice  apron  shown  in  cut  or  by  an 
additional  feeder  as  shown  on  following  page.  The  lattice  apron  is  made  the 
full  width  of  the  feeder  and  supplied  in  any  desired  length.  Standard  sec- 
tions are  6'  6"  long,  and  we  prefer  to  furnish  multiples  of  this  length.  The 
feed  table  is  driven  by  belt  from  apron  shaft  of  feeder. 

The  Regulator  mechanism  consists  of  a swinging  gate  or  rake,  supported 
by  bearings  on  the  hopper  sides.  A horizontal  lever  is  carried  on  one  end 
of  the  rake  shaft,  this  lever  being  fitted  with  a sliding  weight  for  adjustment. 
A vertical  shipper  arm  pivoted  on  a stand  to  hopper  side  engages  with  the 
horizontal  arm.  The  upper  end  of  the  shipper  arm  is  bent  at  such  an  angle 
that  raising  and  lowering  the  horizontal  arm  throws  the  shipper  in  and  out. 

Stock  passes  under  the  rake,  and  as  the  hopper  fills,  the  weight  of  the 
cotton  forces  the  rake  back,  lifts  the  horizontal  shipper  arm,  and  throws  the 
belt  onto  the  loose  pulley,  stopping  the  lattice  supply  apron.  As  the  stock 
is  fed  out  of  the  hopper  the  reverse  action  takes  place.  The  mechanism  is 
very  sensitive  and  positive  in  its  action,  so  that  stock  is  fed  in  as  rapidly  as 
it  is  fed  out,  maintaining  a constant  amount  in  the  hopper  at  all  times. 

By  increasing  the  length  of  the  lattice  apron,  large  amounts  of  stock  can 
be  placed  on  same  by  the  operative  and  the  machine  left  to  itself  until  the 
supply  is  exhausted.  This  results  in  a great  saving  of  labor,  as  it  does  away 
with  the  constant  attention  necessary  when  hoppers  are  fed  by  hand. 


41 


42 


Tandem  Feeders 

With  Automatic  Feed  Regulator 

HHHE  principle  of  this  arrangement  is  the  same  as  described  on 
page  41  with  the  mechanism  changed  to  meet  requirements. 

The  swing  gate  is  similar,  but  the  weighted  lever  is  replaced  by  a 
quadrant  and  quadrant  weight,  operating  a bell  crank  which  ships 
the  belt.  The  tight  and  loose  pulleys  are  on  the  lifting  apron  shaft 
of  the  first  feeder  and  are  driven  from  the  apron  shaft  of  the 
second  feeder.  The  doffer  and  combing  roll  of  the  first  feeder  are 
driven  from  the  other  side  of  machine  and  run  constantly. 

This  combination  is  especially  valuable  where  it  is  desired  to 
handle  baled  stock.  The  first  machine  acts  as  a bale  breaker,  while 
the  amount  of  stock  in  the  second  machine  is  so  well  regulated  that 
even  laps  are  assured. 

It  is  also  frequently  advisable  to  add  an  extension  apron  and 
hopper  regulator  as  shown  on  a preceding  page.  This  permits 
feeding  a larger  amount  of  stock  at  a time.  With  this  arrange- 
ment the  lattice  feed  apron  is  driven  from  the  bottom  apron  in  the 
hopper  and  stops  and  starts  with  same,  preventing  any  clogging 
or  overflowing  of  the  first  feeder. 

The  layout  of  driving  on  opposite  page  shows  pulleys  provided 
where  feeders  are  attached  to  a No.  7 or  No.  9 Opener.  Variations 
of  this  drive  are  made  to  accommodate  the  different  types  of 
breaker  lappers  that  may  be  used. 


43 


44 


Numisku 


Openers 

No.  7 and  9 Models 

COMMONLY  termed  “Trunk  Openers”  from  the  fact  that 
plain  conducting  or  cleaning  trunk  is  ordinarily  used  to 
connect  the  openers  with  breaker  lappers. 

Cut  illustrates  a No.  7 Opener  with  the  No.  5 Automatic  Feeder. 
The  opener  consists  of  a single  beater  section  of  standard  heavy 
construction.  Frames  are  accurately  milled  and  fitted.  All  ma- 
chine work  is  jigged,  and  repair  parts  fit  accurately.  The  No.  7 
and  No.  9 are  similar  except  in  size,  the  No.  7 taking  a beater  ^O" 
in  diameter,  while  the  No.  9 takes  a beater  30"  in  diameter. 

BEATERS.  The  No.  7 Opener  is  made  to  accommodate  a beater  20" 
in  diameter.  Standard  equipment  includes  a 3-blade  beater,  with  special 
steel  blades  strongly  riveted  to  wrought-iron  arms.  Blades  are  beveled  on 
both  edges,  and  beater  is  reversible,  providing  maximum  wear  before  sharp- 
ening. PORCUPINE  CYLINDER  of  the  “Buckley”  type  can  be  sup- 
plied if  required.  The  advisability  of  using  a Porcupine  Cylinder  must  be 
determined  by  the  conditions  of  the  stock  to  be  handled  and  the  results 
required. 

The  No.  9 Opener  is  always  fitted  with  a Buckley  Cylinder,  30"  in  diameter. 
A detailed  description  of  these  cylinders  follows.  (See  Index.) 

BEATER  LOCKS.  Safety  locking  device  is  provided  so  that  beater 
bonnet  cannot  be  opened  while  beater  is  in  motion.  Full  description  of 
this  device  follows.  ( See  Index.) 

GRIDS.  Fitted  with  our  patent  adjustable  grids.  These  are  described 
in  detail  on  a following  page.  (See  Index.) 

COUNTERSHAFT.  Standard  equipment  includes  a countershaft 
mounted  on  A-frames  as  illustrated.  These  frames  are  heavy  castings, 
securely  fastened  to  frame  and  stayed  by  steel  cross  girts.  Steel  counter- 
shaft lxi"  diameter  runs  in  self-aligning  bearings  and  is  fitted  with 
18"  X 5"  tight  and  loose  receiving  pulleys.  Driving  pulleys  of  proper  sizes 
are  furnished. 

MOTOR  DRIVE.  Motors  can  be  readily  mounted  on  standard  A- 
frames.  (See  detailed  description  of  motor  drive.) 


Other  Models 

We  can  supply  Openers  similar  in  construction  to  our  standard 
Pickers,  having  elevated  apron  delivery  rails  instead  of  calender 
heads.  These  machines  with  two  beater  sections  are  frequently 
used  by  mills  mixing  wool  and  cotton,  for  the  purpose  of  opening 
up  their  cotton  thoroughly  prior  to  mixing  with  the  wool. 


43 


“ - 


f 


Cleaning  Trunk 


HE  above  cut  illustrates  a type  of  cleaning  trunk  usually 


installed  in  pipe  line  between  openers  and  breaker  lappers. 
It  consists  of  a metal  casing  1-t"  wide  with  air  duct  in  the  top 
half  and  traveling  lattice  apron  in  the  lower  section.  Apron  runs 
in  opposite  direction  from  the  cotton  and  is  fitted  with  ratchet 
slats  having  sharp  smooth  edges,  against  which  the  cotton  strikes 
in  its  passage,  releasing  loose  dirt  which  is  carried  along  by  the 
apron  and  deposited  in  container  at  end  of  trunk.  Apron  is  built 
on  chain  with  hardwood  slats.  This  trunk  is  built  in  standard 
sections  17'  6"  long  and  can  be  carried  along  a side  wall  or  sus- 
pended above  machines.  This  type  of  trunk  is  used  extensively  in 
connection  with  the  exhaust  opener  breaker. 

We  also  build  the  Robinson  Patent  Cleaning  Trunk,  in  which 
the  dirt  falls  through  metal  grids  into  a dead-air  chamber  from 
which  it  is  removed  by  fan  suction,  and  the  Perharn  Patent  Incline 
Cleaning  Trunk,  in  which  the  bottom  board  under  the  metal 
grids  is  dropped  by  means  of  a hand  lever,  allowing  the  dirt  to 
slide  by  gravity  into  a suitable  receptacle.  Both  these  types  are 
usually  installed  between  horizontal  openers  and  either  screen 
section  or  gauge  box  breakers.  They  are  built  21"  or  36"  wide  and 
are  of  wood  construction,  with  the  exception  of  the  metal  grids. 


46 


LAPPERS 


48 


Breaker  Capper  with  Vertical  Opener  and  Buckley 
Cylinder  Section 


Vertical  Opener 

In  connection  with  Picking  Machinery 

'T'HE  use  of  Vertical  Openers  in  connection  with  opening  equip- 
L ment,  also  full  particulars  of  construction,  are  covered  on 
previous  pages. 

This  type  of  Opener  is  also  extensively  used  in  the  picker  room 
either  as  a separate  unit  of  some  combination  of  machines  or  as 
the  first  section  of  a 2-beater  breaker.  It  provides  additional 
cleaning  and  opening  without  subjecting  the  fibre  to  the  harsh 
treatment  of  beating  from  rolls. 

GRIDS.  Standard  equipment  is  the  adjustable  grid  described  on  page  14. 
Perforated  metal  cone  can  be  supplied  to  meet  special  conditions.  Cut 
on  opposite  page  shows  the  vertical  opener  combined  with  the  special 
screen  section  breaker,  making  our  standard  unit. 

For  handling  American  cotton  the  automatic  feeder  delivers  stock 
directly  to  the  Vertical  Opener.  The  cut  shows  a Xo.  7 Opener  located  be- 
tween the  feeder  and  the  Vertical  Opener.  This  type  of  machine  is  largely 
used  on  China  cotton  or  other  hard-pressed  and  matted  stock.  The  Hori- 
zontal Opener  may  be  of  the  XTo.  7 or  No.  9 type,  the  former  with  either 
a porcupine  cylinder  or  a blade  beater,  '•20"  In  diameter,  the  No.  9 with  a 
90"  porcupine  cylinder. 

The  additional  opening  produced  by  this  section"  puts  the  stock  in  good 
shape  to  be  handled  by  the  Vertical  Opener,  and  excellent  results  are 
obtained. 

DRIVING.  Cut  on  page  48  shows  Vertical  Opener  fitted  with  the 
gallows  pulley  drive  and  driven  by  pulley  on  the  countershaft  of  the  lapper 
section. 

MOTOR  DRIVE.  The  combination  shown  on  page  48  would  require 
two  motors,  one  with  extended  shaft  mounted  on  A-frame  of  breaker,  and 
one  with  single  pulley  mounted  on  opener. 


49 


50 


U \ TKH  ItKKAKKU  \NI>  J*'hKI>KU 


Lappers 

The  invention  of  carding  machinery  and  its  adaption  to  han- 
dling cotton  in  large  quantities  necessitated  the  employment 
of  preparatory  machinery  which  has  developed  from  crude  open- 
ing machines  into  the  present  Lapper.  A machine  embodying 
many  of  the  essential  features  of  the  present  Lapper  was  invented 
in  1797,  the  use  of  screens  for  forming  the  lap  was  in  common 
use  by  1830,  and  the  evener  motion  for  regulating  feed  was  de- 
veloped about  1863. 

The  Lapper  has  two  distinct  functions,  the  removal  of  dirt  and 
the  forming  of  stock  into  a roll  or  lap.  The  first  is  accomplished 
by  the  beater  and  cleaning  grids,  the  latter  by  the  united  action 
of  the  fan,  screens,  and  calender  rolls.  Inferior,  uneven  laps  mean 
inferior  work  on  the  cards  and  subsequent  processes,  and  the 
picker  room  is  now  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  important  de- 
partments of  a mill.  While  the  principles  of  the  Lapper  remain 
practically  unchanged  from  the  first  machines  built,  the  details  of 
construction  have  been  constantly  improved  and  many  radical 
changes  have  been  brought  about. 

With  this  catalog  we  are  introducing  our  No.  5 Model  Lappers 
which  are  a distinct  departure  from  previous  models.  This  type 
is  the  result  of  several  years’  study  and  experimenting,  and  the 
machine  as  now  ready  for  the  market  is  a finished  product  thoroughly 
refined  in  all  details.  The  machine  is  entirely  tool  built,  every 
piece  from  the  heavy  cast-iron  sides  to  the  smallest  parts  being 
milled  to  accurate  sizes.  All  parts  are  interchangeable,  and  no 
hand  fitting  is  used  in  assembling. 

The  FRAME  is  of  entirely  new  design  with  dust  flues  on  the  inside 
instead  of  extending  outside  the  frame  as  has  been  the  general  practice  on  all 
previous  types.  This  gives  a smooth  side  of  attractive  appearance,  easy  to 
keep  clean.  All  sheet-iron  work  over  beaters  and  screens  is  applied  with 
screws,  the  heads  of  which  are  inside,  leaving  the  outside  perfectly  smooth. 
A-frames  are  of  very  heavy  construction  and  are  securely  bolted  to  the 
sides  of  the  machine,  making  a very  rigid  and  serviceable  driving  arrange- 
ment. 

FINISH.  A high-grade  enamel  paint  is  used  with  polished  bands  around 
beater  and  screen  bonnets  and  on  edges  of  gear  shields.  We  have  not  car- 
ried the  idea  of  polish  work  to  extremes,  but  have  added  enough  to  give 
the  machine  a well-finished  appearance  without  calling  for  an  excessive 
amount  of  care. 


51 


I'ii'st  Sccliun,  M)"  Huckley  Cylinder,  Feed  Regulator  and  \| 

( See  page  59  for  description) 


APRONS  are  made  of  hardwood  slats,  smoothed  and  shellacked,  riveted 
to  heavy  belting.  Apron  shafts  are  of  cold-rolled  steel  with  bearings  of  the 
self-aligning  type. 

FEED  ROLLS.  Fluted  rolls  of  special-quality  steel  are  used,  and 
especial  care  is  taken  in  fluting  and  grinding  in  order  to  insure  perfectly 
balanced  rolls,  free  from  sharp  edges.  Draw  rolls,  taking  stock  from  screens, 
are  machined  in  the  same  careful  manner. 

BEATERS.  Standard  beaters  for  both  breakers  and  finisher  lappers 
are  16"  in  diameter.  We  furnish  steel-blade  beaters  with  two  or  three 
blades,  porcupine  cylinders,  and  Kirschner  carding  beaters.  The  two- 
blade  beaters  are  made  with  heavy  drop-forged  arms  keyed  to  steel  shafts. 
Shafts  are  accurately  turned  and  ground,  and  uniform  bearings  and  pulley 
ends  are  used  so  that  all  beaters  are  interchangeable.  Blades  are  special 
steel  with  both  edges  beveled  alike  so  that  beater  is  readily  reversed.  Three- 
blade  beaters  are  of  similar  construction  with  drop-forged  arms  pinned  in 
cast-iron  heads.  Porcupine  cylinders  and  Kirschner  beaters  are  fully  de- 
scribed on  following  pages. 

BEARINGS.  On  the  No.  .5  Model  Picker  ball  bearings  are  supplied  for 
beaters,  fans,  countershafts,  and  loose  pulleys  on  countershafts.  Housings 
are  specially  designed  and  high-grade  bearings  used. 

GRIDS.  The  cleaning  grids  under  beaters  are  of  our  patent  adjustable 
type,  fully  described  on  page  77. 

Incline  bars  between  beater  and  screens  are  of  special  cold-rolled  steel, 
accurately  fitted  in  cast-iron  cheeks.  The  shape  and  setting  of  these  grids 
insure  the  maximum  cleaning  capacity.  Dirt  is  removed  from  pockets  by 
raising  a weighted  lever  on  outside  of  frame. 

CUT-OFFS.  Adjustable  cut-offs  are  provided  on  all  machines.  This 
is  an  important  feature,  as  careful  adjustment  of  the  cut-off  is  essential  to 
the  proper  working  of  the  Lapper. 

DRAFT  REGULATION.  Air  draft  is  controlled  by  a single  damper 
opening  into  the  end  of  the  bottom  screen  on  each  side  of  the  frame.  The 
draft  flue  is  left  entirely  open  at  the  top,  taking  air  from  the  top  screen, 
the  suction  on  the  screens  being  equalized  by  opening  or  closing  the  damper 
in  the  bottom  screen. 

FANS.  Fans  are  located  in  the  center  of  the  picker  with  flues  connect- 
ing both  sides  with  the  side  flues  of  the  frame.  Fans  have  been  enlarged 
and  will  create  proper  air  draft  at  a slower  speed  than  on  previous  models. 
Shafts  are  of  cold-rolled  steel,  accurately  ground  to  size:  blades  are  of  sheet 
steel. 

COU  NTERSHAFTS.  The  counter  sides  of  A-frames  are  of  extra  heavy 
construction,  securely  bolted  to  frame,  equipped  with  a heavy  top  girt 
supporting  the  countershaft  bearings.  We  also  can  substitute  a special 


top  girt  for  receiving  motors.  The  standard  countershaft  is  of  cold-rolled 
steel  running  in  ball  bearings  with  full  equipment  of  pulleys  necessary  to 
operate  picker.  Loose  pulley  runs  on  a ball-bearing  sleeve.  Shipper  rod  is 
supplied  with  operating  handle. 

SPLIT  LAP  PREVENTERS  as  described  on  page  78  are  standard 
equipment  on  all  pickers. 

CALENDER.  The  new  model  calender  has  been  designed  with  a view 
to  eliminating  noise,  wear,  and  breakage,  and  to  wind  hard  and  even  laps. 
It  is  of  the  4-roll  type  but  entirely  remodeled.  The  old  type  of  cored  cast- 
ings has  been  abandoned  and  the  sides  are  now  straight  heavy  castings 
accurately  milled,  capable  of  withstanding  excessive  strain.  Rolls  are 
turned  and  accurately  ground  to  size.  We  supply  either  flanged  or  plain 
rolls,  the  flanged  rolls  being  regular  equipment  on  standard  widths.  The 
plain  rolls  are  used  when  special  width  laps  are  desired  requiring  cheeking 
down  on  calender.  We  have  patterns  for  machines  making  40",  42",  4.5", 
and  47"  laps  when  used  full  width.  Other  widths  are  obtained  by  cheeking. 
Lap  rolls  are  of  seamless  tubing  for  use  with  steel  rods.  Calender  cheeks 
are  made  extra  heavy  with  hardened  steel  face  plates  attached  by  screws 
which  can  be  readily  replaced  when  worn.  Calendar  racks  are  of  heavy 
construction  with  two  bearing  rolls  in  the  head  and  held  in  mesh  with 
rack  gear  by  a specially  designed  shoe  attached  to  rack  shaft  bearing. 
This  keeps  rack  in  proper  mesh  at  all  times.  The  rack  gears  are  fitted  with 
a shearing  pin  which  gives  way  under  excessive  strain,  preventing  breakage 
of  the  racks  or  pinions. 

On  intermediate  and  finisher  Tappers  wye  supply  our  spiral  spur  gear 
drive  in  place  of  bevel  gears  for  driving  evener.  This  arrangement  is  illus- 
trated and  further  described  on  a following  page.  A novel  feature  of  this 
new  machine  is  our  lap  counter,  operating  in  connection  with  a knock-off 
motion.  This  device  is  illustrated  on  following  page.  The  driving  shaft 
on  this  calender  is  operated  by  a special  double  bearing,  obviating  the  ne- 
cessity of  using  an  outside  floor  stand.  A plate  pulley  is  also  used. 

SAFETY  DEVICES.  All  exposed  gearing  is  fully  covered  by  shields. 

BEATER  LOCKS  are  provided  which  prevent  raising  beater  bonnet 
while  machine  is  running.  These  are  fully  described  on  page  73. 

PULLEYS  are  cast  iron,  of  the  plate  and  arm  type.  These  are  carefully 
machined  and  balanced. 

GEARING  is  of  cast  iron,  a special  semi-steel  mixture  being  used.  All 
gears  are  put  through  an  automatic  tooth  grinder,  which  insured  regularity 
and  smoothness  of  teeth. 

All  fast-running  gears  are  cut. 


54 


Lap  Counting  Device  and  Foot 
Starting  Lever 

Patented 

W'lTH  this  device,  picker-room  foremen  can  keep  an  accurate  check  on 
the  production  of  each  machine,  the  number  of  laps  removed  during 
the  day  being  determined  by  noting  the  position  of  the  dial  when  starting 
in  the  morning  and  when  stopping  at  night.  The  indicator  has  one  more 
tooth  than  the  knock-off  gear,  i.  <?.,  50  and  49  teeth  respectively,  so  that 
one  complete  revolution  of  the  knock-off  gear  (made  in  producing  one  lap) 
registers  one  space  on  the  dial.  The  change  gear  in  this  arrangement  is 
the  worm  gear,  shown  at  rear  end  of  knock-off  shaft,  gearing  being  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  change  gear  is  equal  to  the  number 
of  yards  in  lap.  Actual  yardage  will  be  from  3 to  5%  greater  than  figured 
yardage,  due  to  stretch  of  lap,  and  will  vary  with  stock  of  different  grades. 

The  foot  starting  lever  illustrated  above  is  another  labor-saving  device. 
While  removing  the  completed  lap,  the  operator  presses  pedal  with  his 
foot  and  starts  machine  so  that  by  the  time  he  is  back  from  weighing  the 
finished  lap,  enough  stock  is  coming  through  to  enable  him  to  start  the  new 
lap.  It  is  estimated  that  this  device  increases  lapper  production  about  2%. 

Both  the  above  devices  are  standard  equipment  on  the  No.  5 Model 
Pickers  and  can  be  furnished  to  go  on  old  machines. 

55 


1 -Beater  Gauge  Box 
Breaker 


1 -Beater  Screex-Sectiox 
Breaker 


1 -Beater  Breaker  with 
No.  5 Feeder 


56 


Breaker  Lappers 

With  Condenser  and  Gauge  Box  Feed 

THE  object  of  this  type  of  machine  is  to  produce  even  laps  when  the  delivery 
of  stock  to  feed  rolls  is  more  or  less  intermittent.  Many  mills  have  openers 
with  feeders  on  one  floor  delivering  through  cleaning  trunk  or  galvanized  pipe  to 
Breaker  Lappers  on  another  floor  of  the  mill.  It  is  obviously  impossible  to  keep 
an  absolutely  steady  flow  of  stock  through  such  connections,  which  in  some  cases 
may  total  several  hundred  feet  in  length. 

The  necessary  power  for  pulling  stock  from  opener  to  breaker  is  provided  by 
fan  22"  in  diameter,  located  in  the  gauge  box  section.  Air  is  drawn  through  con- 
denser, where  stock  is  deposited  on  a revolving  screen  and  dropped  into  the  gauge 
box.  This  contains  two  sections  with  a swinging  partition  between.  This  adjust- 
ment allows  the  feed  space  to  be  made  of  the  proper  size  to  produce  any  desired 
weight  of  lap.  If  stock  is  not  being  taken  up  by  the  machine  as  fast  as  delivered  to 
it,  the  surplus  drops  into  the  back  section.  If  the  delivery  from  opener  decreases, 
the  supply  in  the  feed  section  is  sufficient  to  keep  up  a steady  feed,  or  if  necessary 
the  overflow  stock  in  the  back  section  is  thrown  over  into  the  feed  section  by  the 
operator. 

Machine  is  of  standard  construction  throughout.  Beater  is  of  the  two-blade 
type,  unless  otherwise  specified. 

Two-beater  machines  of  this  type  are  used  for  unusually  dirty  stock  or  when  the 
Intermediate  Lapper  is  omitted. 


With  Screen-Section  Feed 

The  Screen  Section  consists  of  a pair  of  regular  cages  or  screens  with  standard 
fan  arranged  to  deliver  stock  to  the  feed  rolls  of  a standard  16"  beater  section. 
Beater  is  of  the  two-blade  type. 

This  model  is  used  in  connection  with  No.  7 and  No.  9 Openers,  usually  located 
on  the  floor  directly  below  the  breakers  and  connected  by  incline  cleaning  trunk 
or  plain  circle  connections.  The  air  drafts  are  so  regulated  that  the  delivery  of 
stock  to  the  screens  is  even  and  constant  so  that  very  good  laps  are  made.  A 
2-beater  machine  of  this  type  is  made  by  the  addition  of  a 16"  beater  section. 


With  Automatic  Feeder  Single  Beater 

The  straight  three-process  system  of  picking,  comprising  Breaker,  Intermediate 
and  Finisher  Lappers  is  the  most  common  layout  for  handling  regular  grades  of 
cotton.  For  the  Breaker  in  this  layout  we  recommend  the  1-Beater  Breaker  with 
Automatic  Feeder  shown  on  opposite  page.  Machines  are  of  standard  construc- 
tion, as  described  on  pages  51  to  55.  Feed  rolls  are  2j/£"  diameter,  fluted.  Beater 
is  16"  diameter,  3-blade  type  unless  otherwise  specified.  We  can  supply  porcu- 
pine cylinder  or  carding  beater  if  required  for  special  work. 

A 2-beater  machine  of  this  type  is  made  by  the  addition  of  a beater  and  screen 
section. 


57 


2-Beater  Breaker  with  No.  5 Feeder 


1-Beater  Exhaust  Opener  Breaker 

58 


Breaker  Lappers 

2-Beater  Machines 

BREAKER  LAPPERS  having  two  beater  sections  are  frequently 
used  on  dirty  stock  requiring  four  beatings  to  thoroughly  clean 
it.  They  are  also  used  in  the  two-process  system,  the  Intermediate 
Lapper  being  omitted. 

The  cut  on  preceding  page  illustrates  our  standard  No.  5 Model 
•2-Beater  Breaker  with  Automatic  Feeder.  Both  beaters  are  16"  in 
diameter,  of  either  the  Porcupine  (Buckley),  three-blade  or  two- 
blade  type,  as  may  be  required.  A much-used  combination  on  the 
lower  grades  of  stock  consists  of  a Porcupine  in  the  first  section  and 
a two-blade  beater  in  second  section.  Standard  equipment  includes 
a three-blade  beater  in  first  section  and  a two-blade  in  second. 

This  machine  is  built  in  all  standard  widths  as  previouslydescribed 
under  the  general  description  of  Lappers.  It  will  make  excellent  laps 
of  uniform  weight. 

Cut  on  page  52  illustrates  a 2-beater  machine  with  40"  porcu- 
pine cylinder  in  first  section.  This  machine  has  an  unexcelled  open- 
ing and  cleaning  capacity,  having  a grid  surface  of  about  2000  square 
inches.  An  evener  of  improved  design  is  applied  to  insure  regularity 
of  laps.  This  evener  is  of  the  pedal  motion  type,  and  is  extremely 
sensitive  and  positive  in  its  action.  We  can  supply  the  machine 
with  regular  feed  rolls  instead  of  the  evener,  but  strongly  recommend 
the  use  of  the  evener,  particularly  when  running  long  staple  stock 
with  relatively  light-weight  laps.  We  also  recommend  the  use  of 
the  Automatic  Feed  Regulator  {see  page  41)  with  this  machine, 
either  with  or  without  evener. 

Breaker  Lapper 

With  Exhaust  Opener  Section 

The  demand  for  a breaker  of  large  capacity  with  direct  connection 
to  opening  room  has  led  to  the  construction  of  an  exhaust  opener 
section  of  the  type  illustrated  on  opposite  page.  The  stock  is  drawn 
over  from  the  opening  room  by  a pair  of  fans  located  at  either  side 
of  a porcupine  cylinder  into  which  the  stock  is  dropped.  This  beater 
thoroughly  stirs  up  the  stock  which  is  drawn  by  the  fan  of  the  screen 
section  onto  the  surface  of  a pair  of  revolving  cages.  The  whole 
machine  is  of  our  standard  construction,  No.  5 Model,  all  as  pre- 
viously described,  equipped  with  ball  bearings.  All  parts  are  driven 
from  attached  countershaft. 


59 


SACO -LOWELL  SHOPS 
KITSON  PLANT 
LOWELL  MASS 
PATENTEO  JULY  13.  '9IS 


No.  3 Roller  Eveners 

For  Breaker  Lappers 

A BOVE  cut  illustrates  application  of  a No.  3 Evener  with  Cone 
1 * Frame  on  Feeder,  used  in  connection  with  Breaker  Lappers. 
This  Evener  is  of  similar  construction  to  our  P.  & D.  type,  but  is 
fitted  with  rolls  instead  of  piano  plates  for  handling  loose  stock, 
and  changes  of  speed  are  made  at  the  lifting  apron  in  feeder  instead 
of  the  feed  rolls. 

The  machine  is  designed  for  handling  long-staple  stock  where 
only  two  processes  of  picking  (breaker  and  finisher)  are  required, 
the  addition  of  the  Evener  offsetting  to  a considerable  extent  the 
loss  of  the  extra  doubling  and  evening  supplied  by  an  Intermediate 
Lapper.  Aside  from  the  Evener,  breakers  of  this  type  are  built  to 
standard  specificat ions. 


60 


61 


Cross  Section  No.  5 Model- — Finisher 


62 


Modkl,  No.  5 — .Finisher 


Intermediate  and  Finisher  Lappers 


THE  principal  features  of  our  No.  5 Model  Lappers  have  been 
discussed  under  the  subject  of  Pickers  ( page  51),  but  some  of 
the  outstanding  features  which  distinguish  the  Intermediates  and 
Finishers  are  worthy  of  mention. 

APRONS:  The  feed  aprons  are  made  of  heavy  hardwood  slats  riveted 
to  heavy  belting.  Rails  are  arranged  for  holding  four  laps  on  21"  centers. 
The  pulleys  over  which  apron  runs  have  been  increased  in  size.  Apron 
shafts  are  connected  by  chain  and  sprocket  drive  and  run  in  self-aligning 
bearings  (see  page  38).  The  construction  of  these  aprons  eliminates  any 
slippage.  The  horns  holding  the  laps  have  a slight  depression  in  the  top 
for  resting  laps  when  renewing  feed.  The  end  support  is  of  much  heavier 
construction  than  formerly,  insuring  against  vibration. 

The  EVENER  is  similar  to  our  well-known  P.  & D.  type  with  many 
important  improvements.  Larger  cones  are  used,  a new  arrangement  for 
holding  the  evener  plates  has  been  adopted  and  every  possible  precaution 
taken  to  insure  positive  and  quick  action  of  the  mechanism.  This  is  fur- 
ther described  and  illustrated  on  page  64. 

BEATERS  are  16"  in  diameter.  Two-blade  steel  beaters  are  standard 
equipment,  but  we  can  supply  three-blade  or  Kirsehner  Carding  types  if 
required. 

BEARINGS.  Ball  bearings  are  standard  for  beaters,  fans,  and  counter- 
shafts. The  loose  pulley  is  also  fitted  with  ball  bearings.  All  small  bear- 
ings are  of  the  self-aligning  type. 

CUT-OFFS  are  adjustable,  permitting  proper  adjustment  for  all  classes 
of  stock. 

SPLIT-LAP  Preventers  are  furnished  on  all  machines. 

The  CALENDER  is  of  the  new  type,  fully  described  on  page  54, 
with  lap  counter,  flanged  rolls,  etc.  All  rolls  are  accurately  turned  and 
ground  to  size.  Lap  pans  for  receiving  laps  when  doffing  can  be  supplied. 
Foot  lever  connection  to  knock-off  is  provided. 

SPIRAL  EVENER  DRIVE.  This  is  a decided  innovation  in  picker 
equipment,  producing  a noiseless  and  powerful  drive.  Gears  run  dry  and 
require  no  grease. 

The  COUNTERSHAFT  is  part  of  standard  equipment.  Our  new  model 
is  extremely  rigid,  the  supports  being  of  heavy  castings,  bolted  and  dowel- 
pinned  to  sides  of  frame  and  with  heavy  cross  rods  to  prevent  vibration. 

These  machines  are  easy  to  care  for,  easy  to  operate,  and  produce  excellent 
laps. 


63 


No.  5 Evener 

r I ''HE  No.  5 Evener  has  been  developed  along  the  same  general 
* lines  as  the  P.  & D.  Evener  used  on  our  machines  for  many 
years. 

The  reducing  motion  is  mounted  in  a casing  directly  over  the 
working  point  of  the  sectional  plates,  and  is  connected  to  the  belt 
shipper  through  a series  of  levers. 

Cotton  is  picked  from  a pair  of  weighted,  fluted  rolls. 

The  Cone  Frame  is  a complete  unit,  thoroughly  encased,  with 
hinged  door,  carrying  the  cones,  drums  and  all  brackets  for  the 
operating  mechanism.  The  diameter  of  the  drum  is  10",  and  the 
driving  cone  is  now  made  at  the  large  end  and  3"  at  the  small 
end. 

Evener  is  driven  by  spiral  gears  on  the  calender  ( see  page  65). 
Changes  in  draft  are  made  by  changing  the  pair  of  gears  on  cross 
shaft  and  side  shaft,  which  are  very  accessible  and  quickly  changed. 
Slight  corrections  in  the  weight  of  lap  are  made  by  adjusting  thumb 
nuts  on  the  vertical  rod  at  end  of  the  top  lever  over  evener  casing. 
Finishers  are  equipped  with  the  Britton  Evener  Regulator,  which 
permits  adjustment  without  passing  in  between  machines. 

A cross  section  drawing  showing  Evener  details  is  shown  in 
connection  with  carding  beater  on  page  66. 

64 


Spiral  Gear  Drive  for  Evener 

PATENTED 

rPHE  above  Patented  Device  is  standard  equipment  on  all 
A No.  5 Model  Intermediates  and  Finishers,  and  can  also  be 
supplied  for  old  machines. 

This  type  has  many  advantages  over  the  bevel  gears  formerly 
used  to  obtain  the  right-angle  drive  necessary  at  this  point.  It 
is  simple  in  design,  is  noiseless,  has  few  running  parts,  runs  in 
self-aligning  bearings,  and  is  extremely  rigid.  The  gears  run  dry, 
no  grease  being  necessary  as  is  usually  the  case  with  spiral  gear 
drives.  Change  gears  come  in  pairs,  it  being  necessary  to  change 
gears  on  both  cross  shaft  and  side  shaft,  the  total  number  of  teeth 
for  the  two  gears  always  being  55.  The  Intermediate  is  mounted 
on  an  adjustable  stand  for  proper  adjustment  with  different 
combinations  of  gears. 


65 


Carding  Beater 


Cross  Section  showing  Carding  Beater  and  Xo.  5 Evener 


66 


Carding  Beater 

KIRSCHNER  PATENT 

rPHE  object  of  the  Carding  Beater  is  to  produce  a combing  action 
1 which  will  straighten  the  fibres  and  put  the  stock  in  the  best 
possible  condition  for  carding.  It  also  tends  to  produce  a lap  of 
more  even  consistency.  The  blade  beater  will  produce  an  even 
lap  as  far  as  weight  per  yard  is  concerned,  but  when  held  up  to 
the  light  the  irregularities  are  apparent  in  the  mottled  appearance 
of  the  lap.  The  carding  beater  produces  a much  finer  subdivision 
of  the  staple,  and  stock  is  deposited  more  evenly  on  the  screen, 
producing  a much  more  uniform  lap. 

Three  wood  lags  are  used  with  sharp-pointed  pins.  No.  12  wire 
is  our  standard  for  use  on  finisher  lappers.  Pins  are  of  three 
lengths,  the  shortest  at  the  striking  edge,  so  that  penetration  is 
progressive.  They  are  also  set  on  an  angle  to  insure  maximum 
carding  action. 

Wood  lags  are  securely  fastened  to  cast-iron  heads  by  special 
screws.  They  are  readily  removed  and  replaced  as  pins  wear. 
The  lags  are  jigged  and  can  be  easily  renewed. 

Shafts  are  steel,  carefully  turned  and  ground  to  size.  Bearings 
are  standard,  and  beaters  are  interchangeable. 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish  this  type  of  beater  for  any  of  the 
standard  makes  of  pickers. 


67 


6S 


Com ihnation  Breaker  and  Finisher 


Combination  Breaker  and  Finisher 
Lapper 


HE  Combination  Picker  is  designed  for  small  mills  whose  pro- 


duction does  not  justify  the  expense  of  a complete  installation. 
It  is  of  our  standard  construction  fitted  with  four-lap  apron  rails 
with  a No.  5 Feeder  attached  at  end  of  rails.  A special  evener  is 
provided  for  handling  the  loose  cotton  on  the  first  run. 

In  operation  the  stock  is  run  through  once  and  made  into  laps, 
then  these  laps  are  doubled  on  the  apron  and  run  through  again, 
the  four  doublings  resulting  in  very  even  laps.  If  necessary  stock 
can  be  run  through  a third  time,  giving  the  full  results  of  a three- 
process  system.  The  machine  will  take  care  of  approximately  one 
thousand  pounds  per  ten  hours,  twice  through.  Blade  beaters  are 
standard  equipment,  but  carding  beaters  will  be  furnished  if 
required. 


69 


TO 


Motor  Drive 

V TTEMPTS  to  attach  motors  directly  to  picker  beaters,  without 
r*.  the  use  of  belting  or  chain,  have  not  given  entirely  satisfactory 
results. 

After  experimenting  and  observation  under  actual  mill  condi- 
tions, we  have  become  fully  satisfied  that  a belt  drive  from  motor 
located  on  A-frames  attached  to  machine  provides  the  most  prac- 
tical arrangement. 

All  our  machines  have  a standard  type  of  A-frame  or  counter- 
shaft support,  which  is  changed  to  a motor  support  by  removing 
the  countershaft  bearings  and  substituting  a motor  girt. 

For  a single-beater  machine,  a standard  motor  with  5"  face  pulley 
is  used.  Pulleys  should  if  possible  be  not  less  than  8"  in  diameter 
in  order  to  provide  ample  driving  surface. 

For  a 2-beater  machine  the  use  of  an  extended  shaft  motor  with 
out-bearing  is  recommended. 

The  drawing  on  opposite  page  shows  the  method  of  locating 
motor,  with  fixed  dimensions  which  must  be  considered.  With 
these  figures,  the  proper  length  of  shaft  extension  for  various-sized 
motors  can  be  figured. 

The  starting  switch  is  usually  mounted  on  A-frame  within  easy 
reach  of  the  operator. 


71 


The  Kitson  Beater  Lock 

r I ''HE  growing  demand  for  a lock  which  will  adequately  protect 
careless  operatives  has  led  to  the  adoption  of  this  new  design 
which  is  now  furnished  as  standard  equipment  with  Kitson  Pickers. 

This  design  in  modified  form  can  also  he  applied  to  other  makes 
of  picking  machinery. 

The  use  of  the  device  renders  it  impossible  to  start  the  machine 
when  either  the  heater  bonnet  or  glass  door  is  open,  and  also  pre- 
vents opening  either  the  heater  bonnet  or  glass  door  when  the  beater 
is  revolving. 

Referring  to  the  illustrations  on  opposite  page:  — 

A.  Illustrates  the  application  of  lock  to  an  opener. 

B.  The  application  to  a picker  showing  bonnet  closed  and 

locked. 

C.  Shows  bonnet  open  with  finger  of  lock  engaging  slot 

in  disc  and  preventing  beater  from  turning. 

Lock  is  supported  by  stand  bolted  to  picker  side,  the  same  pattern 
being  used  for  machines  with  or  without  countershaft. 

Tile  device  fulfills  the  requirements  of  liability  insurance  com- 
panies. It  is  simple,  durable  and  always  operative.  Can  be  readily 
applied  to  old  machines  by  mill  machinists. 


73 


Ball  Bearings 

^TH)  meet  the  demand  for  ball  bearings  we  have  designed  the 
1 special  casing  illustrated  above.  Standard  ball  bearings  are 
used.  Casings  are  accurately  machined  and  finished  with  tightly 
fitting  covers  to  prevent  grease  working  out  on  shaft.  Alemite 
grease  cups  are  used. 

Once  properly  fitted  and  packed  these  bearings  require  very 
little  attention  and  give  excellent  service.  A saving  in  power  is 
also  effected. 

On  our  No.  5 Alodel  Pickers  we  supply  this  type  of  bearing  for 
beaters,  fans,  countershaft  and  loose  pulleys  on  countershafts.  e 
can  supply  similar  bearings  for  use  on  waste  machines  or  shoddy 
pickers  or  for  equipping  old  machines. 


74 


Bearings 

Double  Ring-Oiling  Self -Aligning  Type 

THE  type  of  bearing  illustrated  above  combines  the  self-aligning 
and  ring-oiling  features  in  a simple  and  effective  way. 

Outer  casing  is  cast  iron  with  a large  oil  reservoir.  A central 
clamp  with  two  bolts  holds  the  bearing  rigid  at  the  pivotal  point, 
but  allows  motion  at  the  ends  of  the  box  sufficient  to  provide  the 
self-aligning  feature. 

A pair  of  steel  oil  rings  are  used  as  shown  in  cut.  Suitable  bush- 
ings prevent  oil  running  out  on  shaft.  The  cover  is  held  by  a single 
cap  screw,  and  is  provided  with  a tightly  covered  oil-hole  for  filling 
oil  chamber. 

The  cut  illustrates  the  BEATER  box,  arranged  to  set  on  shelf 
of  picker  side.  FAN  boxes  are  similar  in  construction,  but  arranged 
to  bolt  to  the  vertical  side  of  picker.  An  adaption  of  the  same  is 
also  used  for  countershafts. 

On  our  Model  5 Pickers  this  type  of  bearing  has  been  superseded 
by  Ball  Bearings,  but  we  will  continue  to  furnish  the  self-aligning 
bearing  for  repairs  or  on  new  machines  if  preferred. 

75 


Porcupine  Cylinder 

Buckley  Type 

'THUS  t ype  of  cylinder  is  largely  used  in  openers  or  in  the  first 
section  of  2-Beater  Breaker  Lappers.  It  provides  very  thorough 
opening  and  is  especially  valuable  in  handling  hard-pressed  and 
matted  stock  or  low-grade,  dirty  cotton.  It  pulls  apart  the  stock 
thoroughly  and  puts  it  in  excellent  condition  for  the  following 
beater. 

Cylinder  consists  of  a series  of  steel  discs  keyed  to  steel  shaft 
with  cast-iron  fillers  separating  the  discs  and  forming  a solid  drum. 
Steel  picks  are  attached  to  the  discs  and  are  bent  at  differing  angles 
so  as  to  cover  the  entire  face  of  cylinder.  Heavy  lock  nuts  hold  the 
discs  at  both  ends  of  the  shaft,  and  they  are  further  stayed  by  steel 
cross  rods  extending  across  cylinder  just  inside  the  filling  heads. 

This  cylinder  is  regularly  furnished  for  Kitson  machines,  36", 
40",  and  4.3"  wide,  in  16",  20".  3OI9".  and  40"  diameters.  We  are 
also  prepared  to  furnish  special  sizes  for  other  makes  of  pickers. 


76 


Patent  Adjustable  Grids 

WE  have  for  many  years  avoided  the  use  of  adjustable  grids 
on  the  grounds  that  they  offered  a convenient  plaything  for 
unskilled  picker-room  help.  A grid  that  is  changed  by  turning 
levers  or  screws  on  the  outside  of  the  frame  is  readily  put  out  of 
adjustment  and  needs  constant  attention  from  the  overseer. 

The  grid  shown  above  has  been  designed  after  a thorough  study 
of  the  subject.  The  upper  bars  only  are  adjustable,  as  this  is  the 
point  where  most  of  the  cleaning  is  done.  The  lower  bars  are  fixed 
and  set  at  the  proper  angle  to  aid  in  the  cleaning  and  at  the  same 
time  prevent  excessive  waste. 

Adjustment  is  made  by  loosening  the  supporting  bolt  and  swing- 
ing the  moveable  sector.  When  proper  setting  is  determined  the 
bolt  is  tightened  and  grids  held  firmly  in  position.  All  adjustment 
is  made  inside  the  frame  of  the  machine 

Bars  are  of  triangular  cold-rolled  steel  with  smooth,  sharp  cleaning 
edge. 

We  supply  this  type  of  grid  for  beaters  16",  18",  20",  and  .‘iO1  A' 
in  diameter. 


Split  Lap  Preventer 

rT''HE  above  cut  illustrates  our  Patent  Split  Lap  Preventer,  sup- 
plied  with  all  machines.  This  is  not  only  the  simplest  and  most 
durable,  but  one  of  the  most  effective  devices  of  its  kind.  A set 
of  malleable  iron  fingers  is  fastened  to  draw  roll  plate  with  points 
of  the  fingers  extending  well  into  the  bite  of  the  calender  rolls.  The 
sheet  of  stock  in  passing  over  the  points  is  slightly  condensed  or 
creased  by  each  one.  These  creases  act  as  binders  and  keep  lap  from 
splitting  when  unrolled  on  subsequent  pickers  or  on  the  cards. 

W e carry  a stock  of  these  for  equipping  old  machines  of  our  own 
or  other  makes. 


78 


Lightning  Tie  Cutter 

For  Cotton  Bales 

THE  demand  for  the  Tie  Cutter  illustrated  above  has  become 
almost  universal.  It  consists  of  two  pieces,  a drop-forged  arm 
with  tongue  that  slips  under  the  band,  and  a cutting  blade  attached 
by  a single  bolt.  To  work  it,  push  tongue  under  tie  and  pull  up 
on  the  handle. 

Net  Weight:  3-%  lbs. 


¥ 


Steel  Lap  Rods 

The  use  of  the  steel  lap  rod  in  connection  with  hollow  lap  rolls 
is  now  common  practice.  This  prevents  damage  to  the  inside 
of  the  lap  caused  by  trying  to  force  in  a wooden  rod  after  draw- 
ing out  the  lap  roll.  Our  rods  are  carefully  made,  with  heads  that 
will  not  come  off  and  are  of  uniform  weight. 

We  supply  these  in  two  standard  lengths,  47%"  under  heads  for 
40"  laps  and  52%"  for  45"  laps. 

Net  Weight:  40"  rods,  2 lbs.  12%  oz. 

45"  rods,  3 lbs.  5 oz. 


70 


Lap  Elevator 
SO 


Lap  Elevator 

TN  mill  layouts  where  finisher  lappers  and  cards  are  located  on 
1 different  floors,  the  conveying  of  laps  becomes  a problem. 

The  device  shown  by  cut  on  opposite  page  provides  an  automatic 
arrangement  for  taking  care  of  these  conditions. 

Operator  places  a lap,  with  rod  inserted,  on  the  incline  receiving 
table  shown  at  bottom  of  cut,  and  pushes  lap  forward  until  the  ends 
of  the  rod  touch  the  chain.  Hooks  on  the  chain  engage  the  rod 
and  carry  the  lap  up  until  the  rod  comes  in  contact  with  the  shipper 
arm  shown  in  upper  cut.  This  shifts  driving  belt  and  stops  the 
chain.  When  lap  is  removed  by  operator  on  floor  above  the  belt 
shifts  back  and  another  lap  is  brought  up. 

We  also  furnish  a similar  arrangement  for  carrying  laps  down. 

In  ordering  the  only  detail  necessary  is  the  distance  between 
floors,  the  width  of  laps  to  be  handled,  and  whether  laps  will  be 
carried  up  or  down. 

Shipping  Weight:  850  lbs. 


81 


82 


Eight- Lap  Truck  Four-Lap  Truck 


Lap  Trucks 

rPRUCKS  for  conveying  laps  from  pickers  to  cards  are  a necessity 
in  nearly  every  mill. 

Cuts  on  opposite  page  show  trucks  furnished  by  us  for  carrying 
eight  and  four  laps  respectively. 

These  are  built  of  hardwood,  thoroughly  braced  and  reinforced 
with  iron.  Rollers  are  accurately  fitted  and  run  freely  in  bearings. 
Hooks  are  double,  designed  especially  for  steel  lap  rods,  although 
wood  rods  can  be  used  if  desired. 

The  only  details  required  for  filling  orders  are  the  width  of  lap 
and  style  of  truck,  i.e.,  8-lap  or  4-lap. 

Net  Weight:  4-lap,  128  lbs. 

8-lap,  150  lbs. 


83 


S4 


Machinery-Moving  Trucks 

ABOVE  cut  illustrates  a combination  roller  and  crowbar,  which 
1 *■  we  designed  for  use  in  moving  our  heavy  machines  around  the 
shop. 

The  efficiency  of  the  tool  has  brought  it  into  general  use,  and 
we  have  furnished  large  numbers  to  mills,  railroads,  and  freight 
handlers. 

The  cut  on  opposite  page  shows  proper  method  of  using  the 
trucks,  that  is,  a single  truck  with  two  spurs  for  steering  the  load, 
and  two  trucks,  each  with  single  spur,  for  balancing  and  carrying 
the  other  side  of  the  load.  No  mill  should  be  without  a set  of  these 
trucks. 

Foreign  Shipping  Weight:  365  lbs.  per  set  of  3 
Net  Weight:  189  “ “ “ “ 3 

Cubic  Feet  (boxed):  14}. 2 “ “ “ “ 3 


Belt  Guards 

The  laws  in  several  states  require  the  covering  of  all  belts  and 
exposed  pulleys.  We  are  prepared  to  furnish  sheet-metal  guards 
for  the  driving  belts  on  pickers. 


85 


WASTE  MACHINERY 


Feeders 

In  Connection  with  Waste  Machinery 

rPHF  standard  No.  5 Feeder  is  extensively  used  in  connection 
with  handling  soft  waste  stocks.  The  use  of  this  machine  is 
strongly  recommended  from  the  fact  that  it  opens  up  the  stock 
thoroughly  and  puts  it  in  good  condition  to  be  acted  on  by  the 
cleaning  machine.  A Feeder  43"  wide  is  used  in  connection  with 
the  Willow  described  on  the  following  page.  A 24"  machine  is 
used  with  a Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner  and  Roving  Waste 
Opener.  When  used  with  the  Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner  the 
usual  dust  box  under  the  doffer  grids  is  omitted  and  a large  dirt 
box  extending  to  the  floor  is  substituted. 

Driving  is  usually  through  a self-contained  countershaft  with 
step  cone  pulleys  for  providing  changes  in  speed  of  apron  for 
regulating  production. 


Sargent  Comb 

bill  a regular  feeder,  difficulty  is  sometimes  experienced  in 
' ' handling  roving  waste  owing  to  the  stringy  nature  of  the 
stock,  which  has  a tendency  to  wind  up  on  the  combing  roll  and 
clog  the  machine.  To  overcome  this  we  are  prepared  to  furnish  a 
Sargent  Type  eccentric  comb,  similar  to  that  used  on  wool  feeders. 
The  comb  can  be  supplied  either  with  a saw-tooth  edge  or  with 
pins. 


SS 


Cotton  Waste 

Preparatory  Equipment 


rpiIE  waste  produced  in  a cotton  mill  can  be  divided  into  two  general 
i classes:  Soft  Waste  which  includes  picker  motes,  card  fly,  card  strips, 
sweeps,  comber  noils,  and  napping  waste;  and  Hard  Waste  which  includes 
cop  waste,  spun  yarns  of  all  kinds,  rags,  and  slasher  waste.  The  scavenger 
waste  from  spinning  frame  rolls  contains  a mixture  of  hard  and  soft  waste. 

The  various  soft  wastes  can  be  reclaimed  by  cleaning  or  willowing,  the 
machines  for  this  purpose  being  a Willow  (page  90)  and  a Card  and  Picker 
W aste  Cleaner  ( page  92).  Picker  motes  contain  the  most  dirt  and  lose 
from  60%  to  80%  in  cleaning.  Card  fly  contains  from  40%  to  00%  dirt. 
Strips  are  much  cleaner  and  will  run  from  5%  to  20%  loss.  Either  the 
Willow  or  Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner  will  clean  the  soft  wastes  equally 
well,  the  difference  being  a question  of  productions,  the  Willow  having  a 
capacity  of  two  thousand  to  five  thousand  pounds  of  cleaning  stock,  the 
Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner  producing  about  twenty-five  hundred 
pounds  per  ten  hours. 

Hard  waste  is  usually  opened  up  by  a 5-section  or  a G-section  Hard 
Waste  Machine  with  capacity  ranging  from  800  to  1.500  pounds  per  day, 
depending  on  the  nature  of  the  stock  handled.  The  action  of  this  machine 
consists  of  pin  cylinders  picking  stock  from  feed  rolls.  Cylinders  are 
graded  from  coarse  to  fine  pins,  the  stock  being  gradually  reduced  without 
injury  to  the  staple.  These  machines  will  handle  successfully  all  kinds 
of  cop  waste,  duck  clippings  and  hosiery  clippings.  Certain  classes  of  waste 
such  as  hard-twisted  seine  twine  are  frequently  put  through  two  processes, 
first  through  a 2-section  machine  with  3-roll  calender,  the  laps  from  this 
machine  being  doubled  on  the  apron  of  a 4-section  machine. 

W e mentioned  slasher  waste  above,  but  do  not  attempt  to  handle  this 
without  first  boiling  out  the  size.  After  the  size  is  thoroughly  eliminated 
the  yarn  can  be  handled  similar  to  aop  waste. 

Waste  from  roving  frames  is  not  classed  as  a waste  product,  as  it  con- 
tains no  dirt  or  short  fibres,  but  simply  requires  opening  up  for  remixing 
with  raw  stock.  The  one-section  and  two-section  Roving  Waste  Machines 
described  on  pages  98-101,  are  used  for  reclaiming  this  fibre,  the  size  of 
the  machine  depending  upon  the  fineness  of  the  roving  and  the  quantity  to 
be  handled. 

Spinners  waste  is  usually  run  through  a Thread  Extractor  for  separating 
the  plain  threads  from  the  loose  fibres.  The  amount  of  spun  threads  re- 
claimed is  comparatively  small  and  is  usually  considered  worthless.  If  any 
quantities  are  collected,  however,  it  can  be  mixed  with  the  cop  waste  and 
handled  on  the  Hard  Waste  Machine.  Our  Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner 
is  also  used  as  a thread  extractor,  see  page  93. 

We  are  dealing  here  only  with  the  question  of  preparing  waste,  and  a 
discussion  of  waste  spinning  will  be  found  on  pages  137-139. 


89 


90 


\\  , 


Large-Capacity  Willow 

This  willow  i ias  been  designed  to  meet  the  demand  for  a 
large-capacity  machine  for  reworking  soft  wastes.  It  is  used 
for  handling  floor  sweeps,  card  strips,  and  fly. 

The  stock  is  fed  by  a lattice  apron,  running  at  a constant  speed, 
into  a pocket  or  hopper  from  which  it  is  delivered  intermittently 
to  a heavy  pin  cylinder.  The  delivery  apron  is  located  directly 
above  the  feed  pocket,  running  crosswise  of  the  machine,  and  can 
be  arranged  to  deliver  stock  at  either  side  of  machine,  as  may  be 
required. 

The  percentage  of  waste  is  controlled  by  means  of  the  inter- 
mittent feed  motion  which  stops  feed  and  closes  delivery  for  any 
desired  period.  This  is  controlled  by  mechanism  on  the  left-hand 
side  of  the  machine,  fitted  with  ten  adjustments. 

CYLINDER  is  of  heavy  construction  with  steel  pins  bolted  to 
the  heads.  This  cylinder  is  50"  in  diameter.  The  top  casing  of 
the  machine  is  fitted  with  cross  bars  having  blunt-pointed  pins 
similar  to  those  on  the  cylinder.  These  pins  extend  down  into 
the  spaces  between  cylinder  pins,  producing  a combing  or  pulling 
action  on  the  stock. 

Machine  is  fitted  with  attached  COUNTERSHAFT,  having 
self -aligning  bearings  and  cast-iron  pulleys  18"  diameter,  6"  face. 

FAN  for  removing  dust  is  located  on  the  framework  just  back 
of  the  cylinder.  This  fan  can  be  arranged  to  discharge  vertically 
or  horizontally,  as  may  be  required. 

GRIDS  under  cylinder  are  made  in  two  sections  and  hinged 
at  the  lowest  point.  They  are  readily  adjustable  and  easily  re- 
moved for  cleaning.  The  standard  grid  is  of  perforated  steel.  For 
special  work  we  are  prepared  to  furnish  a steel  bar  grid.  There  is 
sufficient  space  under  the  grids  to  permit  the  insertion  of  dirt 
boxes.  This  provides  a very  handy  method  of  removing  the 
droppings.  p ; 

The  use  of  an  AUTOMATIC  FEEDER  is  recommended 
wherever  the  stock  is  of  a nature  that  can  be  readily  handled 
by  a feeder.  We  supply  for  use  with  this  Willow  our  standard 
No.  5 Automatic  Feeder,  43"  wide. 


91 


92 


Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner 


r 1 1HIS  machine  is  designed  and  extensively  used  for  reclaiming  all  soft 
^ wastes,  such  as  floor  sweepings,  droppings  under  cards  and  pickers, 
card  fly,  and  strips.  These  varieties  of  waste  usually  yield  from  40  per  cent 
to  00  per  cent  clean  fibre,  and  the  machine  puts  the  stock  in  excellent  con- 
dition either  for  mixing  with  raw  cotton  or  for  -spinning  into  all-waste 
yarn. 

The  upper  cut  on  preceding  page  illustrates  the  machine  with  automatic 
feeder  and  countershaft.  The  automatic  feeder  is  recommended  in  every 
case,  although  we  are  prepared  to  omit  same  and  furnish  a wood  hopper 
which  fits  on  top  of  the  cleaner  and  holds  a considerable  amount  of  stock 
which  is  fed  by  hand  through  the  feed  opening. 

The  lower  cut  shows  the  interior  of  the  machine.  Two  beaters  fitted 
with  steel  fingers  revolve  in  the  same  direction,  the  first  beater  running 
somewhat  slower  than  the  one  at  the  back.  This  provides  a very  thorough 
combing  and  opening  action  without  injury  to  the  staple.  Three  fan 
blades  are  mounted  on  the  shafts  at  the  delivery  end  of  the  machine  and 
blow  the  stock  onto  a wire  condenser  screen.  Surplus  air  and  lint  are  taken 
care  of  by  a fan  located  on  the  side  of  the  condenser  which  is  connected  by 
5"  piping  to  the  dust  room. 

GRIDS  under  the  beaters  may  be  perforated  metal  or  steel  bars,  as  pre- 
ferred. Bar  grids  are  furnished  in  three  different  settings  containing  re- 
spectively 49,  63,  and  77  bars.  Perforated  metal  grids  are  regularly  fur- 
nished with  oval  perforations  X lA" ■ Finer  perforations  can  be  supplied. 

COUNTERSHAFT  located  on  ceiling  is  always  required  with  this 
machine,  and  proper  pulleys  are  furnished  to  give  the  various  parts  correct 
relative  speeds. 

THREAD  SHAFT.  The  lower  cut  shows  the  application  of  a thread- 
collecting shaft  to  the  waste  cleaner.  Many  mills  have  large  quantities  of 
spinning  room  or  scavenger  roll  wTaste  from  which  it  is  necessary  to  extract 
the  threads  before  mixing  with  other  stock.  The  device  used  in  this  ma- 
chine is  very  simple  and  effective.  It  consists  of  a grooved  shaft  extend- 
ing the  length  of  the  machine  just  above  the  beaters  and  driven  at  a high 
rate  of  speed  by  pulleys  supported  on  special  outrigger  stand.  After  the 
waste  is  opened  up  the  threads  are  thrown  against  this  shaft  and  wound  up 
on  same.  The  machine  is  stopped  at  frequent  intervals  and  the  threads 
removed  from  the  collecting  shaft. 


93 


«J4 


Layout  Illustrating  Screw  Clean-out  for  Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaners  with 
Llevating  Apron  Delivering  to  I{kcleaning  Machine 


Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner 

\ RRANGEMENT  IN  BATTERIES.  Plants  handling  large 
quantities  of  waste  usually  arrange  these  cleaners  in  bat- 
teries of  two  or  more  machines.  With  this  arrangement  we  supply 
a standard  lattice  feed  table  (as  described  on  page  11)  located  so 
that  the  stock  falls  from  the  condensers  of  the  waste  cleaners  onto 
the  apron.  From  the  apron  the  stock  can  be  delivered  through 
pipe  to  a condenser  or  dropped  into  trucks,  as  may  be  desired. 

In  a layout  of  this  kind  it  is  advisable  to  have  some  means  of 
removing  the  dirt  which  collects  under  the  grid.  This  may  be  pro- 
vided in  several  ways.  We  recommend  the  use  of  a SCREW 
CLEAN-OUT  running  in  a metallic  trough  located  inside  the 
cleaner.  Where  the  clean-out  passes  between  machines  it  is  com- 
pletely cased  in  with  metal  and  a suitable  hand-hole  provided  for 
cleaning  out.  Special  bearings  are  used  which  do  not  obstruct 
the  passage  of  the  stock,  and  the  spiral  is  driven  by  a pulley,  belted 
from  overhead  countershaft. 

In  layouts  where  a screw  clean-out  is  not  desirable  a simple 
arrangement  for  handling  the  dirt  consists  of  an  apron  properly 
cased  in,  running  under  the  floor  beneath  the  cleaners.  Openings 
are  made  through  the  floor  under  the  machines  so  that  all  drop- 
pings fall  directly  onto  the  apron,  which  delivers  either  to  a re- 
cleaning machine  located  on  the  floor  below  or  directly  to  the  dust 
cellar. 

With  either  of  the  above  arrangements  dirt  is  delivered  by  the 
underneath  carrier  to  an  elevating  apron  which  drops  stock  into 
the  hopper  of  a recleaning  machine.  A considerable  amount  of 
stock  can  usually  be  reclaimed  by  this  process.  This  last  machine 
may  also  be  fitted  with  a screw  clean-out  delivering  dirt  out  of 
doors  or  into  an  adjoining  dust  room. 


95 


96 


Thread  Extractor 


CONSIDERABLE  amount  of  waste  is  collected  daily  in  the  spin- 


ning room.  This  consists  principally  of  the  small  rings  that  are 
stripped  from  the  scavenger  rolls  and  that  contain  a large  amount  of  loose 
fibre  mixed  with  short  pieces  of  spun  threads.  The  object  of  the  Thread 
Extractor  is  to  separate  the  spun  threads  from  the  fibre. 

The  working  parts  of  the  machine  are  clearly  shown  by  the  lower  cut 
on  the  preceding  page.  They  consist  of  two  steel  shafts  with  fingers  cast  on 
same.  The  shafts  revolve  in  the  same  direction  at  slightly  different  speeds, 
thoroughly  opening  the  stock  without  injuring  the  staple.  A third  shaft 
fitted  with  detachable  straps  having  short  teeth  or  projections  extends  the 
entire  length  of  the  machine  just  over  the  beaters.  As  the  stock  is  picked 
apart,  the  spun  threads  are  thrown  against  the  revolving  thread  bar  and  are 
wound  up  on  same.  The  machine  must  be  frequently  stopped  and  the 
threads  stripped  from  this  shaft.  At  the  delivery  end,  the  shafts  are  fitted 
with  fan  blades  which  produce  a draft  sufficient  to  pull  stock  through  the 
machine  and  to  deposit  same  on  the  screen  of  the  condenser,  which  is  clearly 
shown  in  the  upper  illustration.  The  volume  of  air  is  not  sufficient  to 
require  dust-room  connections,  but  simply  blows  out  through  the  end  of 
the  screen.  A suitable  press  roll  is  located  just  above  the  screen  which 
slightly  condenses  the  stock. 

The  use  of  this  machine  is  not  recommended  on  extremely  long-staple 
stock,  as  long  staple  is  apt  to  wind  up  on  the  thread  bar,  filling  up  the  bar 
quickly  and  preventing  proper  action  of  same.  Its  use  is  further  restricted 
by  its  small  production,  and  is  recommended  for  mills  having  only  a small 
quantity  of  this  class  of  waste  which  they  wish  to  put  back  into  their  work. 
For  larger  mills  we  would  recommend  the  Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner 
with  Thread  Shaft,  described  on  another  page.  As  regards  construction, 
the  machine  is  heavy  and  substantially  built.  The  lower  section  is  made  in 
a single  casting.  All  bearings  are  carefully  fitted  and  lined  up  before  leav- 
ing the  shop.  The  top  is  made  in  a single  casting,  luing  on  heavy  hinges. 
The  condenser  is  supported  by  an  iron  pedestal  cast  in  a unit  with  the  de- 
livery passage.  The  whole  condenser  may  be  omitted  when  it  is  desired  to 
deliver  stock  directly  to  a conveying  pipe. 


97 


W-3  Waste  Machines 

T TNDER  the  general  name  of  “W-3  Waste  Machines”  are  in- 
cluded machines  for  opening  a wide  variety  of  soft  and  hard 
wastes,  ranging  from  the  coarsest  counts  of  roving  to  high  counts 
of  spun  yarns  and  several  classes  of  woven  fabrics. 

These  machines  are  built  of  a standard  type,  similar  in  detail  to 
our  pickers,  except  that  they  are  24"  wide.  Standard  units  are 
arranged  in  from  one  to  six  sections,  depending  on  the  class  of 
stock  to  be  handled.  For  the  coarser  counts  of  roving  waste  a 
single-section  machine  is  usually  sufficient,  while  two  sections  are 
required  for  finer  counts.  The  special  uses  of  the  several  different 
combinations  of  sections  are  covered  on  following  pages. 

GENERAL  CONSTRUCTION.  Heavy  castings  are  used  throughout, 
all  joints  being  accurately  milled  and  fitted.  Cross  girts  are  of  iron.  Feed 
rolls  and  draw  rolls  are  made  from  selected  stock  accurately  turned,  ground, 
and  fluted.  Screens  are  22"  in  diameter  covered  with  heavy  wire  cloth. 
Slots  are  provided  for  removing  the  top  screen  without  withdrawing  shaft. 
All  aprons  are  substantially  made  of  hardwood  slats  securely  fastened  to 
heavy  belting.  Adjusting  screws  are  provided  for  taking  up  slack  in 
aprons. 

EEED  ROLLS.  One  of  the  principal  difficulties  in  reworking  hard- 
spun  waste  has  been  the  trouble  experienced  in  holding  the  stock  firmly  in 
the  feed  rolls.  This  difficulty  has  been  overcome  by  the  use  of  a set  of  double 
rolls  placed  close  together  and  positively  geared.  The  front  set  of  rolls 
holds  the  stock  firmly  and  prevents  any  pulling  through  under  the  action 
of  the  cylinder.  These  rolls  are  also  fitted  with  a reverse  motion,  operated 
by  sliding  clutch  and  bevel  gears.  By  throwing  a lever  the  operator  re- 
verses the  rotation  of  the  rolls  and  throws  back  any  foreign  matter  or  hard 
lumps  which  may  pass  into  the  first  set  before  same  reaches  the  second  set 
of  rolls  or  the  cylinder.  These  double  rolls  are  furnished  as  standard  equip- 
ment on  machines  of  three  sections  or  more.  For  handling  soft  roving 
wastes  on  one-  and  two-section  machines,  single  rolls  are  provided. 


98 


FEED  PLATES.  A special  type  of  feed  plate  is  provided  in  the  last 
two  sections  of  five-  and  six-section  machines.  This  plate  is  illustrated 
and  described  on  a following  page. 

CYLINDERS.  Cylinders  are  made  up  on  heavy  steel  shafting.  Three 
cast-iron  heads  are  keyed  to  the  shaft.  The  hardwood  inner  lags  are  bolted 
firmly  to  the  heads  and  turned  down  to  size,  ready  to  receive  the  pinned 
lags.  The  size  and  number  of  pins  varies  in  the  different  cylinders,  ranging 
from  a coarse  pin  in  the  first  cylinder  to  fine  pins  in  the  last  cylinder.  These 
pin  lags  are  bolted  firmly  to  the  cylinder  and  iron  hoops  shrunk  over  the 
ends.  Heads  are  fitted  tightly  into  the  ends  of  the  cylinders  to  prevent 
stock  working  into  same.  All  cylinders  are  accurately  tested  and  balanced 
at  running  speed  before  leaving  shops. 

DRIVING.  Standard  equipment  includes  countershaft  mounted  on 
A-frames  of  the  same  type  used  on  our  standard  picker.  Cast-iron  pulleys 
are  used,  and  shaft  is  of  high-grade  steel  running  in  self-aligning  bearings. 
For  description  of  Motor  Drive,  see  page  71. 

GRIDS.  These  machines  are  not  regularly  fitted  with  grids,  the  space 
under  the  cylinders  being  fitted  with  sheet  steel.  Occasionally  a machine 
of  this  type  is  used  in  connection  with  other  waste  equipment  for  han- 
dling dirty  stock,  and  under  these  conditions  we  are  prepared  to  equip  the 
machines  with  our  standard  adjustable  grids. 

DELIVERY.  Stock  is  delivered  from  an  elevated  lattice  apron  which 
receives  the  stock  in  a slightly  compressed  sheet  from  the  draw  rolls.  We 
also  are  prepared  to  supply  a calender  head  for  making  laps.  For  description 
of  the  Calender,  see  page  105. 

FEED  APRON.  This  is  supplied  either  4'  or  7'  long,  as  required. 
The  7'  apron  is  furnished  as  standard  equipment  unless  otherwise  specified. 


99 


100 


One-Section  \Y  11  Waste  Opener 


Roving  Waste  Openers 

One-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine 

hthis  machine  is  of  standard  construction,  as  described  on  pre- 
A vious  pages.  It  is  usually  fitted  with  a set  of  double  feed 
rolls,  which  insures  the  stock  being  firmly  held.  Feed  apron  rails 
7'  long  are  furnished  unless  otherwise  specified.  The  use  of  the 
reverse  motion  is  optional  with  the  customer,  but  we  recommend 
this  attachment  for  all  ordinary  work.  Cylinder  is  regularly  fur- 
nished with  No.  1 pins,  and  should  run  at  a speed  of  1000  revolu- 
tions per  minute  for  best  results.  Standard  drive  consists  of 
countershaft  mounted  on  frames  as  illustrated  by  cut.  Motor 
drive  can  readily  be  applied  in  place  of  the  countershaft.  For  de- 
tails of  this  Drive,  see  description  on  page  71. 


Two-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine 

This  machine  is  used  for  opening  up  all  kinds  of  roving  waste  up 
to  the  finest  counts  from  fine  frames.  Its  action  is  very  thorough 
without  resulting  in  damage  to  the  stock. 

General  details  of  this  machine  are  the  same  as  previously  de- 
scribed. Double  feed  rolls  are  recommended.  Feed  apron  is 
7'  long  unless  otherwise  specified.  First  cylinder  is  covered  with 
No.  1 pins,  the  second  cylinder  with  No.  2.  Countershaft  with 
driving  pulleys  is  part  of  standard  equipment.  This  can  be  re- 
placed by  the  standard  motor  A-frames  when  required. 


101 


102 


Two-Section  W-3  Waste  <)i>eneh 


Three-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine 

This  machine  is  occasionally  used  by  mills  having  a small  quan- 
tity of  hard  thread  waste  which  is  put  through  twice.  The  result- 
ing product  is  not  so  satisfactory  as  stock  put  through  a five- 
section  machine  once.  The  use  of  a three-section  machine  is  not 
recommended  without  a thorough  investigation  of  the  actual 
requirements. 

Construction  is  standard,  and  equipment  includes  one  counter- 
shaft with  pulleys  for  driving  three  cylinders.  Unless  otherwise 
specified,  cylinder  covering  will  consist  of  No.  0 pins  on  first  cylin- 
der, No.  1 on  second,  and  No.  L2  on  third.  Feed  plate  is  furnished 
in  the  third  section  as  standard  equipment. 


Four-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine 

This  machine  is  used  to  a limited  extent  as  a finisher  for  stock 
which  has  been  put  through  a two-section  machine  with  calender. 

Standard  equipment  includes  two  sets  of  countershafts,  each 
driving  two  cylinders.  The  covering  of  the  cylinders  varies  with 
requirements.  Feed  plate  is  furnished  in  the  fourth  section. 


Five-Section  and  Six-Section  Hard-Waste  Machines 

These  machines  are  recommended  for  opening  all  kinds  of  yarn 
waste  and  a large  variety  of  hosiery  clips,  duck  clips,  etc. 

The  five-section  machine  produces  satisfactory  results  in  a large 
majority  of  cases,  but  for  very  fine  yarns  or  hard-twisted,  plied 
yarns  the  six-section  machine  may  be  required. 

Standard  equipment  includes  either  4'  or  7'  feed  apron,  two  sets 
of  countershafts,  and  standard  feed  plates  in  fourth  anil  fifth  or 
fifth  and  sixth  sections.  Feed  plates  in  excess  of  two  per  machine 
are  considered  extras. 


103 


104 


Two-Section  VV  3 Waste  Oi’ener  with  Tiikee-Koll  Calender 


Three-Roll  Calender 


'X'HE  three-roll  calender  formerly  used  on  lappers  has  l>een  re- 
placed by  the  four-roll  type,  which  gives  better  results  on 
staple  stock.  The  objection  to  the  four-roll  type  in  handling  short 
waste  stock  lies  in  the  fact  that  there  is  a slight  draft  between  the 
rolls  which  tends  to  pull  apart  and  separate  the  fibres,  weakening 
the  lap  and  causing  it  to  break. 

The  three-roll  calender  illustrated  on  opposite  page  does  away 
with  this  difficulty.  The  pressure  rolls  consist  of  two  bed  rolls 
with  a top  roll  working  between  them,  the  amount  of  pressure  on 
the  top  roll  being  regulated  by  weights.  Pressure  of  this  roll  is 
sufficient  to  make  a good  firm  lap,  forcing  the  fibres  together  rather 
than  pulling  them  apart.  This  type  of  calender  is  used  exclusively 
on  our  waste  machines.  The  cut  on  page  104  illustrates  this  cal- 
ender attached  to  a two-section  machine. 

One  object  of  lapping  the  product  of  a waste  opener  is  to  put  the 
stock  in  a suitable  form  for  mixing  in  uniform  quantity  on  a finisher 
picker.  For  example,  the  calender  is  provided  with  cheeks  so  that 
it  makes  laps  20"  wide;  two  of  these  are  placed  end  to  end  on  a lap 
rod  and  put  on  a finisher  apron  with  two  or  three  laps  of  staple 
stock.  The  weight  per  yard  of  the  waste  lap  being  predetermined, 
any  percentage  desired  can  be  readily  obtained. 

The  calender  is  also  used  when  working  especially  difficult  grades 
of  waste,  such  as  heavy  duck  made  from  high-plied,  hard-twisted, 
long-staple  yarns.  A breaking-up  machine  of  two  or  three  sections 
provided  with  heavy  pins,  is  fitted  with  a calender  making  laps 
21"  wide.  These  are  doubled  on  the  apron  of  a four-section  or 
five-section  machine,  same  being  provided  with  special  rails  ar- 
ranged for  holding  laps. 

All  parts  of  this  calender  are  substantially  made  and  accurately 
fitted.  Safety  knock-off  and  measuring  knock-off  motions  are 
provided. 


105 


106 


Kive-Section  Hard-Waste  Machine 


Feed  Plates  for  Waste  Machines 

f I 'HIS  device  is  similar  in  design  to  the  feed  plate  used  on  a cotton 
card.  With  its  use  very  close  adjustments  can  be  made,  and 
very  short  staple  can  be  handled  to  good  advantage. 

The  plate  is  of  a special  heavy  construction,  accurately  milled 
and  fitted.  The  roll  used  in  connection  with  the  plate  is  spring- 
weighted  and  positively  geared. 

This  plate  is  furnished  in  all  of  our  hard-waste  machines  and 
can  be  supplied  when  required  for  adding  to  old  machines. 


107 


108 


Soaping  Attaciimiont  Appued  to  Aphon  Delivery 


Soaping  Attachment  Applied  to  Calender 

Soaping  Attachment 

IN*handling  dry,  short-staple  wastes,  trouble  is  frequently  experienced  in 
making  the  mass  of  fibres  cling  together.  This  is  especially  difficult  in 
cases  where  a lap  is  made,  as  the  fibres  tend  to  fly  apart  and  the  lap  will  not 
hold  together.  This  difficulty  is  usually  due  to  absence  of  moisture  in  the 
fibres,  and  the  fact  that  the  large  amount  of  machining  to  which  they  have 
been  subjected  has  taken  out  much  of  the  natural  elasticity  and  curl. 

The  use  of  a small  amount  of  soapy  water  added  to  the  stock  as  it  passes 
from  the  machine  aids  greatly  in  subsequent  handling.  This  is  accom- 
plished by  the  soaping  attachment  illustrated  above.  It  consists  of  a solid 
roll  running  in  a pan  of  liquid  with  a stiff-bristle  brush  which  throws  mois- 
ture from  the  surface  of  the  roll  onto  the  sheet  of  cottop.  The  above  cut 
shows  the  soaping  attachment  connected  to  a three-roll  calender.  The  cut 
on  opposite  page  illustrates  a similar  device  attached  to  elevated  apron  rails. 
Gross  Weight  300  lbs.  Net  Weight  225  lbs.  Cubic  Feet  10 


109 


I 


Cylinder  Grinder 

HHHE  above  drawing  illustrates  in  detail  the  traverse  grinder 
used  for  truing  up  pins  on  waste-machine  cylinders.  The 
grinder  is  readily  applied  and  supported  -on  special  stands.  The 
grinder  wheel  is  driven  from  cylinder  shaft,  the  traverse  motion 
being  imported  through  a double  worm  shaft  fitted  in  a steel  cas- 
ing. All  parts  are  accurately  fitted,  the  grinder  being  especially 
durable,  all  wearing  parts  being  easily  renewed  at  slight  expense. 


no 


SHODDY  PICKERS 


112 


Standard  Snomn  I’ickior 


English  Pattern  Shoddy  Picker 

r|  ^ 1 1 E shoddy  picker,  formerly  used  exclusively  in  working  up 
A soft  wool  wastes,  has  now  been  adapted  to  reclaiming  a large 
variety  of  fabrics,  both  wool  and  cotton.  Various  improvements 
have  been  made  which  largely  increase  the  capacity  and  durability 
of  the  machines. 

The  cut  on  opposite  page  illustrates  our  standard  English 
pattern  shoddy  picker  which  we  recommend  for  all  classes  of 
work.  This  machine  is  very  strongly  built,  all  girts  being  of  iron. 
The  use  of  wood  has  been  reduced  to  such  an  extent  that  the 
machines  cannot  be  badly  damaged  by  fire.  Gearing  is  of  a special 
mixture  cast  iron  with  teeth  accurately  cleaned  and  tested.  Suit- 
able shields  are  provided  which  cover  all  the  requirements  of  in- 
surance companies. 

All  parts  are  made  on  the  duplicate  plan  and  are  machined  so 
that  little  or  no  fitting  is  required  when  making  repairs. 

Cylinders  are  made  up  on  heavy  steel  shafts  with  two  cast-iron 
heads  accurately  fitted  and  keyed  to  shaft.  Heads  are  then  turned 
to  size  and  inside  lags  securely  bolted  on  and  turned.  'Pins  are 
supplied  of  any  length  and  size  to  meet  requirements.  The  sizes 
most  in  use  range  from  No.  6 to  No.  9 and  are  made  long. 

Lags  are  furnished  either  solid  blocks  or  patent  three  ply.  The 
latter  is  a special  lag  designed  by  ourselves,  consisting  of  three 
layers  of  selected  beech  or  maple  glued  together  under  heavy 
pressure.  This  prevents  splitting  and  makes  a very  substantial 
lag.  The  cylinder  in  this  type  of  machine  is  41"  in  diameter  and 
lag  is  'i\x/2  long  with  18"  of  picking  face.  Lags  are  made  up  in 
sets  of  44. 


113 


114 


Shoddy  Picker  with  Adjustable  Base  and  Fan 


The  bitting  arrangement  is  furnished  either  of  the  pin-cylinder 
or  the  fan  type. 

The  standard  drive  consists  of  a single  pulley  17"  in  diameter, 
10"  face.  This  can  be  varied  by  having  a single  0"  face  pulley  on 
both  ends  of  the  shaft,  or  a pair  of  tight  and  loose  pulleys  may  be 
applied  to  meet  special  requirements. 

The  bonnet  or  top  of  the  machine  is  made  of  selected  wood, 
carefully  finished. 

The  cut  on  opposite  page  illustrates  the  English  Pattern  Shoddy 
Picker  equipped  with  adjustable  base,  fan  and  feed  hopper. 

In  order  to  secure  full  driving  power  and  prevent  slippage  of 
belt  it  is  necessary  to  keep  the  belt  extremely  tight.  The  object  of 
the  adjustable  base  is  to  provide  for  tightening  the  belt  by  moving 
the  whole  machine  forward,  this  being  accomplished  by  a screw  with 
hand  wheel. 

The  auxiliary  fan  is  used  in  installations  where  the  receiving 
room  or  gauze  room,  as  it  is  commonly  called,  is  located  at  some 
distance  from  the  machine,  requiring  a considerable  volume  of  air 
to  carry  the  stock.  The  use  of  the  fan  insures  proper  delivery  of 
the  picked  stock,  and  its  use  is  advisable  when  handling  heavy  fibres 
or  when  putting  large  productions  through  the  machine. 

The  wood  hopper  is  simply  an  extension  of  the  feed  apron  for  the 
convenience  of  the  operator. 


115 


Butterworth  Shoddy  Picker 

rpHE  demand  for  a Shoddy  Picker  of  the  Butterworth  type  is 
confined  to  mills  wishing  to  match  existing  equipment  and  to 
those  working  small  quantities  of  shoddy.  It  is  a well-built  machine 
and  does  excellent  work. 

Cylinder  is  30J4"  in  diameter,  20"  total  face,  with  a picking 
face  IT"  wide.  Lags  are  our  patent  3-ply  or  solid  block,  as  speci- 
fied. Pins  of  any  standard  size  and  number  required. 


116 


REVOLVING  FLAT  CARDS 


ns 


Revolving  Flat  Card  (Front  View) 


Carding 

WHILE  the  process  of  spinning  and  that  of  weaving  date  back  to 
ancient  times,  carding  is  of  comparatively  recent  origin.  The  first 
step  was  the  hand  card,  consisting  of  spikes  driven  in  a board.  This  was 
improved  upon  by  mounting  the  hand  cards  on  a drum,  the  fibres  being  fed 
and  taken  away  by  hand.  The  first  machine  embodying  the  essential 
features  of  the  present  card  was  invented  about  1774,  for  the  purpose  of 
carding  wool  and  comprising  a continuous  mechanical  feed,  continuous 
carding  and  continuous  delivery  to  a can.  The  coder  was  not  brought  out 
until  some  time  later.  After  the  successful  operation  of  this  machine  on 
wool  it  was  gradually  adapted  to  carding  cotton,  developing  into  the  modern 
revolving  flat  carding  engine. 

The  primary  objects  of  the  card  are  to  remove  dirt,  remove  short  un- 
spinnable  fibres  and  straighten  the  remaining  fibres  so  they  will  lie  in  ap- 
proximately parallel  lines  in  the  sliver.  The  coder,  as  its  name  implies, 
cods  the  sliver  in  cans  for  convenient  transportation  to  the  next  process. 
There  are  three  points  where  cleaning  is  accomplished:  at  the  lieker-in, 
where  stock  is  drawn  over  a set  of  knife  bars,  the  loose  dirt  being  knocked 
through  the  bars;  by  the  flats  which  take  out  specks  of  leaf  and  seed  which 
are  stuck  to  the  fibres  and  which  take  out  the  short  fibres;  by  the  screen 
under  the  cylinder,  through  which  falls  the  loose  dirt  that  has  been  loosened 
up  but  not  removed  by  the  flats.  The  flats  also  perform  the  combing 
action.  The  doffer,  with  a surface  speed  much  slower  than  the  cylinder  but 
moving  in  the  same  direction,  catches  the  fibres  from  the  cylinder  and  lays 
them  in  the  doffer  clothing  from  which  they  are  removed  by  the  comb  in 
a thin  sheet  or  web  and  guided  by  a trumpet  to  the  delivery  or  calender 
rolls,  thence  to  the  coder. 

The  fine  adjustments  necessary  for  the  proper  working  of  the  card  de- 
mand absolute  accuracy  in  the  machining  and  fitting  of  its  parts.  The 
cylinder  must  run  perfectly  true,  and  its  clothing  must  be  ground  to  an  ab- 
solutely level  surface.  The  flats  must  be  correspondingly  accurate,  as  they 
are  set  to  within  seven  to  twelve  thousandths  of  an  inch  from  the  cylinder. 
Means  of  adjusting  the  flats  must  also  be  provided;  this  being  accomplished 
by  the  “flexible  bend,”  the  circumference  of  which  is  adjustable  to  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  cylinder. 

The  first  revolving  flat  cards  built  in  America  were  manufactured 
by  our  Newton  Upper  Falls  Shops  in  1888;  previous  to  this  they  had  manu- 
factured cards  of  various  older  models  since  1831.  We  have  made  a specialty 
of  these  machines,  and  have  developed  a large  variety  of  special  tools  for 
machining  the  parts.  Their  use  enables  us  to  put  out  a product  of  most 
unusual  accuracy  and  excellent  workmanship,  all  parts  being  subjected  to 
most  careful  inspection. 

In  the  matter  of  design,  especial  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  elimina- 
tion of  air  drafts,  which  cause  a cloudy  web.  The  range  of  adjustments  is 
such  that  our  card  will  handle  the  shortest  waste  stock  as  well  as  long 
staple  Egyptian  and  Sea  Island. 

A detailed  description  covering  the  general  construction,  special  features 
and  attachments  is  covered  on  following  pages. 


119 


120 


Revolving  Flat  Card  (Back.  View) 


Revolving  Flat  Cards 


ONSTRUCTION.  In  designing  and  building  this  card,  our  first 


object  has  been  to  produce  a machine  that  will  give  results:  this  calls 
for  rigidity,  to  prevent  vibration;  accuracy  of  parts,  to  permit  close  adjust- 
ments; highest  grade  materials,  to  prevent  wear;  and  accuracy  in  design,  to 
prevent  air  drafts,  etc. 

The  frame  is  composed  of  heavy  castings,  accurately  fitted  and  assem- 
bled. Special  jigs  are  used  in  machining  all  parts,  so  that  they  are  inter- 
changeable and  require  no  fitting  in  the  mill.  Pulleys  are  finished  all  over 
and  accurately  balanced.  Practically  all  gearing  is  cut,  to  insure  quiet 
running. 

FEED  MECHANISM.  Stands  are  provided  for  running  a single  lap 
with  a support  for  holding  extra  lap.  A special  attachment  consisting  of 
two  lap  rolls  or  four  lap  rolls  is  used  for  double  carding.  These  are  further 
described  on  a following  page. 

We  have  recently  developed  a combination  of  feed  and  lickerin  parts 
which  permits  using  long  or  short  staple  without  changing  any  of  the 
parts. 

LICKERIN.  The  lickerin  is  of  modern  construction.  Both  ends  of  the 
cast-iron  shell  are  reamed  simultaneously  by  a special  machine.  The  heads, 
ground  to  size,  are  forced  into  the  ends  of  the  shell  by  hydraulic  pressure. 
No  screws,  bolts,  pins  or  keys  are  used  or  needed  to  hold  either  heads  or 
journals.  By  means  of  the  forced  fits,  the  assembled  parts  become  prac- 
tically homogeneous,  securing  maximum  rigidity  and  accuracy. 

CYLINDER  AND  CYLINDER  SCREEN.  Especial  attention  is 
given  the  construction  of  cylinders.  Cut  of  bearing  and  general  description- 
are  covered  on  a following  page. 

The  cylinder  screen  is  of  special  construction,  recently  designed,  after 
exhaustive  experimenting,  to  prevent  the  deposit  of  white  fly  under  the 
card.  Many  builders  supply  a partition  to  separate  the  heavy  refuse  under 
the  lickerin  from  the  good,  white  fly  under  the  cylinder.  No  partition  is 
necessary  on  our  cards,  as  we  have  succeeded  in  designing  a screen  which 
eliminates  entirely  the  loss  of  good  staple.  All  carded  staple  goes  forward 
through  the  card,  a fine  brown  dust  or  “fud"  being  the  only  deposit  under 
the  cylinder. 


121 


122 


Revolving  Flat  Card,  Sectional  Elevation 


TOP  FLATS.  The  manufacture  of  top  flats  has  been  given  most  care- 
ful attention.  All  finishing  operations  are  performed  by  special-purpose 
machines  of  our  own  exclusive  design  and  construction.  After  each  opera- 
tion, the  flats  are  inspected  and  dimensions  checked  by  special  micrometer 
devices,  to  insure  perfect  accuracy  and  uniformity,  i oV o °f  ail  inch  being 
the  unit  of  measurement. 

FLEXIBLE  BEXDS.  Cards  are  equipped  with  the  type  of  Flexible 
Bend  invented  and  designed  by  Evan  Leigh.  This  type  of  bend  has  been 
in  actual  use  for  more  than  half  a century.  Many  attempts  have  been 
made  to  improve  upon  it,  but  for  simplicity  and  practical  efficiency  no 
equivalent  of  this  type  has  yet  been  produced. 

DOFFERS.  Doffers  are  constructed  along  the  same  line  as  the  cylinders. 
Shafts  are  forced  into  the  heads  under  a high  pressure,  and  the  surface  ac- 
curately ground,  balanced  and  subjected  to  micrometer  tests. 

DOFFER  COMBS.  We  have  recently  given  much  attention  to  the  im- 
provement of  doffer  combs  and  comb  boxes.  All  revolving  parts  are  accu- 
rately finished  and  balanced.  The  oscillating  comb  is  also  accurately 
balanced  to  prevent  vibration.  By  means  of  special  machinery  we  now 
manufacture  superior  comb  blades  fully  equal  to  the  blades  formerly 
imported. 

CALENDER  ROLLS.  Calender  rolls  are  of  the  same  accurate  and 
careful  construction  which  characterizes  the  entire  card.  Gears  are  smooth 
running,  and  rolls  are  accurately  balanced.  Special  heads  are  applied  for 
double  carding  and  multiple  coders. 

COILERS.  Coders  are  carefully  made,  all  parts  being  machined  to 
accurate  jigs,  being  interchangeable  and  assembled  without  hand  fitting. 
Standard  turntables  are  furnished  for  9",  10"  and  12"  cans. 

CLOTHING.  Standard  clothing  of  the  highest  grade  is  used  on  cyl- 
inders, doffers  and  flats.  A new  type  of  flat  clip,  which  has  given  un- 
usually good  satisfaction,  is  described  on  a following  page. 

GRINDERS.  Grinding  attachments  are  of  improved  design  and  cover 
fully  all  requirements.  A more  detailed  description  follows. 

SAFETY  DEVICES.  Cards  are  fully  equipped  with  gear  covers  and 
shields.  Plate  pulleys  are  used  throughout,  and  every  possible  precaution 
taken  to  prevent  accidents  to  operatives. 


123 


Improved  Steel  Front  Plates 

rPHE  front  plates  are  made  from  extra  heavy  sheet  steel,  carefully 
* formed  and  machined.  They  are  fixed  permanently  to  the  short  bend 
or  make-up  piece,  which  swivels  on  a stud  in  the  adjusting  stand,  which 
also  carries  the  grinder  stands. 


The  stripping  and  doffer  plates  are  easily  adjusted  by  a short  rod  pivoted 
in  the  make-up  piece  and  securely  fastened  to  the  main  arch.  This  makes  a 
very  rigid  arrangement  and  prevents  the  stripping  plate  from  becoming 
loose  or  getting  out  of  place. 


124 


Tr  \4.\ 


Improvements  in  the  Lickerin 

AFTER  long  experience,  and  as  a result  of  many  experiments,  we  have 
designed  an  arrangement  of  parts  around  the  lickerin,  which  is  a de- 
cided improvement  over  older  methods  and  is  much  appreciated  by  all  prac- 
tical carders.  The  boxes  or  bearings 
are  so  arranged  as  to  carry  the 
lickerin,  the  lickerin  knives,  lick- 
erin screen  and  back  edge  of  cyl- 
inder screen.  Each 
of  the  above  parts  is 
separately  adjusted 
on  the  lick- 
erin box, and 
when  once 
adjusted  in 
the  right  re- 
lation to  the 
cylinder  and 
lickerin,  the 
whole  moves 
collectively, 
so  y that  as 
the  card 

wire  wears  and  it  is  found  necessary  to  set  the  licker  closer 
Screen  to  the  cylinder,  the  one  adjusting  screw  at  each  end  for  ad- 

\dju«tment  justing  the  lickerin  moves  the  whole  of  the  above  parts,  all 

retaining  the  same  individual  relation  to  each  other.  This 
saves  a great  amount  of  time  and  trouble  as  compared  with  the  old 
method  of  resetting  each  of  the  parts  separately,  which  necessitated  taking 
out  the  lickerin  to  set  the  back  edge  of  cylinder  screen 
and  bottom  edge  of  back  knife  plate.  Every  adjust- 
ment is  outside  the  frame  and  can  be  made  conveniently 
and  quickly. 

The  lickerin  mote  knives  are  all  steel,  with  edges  ground 
true,  with  the  knife  adjusting 
stands  made  so  that  the  knives 
can  be  set  to  any  required  angle 
in  relation  to  the  lickerin.  This 
is  a new  and  important  feature 
which  makes  it  possible  to  ad- 
just the  knives  so  as  to  clean 
any  grade  of  cotton  without  Patent  Lickerin  Screen  Showing  how 
making  too  much  fly  under  the  IT  IS  Fastened  to  the  Main 

lickerin.  Cylinder  Screen 


Lickerin  Box  Showing  Adjustments 


125 


Point -Hardened  Lickerin  Wire 

pOR  best  results  in  carding  it  is  essential  that  the  teeth  of  the  lickerin  be 
* kept  sharp,  while  the  tendency  of  the  annealed  wire  commonly  used  is 
to  wear  quickly.  To  overcome  this  wear  we  have  recently  devised  a process 
whereby  we  harden  the  points  of  the  wire  and  leave  the  base  pliable  so  that 
it  can  be  easily  rolled  into  the  grooves  of  the  lickerin  drum.  This  type  of 
wire  is  used  exclusively  in  all  lickerins  handled  by  our  Shop,  both  on  new 
cards  and  for  repairs.  For  customers  desiring  to  rewind  their  lickerins  at 
the  mill,  we  are  prepared  to  furnish  the  point-hardened  wire  and  to  supply, 
at  reasonable  prices,  rewinding  parts  which  can  be  readily  attached  to  a 
lathe. 


Cylinders 


rpHE  cylinder  shell  is  made  in  one  casting  with  sectional  and  longitudinal 
ribs  that  make  a strong  and  very  rigid  shell.  This  shell  is  bored  out 
at  the  ends,  and  heavy  cast-iron  ends  turned  on  the  edges  are  then  fitted  in. 

The  cylinder  shafts  are  forced  in  by  a powerful  press,  especially  built  for 
the  purpose,  and  a large  dowel  is  afterwards  driven  through  the  hub  and 
shaft  at  each  end,  which  obviates  all  danger  of  the  shafts  working  loose. 

Every  cylinder  is  ground  and  balanced  on  its  own  journals  and  is  sub- 
mitted to  a micrometer  test  before  delivery  to  the  assembling  room. 


126 


Patent  Flat  Clips 


Flat  clothed  with  Saco-Lowell  Patent  Clips 


E have  a patented  steel  clip  for  fastening  the  card  clothing 


to  the  iron  flats,  which  is  a very  great  improvement  over  the 
old  style  of  clip  formerly  used. 

We  are  also  using  a new  design  end  clip  that  is  giving  most  ex- 
cellent results,  and  enables  us  to  fully  protect  the  wire  on  the  end 
of  the  flats. 


127 


Thompson  Stripping  Roll 

r 1 1HIS  stripping  roll  is  clearly  shown  on  Front 
* View  of  Card,  shown  on  a previous  page.  It 
consists  of  a roll  supported  by  adjustable  arms 
located  on  the  front  of  the  card  at  the  point  where 
the  strippings  leave  the  top  flats.  This  roll  col- 
lects the  strippings  and  prevents  all  possibility  of 
their  being  forced  over  onto  the  doffer  clothing.  It 
also  provides  an  easy  and  quick  method  of  remov- 
ing the  accumulation  of  waste. 

Feed  Roll  Weighting 

r ■ ''HE  use  of  steel  lap  rods  with  large  heads  having  become  general,  a 
more  convenient  method  of  weighting  the  feed  roller  has  been  adopted. 
The  weight  hangs  loosely  in  a pocket  below  the  surface  of  the  card  frame. 
A wire  hook  projects  upward  through  a slot  in  the  feed  apron,  catching  onto 
the  feed  weight  lever.  The  weight  is  instantly  detached  and  drops  to  rest 
on  the  bottom  flange  of  the  card  frame,  the  weight  hook  remaining  in  the 
slot  in  the  card  side,  preventing  the  weight  from  falling  outward,  and  in 
right  position  for  re-hooking  onto  the  lever  by  a single  movement.  A hand 
hole  is  provided  in  the  weight  for  use  in  hooking  and  unhooking.  The  sim- 
plicity and  convenience  of  this  arrangement  are  much  appreciated. 

Coiler 

nPIIE  coiler  is  of  special  design  and  an  improvement  over  all  previous 
types. 

One  of  the  advantages  is  the  open  top,  which  allows  the  operator  to  lift 
the  cover  of  the  coiler  without  stopping  the  machine.  The  coiler  can  be 
oiled  in  all  of  its  parts  while  running.  Every  time  an  ordinary  coiler  is 
stopped  for  oiling  up,  the  card  necessarily  is  stopped,  which  diminishes  the 
production,  but  as  our  coiler  is  never  stopped  for  oiling,  the  product  is  not 
lessened,  as  the  machine  runs  continually. 

Another  feature  is  the  hinged  or  swinging  calender  roll  in  the  coiler,  tak- 
ing the  place  of  the  old-style  fixed  calender  roll,  which  causes  so  much 
trouble  in  case  of  a “bung-up.” 

Our  coders  are  now  made  so  that  the  same  post  is  used  for  right-  or  left- 
hand  card,  9",  10"  or  12"  cans.  This  allows  changes  to  be  made  in  the  mill 
with  little  trouble  or  expense. 


12S 


New  Design  Sprocket  for  Flats 


FTER  eight  or  ten  years  of  constant  use,  the  flat  chains  on  all 


cards  stretch  so  that  as  the  flats  pass  around  the  driving 
sprockets,  they  sag  away  from  the  disc  and  tend  to  rub  against  the 
top  steel  plate.  This  faces  and  damages  the  flat  clothing. 

To  overcome  this  difficulty  we  have  designed  a new  sprocket,  the 
teeth  of  which  are  so  formed  as  to  keep  the  flats  in  proper  contact 
with  the  disc  as  the  chain  continues  to  stretch. 

Flat  chains  may  thus  stretch  about  twice  as  much  as  on  other 
cards  before  needing  to  be  replaced. 

W e use  these  sprockets  on  all  new  cards.  On  old  cards,  when 
the  chains  have  stretched  so  much  that  they  need  to  be  replaced, 
the  application  of  new  sprockets  will  prolong  the  life  of  the  chains 
six  or  eight  years. 


] 29 


|{kvoi,ving  Ki,at  Cahd  (Showing  Akkanchmunti  oh  Ghinding) 


Grinding  Rolls 


T'H E importance  of  the  accuracy  of  the  grinding  rolls  cannot  well  be  over- 
estimated. They  must  run  in  true  and  rigid  bearings.  Each  grinding  roll 

V-shaped 


is  provided  with  a pair  of  patent  bronze  bushings,  resting 
stands  on  the  card. 

From  this  arrangement 
results  a ball-and-socket 
combination  with  the 
maximum  of  bearing 
surface  and  accuracy 
and  the  minimum  of 
wear-and-tear. 


PENNEY  CRADLE  GRINDER  FOR  FLATS 

THIS  device  enables  the  flat  to  be  ground  from  the  same  surface  that  is 
bearing  on  the  bend  when  flat  is  working  and  is  a most  important  im- 
provement. If  any  wearing  of  the  flat  is  caused  by  the  passage  on  the  bend, 
it  will  never  affect  the  efficiency  of  the  flat  while  at  work. 


One  cradle  only  is  required  for  about  twenty  cards,  and  it  is  easily  changed 
from  one  card  to  another,  or  can  be  hung  clear  from  the  flats  when  not  in 
use.  As  this  arrangement  simply  rides  or  floats  on  the  flats,  it  is  easily  ad- 
justed and  requires  less  care  than  any  other  grinder.  Cradle  grinder  can 
be  applied  to  any  make  of  card. 


131 


Belt  Shippers 

132 


Belt  Shippers  for  Cards 


rPHE  demand  for  Belt  Shippers  for  Cards  lias  greatly  increased 
during  the  last  few  years.  In  many  states  the  labor  laws 
compel  the  use  of  these  appliances.  We  are  prepared  to  furnish 
shippers  to  meet  all  ordinary  conditions.  The  three  standard  varie- 
ties are  described  below. 


SHIPPER  NO.  2 

This  shipper  has  been  recently  designed  and  patented  by  11s,  and 
comprises  the  novel  feature  of  having  a ball  binder  which  is  pressed 
against  the  belt  by  means  of  a lever,  as  the  belt  is  shipped  from 
the  loose  pulley  to  the  tight  pulley.  This  takes  up  the  slack  belt, 
causes  the  cylinder  to  come  to  speed  more  quickly,  and  entirely 
does  away  with  the  necessity  or  temptation  for  a man  to-put  his 
hand  onto  the  belt. 

SHIPPER  NO.  3 

This  shipper  was  designed  for  cases  when  it  is  necessary  or  ad- 
visable to  ship  the  belt  without  going  between  the  cards.  Where 
cards  are  placed  closely  together  this  shipper  has  been  found  very 
desirable. 

SHIPPER  NO.  4 

This  shipper  acts  in  a horizontal  plane  and  is  easily  operated. 
It  can  be  adapted  to  all  makes  of  cards  and  can  be  used  on  either 
right-  or  left-hand  drive. 

All  of  these  shippers  lock  both  on  and  off  and  can  be  easily  ap- 
plied to  almost  any  make  of  cards,  and  we  are  furnishing  large 
numbers  of  them  for  cards  not  of  our  make. 

We  shall  be  glad  to  quote  prices  or  send  sample  shippers  upon 
application. 


133 


a i/ 1 > Know i Nr: 


Double  Carding 


E have  adapted  our  standard  revolving  flat  cards  to  use  in 


the  double  carding  system,  in  connection  with  the  standard 
lap  winder  fully  described  in  this  catalogue  ( page  157). 

With  this  system,  superior  goods  are  produced,  and  for  some 
purposes  yarns  can  be  made  from  the  shorter  staples  fully  equal 
to  combed  yarn  from  the  same  stock  at  lower  cost  and  with  much 
less  wraste. 

An  additional  lap  roll  is  provided  on  all  cards  to  be  used  as 
finishers,  as  shown  in  cut  on  opposite  page. 

The  sliver  laps  come  to  the  finisher  card  in  two  sections,  each 
section  l!)1  </  wide  for  40"  cards  and  22"  wide  for  45"  cards.  The 
laps  rest  in  the  space  between  the  two  lap  rolls.  One  section  of 
lap  may  be  only  half  size,  the  other  section  full  size;  both  sections 
will  unwind  to  the  feed  roll  at  the  same  rate.  No  lap  rods  are 
needed  on  the  finisher  card. 

Note:  The  addition  of  the  second  lap  roll  increases  the  length  of 
card  over  all  by  3". 


135 


136 


ItHKAKKU  W ASTI : Caiid 


Waste  Carding  and  Spinning 

THE  preparation  or  reduction  of  waste  material  to  fibre  suitable  for 
respinning  lias  been  covered  on  page  89. 

The  first  step  to  be  considered  in  producing  yarn  from  waste  is  the  ques- 
tion of  mixing.  For  limited  quantities  the  simplest  method  is  to  spread 
the  stock  out  in  a pile  composed  of  layers  of  each  different  kind  of  waste  in 
the  quantities  desired  in  the  mixing.  When  feeding  to  the  pickers,  stock  is 
taken  from  top  to  bottom  of  pile  so  as  to  include  the  proper  proportion  of 
each  grade. 

For  larger  operations,  stock  may  be  put  in  several  feeders  each  handling 
one  class  of  stock  and  arranged  to  deliver  on  a feed  apron  which  in  turn 
delivers  to  the  breaker  picker,  the  percentage  of  each  grade  being  controlled 
by  regulating  the  delivery  of  different  feeders.  In  some  instances  feeder 
hoppers  are  divided  into  two  or  three  compartments,  each  compartment 
containing  a different  grade  of  waste,  the  percentage  of  each  quantity  being 
controlled  by  the  size  of  the  compartment. 

It  is  advisable  to  use  two  processes  of  picking  consisting  of  a breaker  with 
automatic  feeder,  and  a finisher,  in  order  to  get  a good  thorough  mixing. 
Carding  beaters  seem  to  give  better  results  than  blade  beaters,  as  they  comb 
and  mix  the  stock  more  thoroughly.  Careful  adjustment  of  the  air  drafts, 
cut-off  and  other  settings  are  necessary  as  the  light  fly  waste  will  naturally 
come  up  to  the  screens  first,  the  heavier  oily  fibres  hanging  back,  thereby 
tending  to  produce  thick  and  thin  places  in  the  lap.  Laps  on  the  breaker 
are  usually  made  16  to  18  ounces  per  yard  and  on  the  finisher  from  12  to 
16  ounces.  The  weight  of  the  lap  will  be  determined  largely  by  the  quality 
of  the  stock.  If  the  stock  contains  a fairly  high  percentage  of  good  fibres, 
lighter  laps  can  be  made  than  with  very  low-grade  stock.  The  loss  on 
pickers  will  vary  from  1%  to  4%. 

The  carding  of  waste  requires  a two-process  system,  standard  cards  being 
fitted  with  several  attachments  that  are  not  used  on  raw  stock.  Unless 
waste  is  extremely  high-grade  the  fancy  roll  ( see  page  HI)  should  be  used. 
This  prevents  the  cylinder  from  loading  up,  and  cards  can  be  run  with  less 
frequent  strippings. 

On  the  breaker  card  the  conveyor  apron,  or  belt  delivery,,  supports  the 
web  as  it  comes  from  the  doffer.  Without  this  apron  there  is  a tendency 
for  the  selvedges  to  sag  and  break  down.  The  use  of  the  apron  permits 
high  doffer  speed  with  consequently  greater  production,  and  the  breaking 
down  of  the  web  is  reduced  to  a minimum.  An  extra  knife  bar  and  a re- 
volving mote  knife  roll  are  used  to  aid  in  taking  out  the  short  fibres  {see 
page  H3) . In  making  a low-grade  -waste  yarn,  where  it  is  desired  to  have 
as  little  wraste  as  possible  on  the  card,  the  cylinder,  lickerin  and  flats  are  run 
at  a slow  speed,  wThile  the  doffer  is  kept  up  to  normal  speed.  On  ordinary 
work  a cylinder  speed  of  165  R.P.M.  has  shown  excellent  results  in  experi- 
ments conducted  at  our  Shops  and  also  in  actual  mill  practice.  It  may, 
however,  be  brought  down  as  low7  as  100  R.P.M.  in  certain  cases.  The  loss 
on  cards  runs  from  2 to  10%  depending  on  the  stock  and  amount  of  clean- 


137 


ing  desired.  Production  of  the  breaker  card  will  average  about  200  pounds 
per  40  hours.  Clothing  is  usually  70s  to  80s  for  the  cylinder  and  80s  to 
90s  for  tops  and  doffer. 

In  some  instances  where  mills  have  a small  quantity  of  clean  waste  it  is 
possible  to  omit  the  picker  system  and  deliver  stock  direct  to  cards  by  means 
of  Bramwell  Feeder.  The  sliver  made  by  this  arrangement  is  not  so  even, 
as  the  benefit  of  the  various  doublings  on  the  pickers  has  been  lost.  This 
process  is  entirely  feasible  for  small  units  where  the  evenness  of  the  yarn  is 
not  an  important  feature. 

Slivers  from  the  breaker  card  should  weigh  from  70  to  90  grains,  it  being 
advisable  to  keep  them  as  light  as  possible  in  order  to  reduce  the  draft  on 
the  finisher  card.  The  production  can  be  estimated  by  the  following 
formula: 

.1825  X weight  in  grains  of  silver  X R.P.M.  of  the  doffer  desired  = 
pounds  per  day  of  10  hours. 

The  sliver  from  the  breaker  card  is  doubled  on  the  lap  winder,  40  ends 
being  formed  into  a lap.  There  is  no  waste  on  this  machine  and  production 
runs  as  high  as  4000  pounds  per  day  of  10  hours  depending,  of  course,  upon 
the  speed  and  weight  of  the  slivers  being  doubled. 

Two  narrow  laps  from  the  lap  winder  are  placed  end  to  end  on  the  finisher 
card.  The  tandem  lap  arrangement  shown  on  page  146  permits  the  running 
of  4 laps,  giving  an  extra  doubling. 

The  finisher  card  is  fitted  with  fancy  roll  and  with  a 4-coiler  front  (see 
page  IJ/O) , the  web  being  divided  by  thin  steel  strips  placed  between  cylinder 
and  doffer,  each  section  of  the  web  passing  to  a separate  coder.  The  per- 
centage of  waste  may  be  kept  down  by  using  blank  screens  under  the  lick- 
erin  and  by  slowing  down  the  flats.  The  loss  on  the  finisher  card  will  run 
from  1 Ylc/o  to  5%  depending  on  local  conditions.  Production  will  run 
from  150  to  250  pounds  per  day  of  10  hours,  the  formula  for  estimating 
same  being  as  follows: 

.2245  X weight  in  grains  of  sliver  X number  of  coders  X R.P.M.  of 
doffer  desired  = pounds  per  day  of  10  hours. 

For  average  waste  we  recommend  the  use  of  Xo.  80s  clothing  on  the 
cylinder  and  flats,  with  90s  on  the  doffer.  It  is  advisable  to  keep  the  sliver 
as  heavy  as  possible,  but  it  should  not  be  figured  to  call  for  more  than  2J4 
draft  on  the  slubber.  Slivers  will  ordinarily  run  from  15  to  25  grains  per 
yard. 

The  drawing  process  is  omitted  entirely,  the  stock  passing  from  the 
cards  direct  to  a slubber.  We  have  found  it  advisable  to  use  either  9 X 41-2 
or  10  X 5 intermediates  arranged  like  a slubber  to  receive  stock  from  cans. 
The  rolls  are  1"  front  and  back  with  Y%  middle.  The  twist  multiplier 
should  be  about  1.40  X square  root  of  the  number  on  medium  waste,  but 
this  question  is  one  that  should  be  determined  by  experiments  on  stock 
actually  in  use.  The  twist  should  be  just  sufficient  to  allow  the  stock  to 
run  well  and  hold  the  sliver  together  when  drawing  from  the  bobbins  on 
spinning  frames.  It  is  preferable  to  have  a short  draft  on  the  roving  and  a 


138 


long  draft  on  the  spinning.  Heavy  roving  permits  larger  production,  runs 
better  and  is  more  even.  The  lay  gears  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  leave 
a slight  space  between  windings,  so  that  succeeding  layer  will  fill  in  between 
previous  layer  and  not  override  it.  The  tension  requires  careful  adjustment 
to  insure  a good  product.  A draft  of  about  2.50  should  be  used  for  single 
process  roving.  Some  stock  may  be  run  on  a two-process  system  in  which 
case  draft  can  run  as  high  as  5 on  the  intermediate  frame  with  double  rov- 
ing in  the  creel. 

Spinning  frames  are  of  standard  construction  with  small  rolls,  usually 
1"  front,  ^4"  middle  and  back.  We  also  furnish  1/‘%"  front  roll  under 
certain  conditions. 

Rings  range  from  3}^"  (5}^"  gauge)  for  Xo.  2 yarn  to  2j/g"  ring  (3%" 
gauge)  for  Xo.  10  yarn.  For  soft  twisted  yarn  2"  ring  (4}^"  gauge)  for 
Xo.  4 yarn  to  IJdj"  ring  (4"  gauge)  for  Xo.  10  yarn.  Separators  should  be 
used  on  all  waste  frames.  From  1 to  10s  yarn  may  be  made  from  single 
roving  with  a single  process  of  roving.  Higher  numbers  should  use  two  proc- 
esses of  roving,  doubled  on  the  intermediate  frame.  Draft  ranging  from 
4 to  7 can  be  used  on  spinning  from  single  roving,  and  will  run  as  high  as 
9 on  double  roving. 

The  spread  of  the  rolls  is  usually  a little  greater  than  when  running  regular 
stock.  If  stock  contains  widely  varying  lengths  of  staple,  weighting  of 
the  middle  roll  should  be  omitted.  Short  drafts  should  have  more  distance 
between  rolls,  long  draft,  less  distance. 

The  process  of  spinning  all-waste  yarn  presents  many  difficulties,  and 
should  not  be  attempted  without  equipment  and  a thorough  understand- 
ing of  necessary  adjustments  and  settings  of  machinery.  We  have  made 
extensive  experiments  in  our  waste  plant  at  Xewton  Upper  Falls,  and  have 
on  file  full  records  of  the  experiments.  This  data  is  at  the  disposal  of  our 
customers,  and  we  will  be  glad  to  discuss  their  problems  or  run  samples  of 
their  stock  to  determine  what  is  needed  to  meet  their  particular  requirements. 


139 


140 


'ahd  With  Kanca  Hoi.i. 


Fancy  Roller  Attachment 


URING  the  later  years  of  high-priced  cotton  special  attention 


lias  been  devoted  to  economy  of  waste,  and  many  uses  have 
been  found  for  the  various  grades,  some  of  which,  it  was  once 
thought,  could  not  be  economically  manufactured  by  the  regular 
processes  on  cotton  machinery. 

The  first  difficulty  encountered  in  attempts  at  carding  waste  has 
been  to  produce  a good  sliver  from  the  card.  The  card  cylinder 
would  “load  up,”  and  would  not  properly  deliver  the  carded  stock 
to  the  doffer. 

This  difficulty  is  entirely  removed  by  the  application  to  the  card 
of  our  “Fancy  Roller  Attachment,”  which  is  located  between  the 
flats  and  the  doffer,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  cut. 

This  attachment  lias  been  successful  in  enabling  manufacturers 
to  card,  draw,  and  spin  such  grades  of  cotton  waste  (and  other 
fibrous  materials),  which  previously  could  not  be  formed  into  a gooil 
sliver  on  the  card.  At  the  same  time  the  fancy  roller  effects  a 
material  saving  in  labor.  Its  action  is  continuous.  Instead  of 
stripping  four  or  five  times  a day  when  carding  waste,  the  card 
cylinders  need  stripping  only  twice  a week  when  cleaning  down. 
The  doffers  should  be  stripped  twice  a day,  but  this  can  be  done 
while  the  card  is  at  work,  so  there  is  absolutely  no  loss  of  produc- 
tion from  stopping  the  cards  to  strip. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  any  grade  of  waste  can  be  carded,  formed 
into  sliver,  and  coiled  in  a can  that  will  go  through  the  regular 
processes  of  drawing  and  spinning  successfully,  and  that  the  use 
of  our  “Fancy  Roller”  has  made  it  possible  to  produce  good  coarse 
yarns  from  some  of  the  lower  grades  of  waste,  which  previous 
to  its  application,  could  not  be  successfully  handled  on  the  regular 
line  of  cotton  machinery. 


141 


MOTE  KNIFE 


142 


Mote  Knife  Roll 

(Brady  Patent) 

T^HE  cut  on  opposite  page  illustrates  clearly  the  installation  of 
our  Patent  Revolving  Mote  Knife  Roll.  This  is  located  under 
the  lickerin,  and  is  especially  effective  when  used  on  cards  handling 
stock  containing  small  specks  and  nits. 

The  roll  contains  28  radial  steel  knives,  ground  to  a true  edge. 
The  roll  is  set  close  to  the  lickerin,  and  revolves  slowly,  taking  out 
considerable  short  fly  and  small  particles,  in  addition  to  the  amount 
removed  by  the  regular  mote  knives. 

The  construction  of  the  roll  cuts  off  undesirable  air  drafts  under 
the  lickerin,  and  gives  very  satisfactory  droppings. 

A sliver  is  produced  which  shows  a marked  improvement,  in 
the  absence  of  broken  leaf,  nits,  fly  and  all  other  small  specks  which 
are  quite  difficult  to  remove  in  ordinary  carding. 


143 


144 


Kinikiikk  \\  a STIC  ('.\H>> 


Four-Coiler  Finisher  Waste  Card 


'T'HE  cut  on  opposite  page  illustrates  our  Waste  Finisher  Card. 

A Like  the  Breaker  Card  this  is  our  regular  Revolving  Flat 
Card,  but  with  adaptations  suitable  for  second  carding  of  waste. 

The  main  features  of  this  card  are  the  tandem  lap  attachment, 
continuous  calender  rolls  and  trumpet  plate  to  take  four  slivers, 
and  the  four-coiler  front. 

The  web  on  the  doffer  is  divided  into  four  equal  parts  by  means 
of  thin  steel  strips  supported  by  a cross  bar  between  cylinder  and 
doffer.  The  slivers  are  coiled  in  9"  X 30"  cans. 

Each  individual  end  may  be  pieced  up  without  disturbance  to 
any  other,  and  each  can  may  be  doffed  separately  without  dis- 
turbance to  any  other  can. 

The  group  of  four  coilers  and  four  can  tables  forms  one  unit 
arranged  around  and  supported  by  one  central  vertical  column. 
Coiler  gears  and  can  tables  are  connected  by  one  central  shaft 
passing  through  the  supporting  column. 

The  production  of  finisher  card  is  np  to  250  lbs.  per  day,  accord- 
ing to  the  grade  of  waste  used  and  the  quality  of  work  desired. 

The  floor  space  required  by  this  machine  including  coiler  and 
tandem  lap  attachment  is  14'  2"x  5'  5J4". 

Tight  and  loose  pulleys  20"  X 3",  to  run  10.5  R.P.M. 


145 


Tandem  Lap  Attachment 

rpiIIS  Attachment  is  used  on  our  Four-Coiler  Finisher  Card 
and  consists  of  four  lap  rolls  arranged  in  such  manner  as  to 
take  four  of  our  lap  winder  laps.  Doubling  the  laps  gives  a more 
even  feed  at  the  back  of  the  card  and  thus  insures  slivers  of  more 
uniform  weight  at  the  front. 


146 


Two-Coiler  Head 

T A 7 E have  frequent  demands  for  a card  that  w ill  deliver  two 
' light  slivers  instead  of  a single  heavy  sliver,  this  arrangement 
being  specially  adapted  to  handling  certain  grades  of  waste  stock. 

The  above  cut  shows  our  card  equipped  with  a double  set  of 
delivery  rolls  and  coders. 

This  arrangement  adds  18"  to  width  of  card. 


147 


148 


(Jordon  Card  Attachment 


Gordon  Card  Attachment 

'X'HIS  device  can  be  applied  to  existing  cards  or  supplied  with 
new  cards. 

It  is  essentially  an  additional  cleaning  mechanism,  as  it  contains 
an  extra  lickerin,  with  five  mote  knives,  and  there  is  a slight  suc- 
tion of  air  which  tends  to  prevent  fibre  from  being  thrown  down  with 
the  trash. 

Further  than  cleaning,  the  attachment  also  loosens  up  the 
fibres,  airs  the  stock,  and  delivers  it  to  the  card  in  a uniform  sheet, 
in  good  form  for  carding. 

The  inventor  claims  this  attachment  makes  less  picking  neces- 
sary, allows  the  use  of  lower-grade  cotton,  improves  the  quality 
of  the  carding,  lengthens  the  life  of  the  card  clothing,  and  allows 
a higher  card  production. 

These  attachments  are  made  in  compliance  with  designs  and 
details  furnished  by  the  Gordon-Hay  Co. 

Adds  26  l-h w to  length  of  card. 


149 


150 


Saco -Lowell  Card  Stripper 

(Patented) 

JN  the  art  of  carding  the  common  method  of  stripping  the  cylin- 
der and  doffer  of  the  card  by  means  of  an  exposed  stripping  roll 
admittedly  creates  many  objectionable  conditions  in  the  card 
room.  Continuous  efforts  have  been  made  during  the  last  twenty 
years  in  many  European  countries  and  in  America  to  obviate 
these  conditions  by  means  of  many  patented  devices,  some  of 
which  are  now  in  extensive  use. 

Our  stripper  is  a combination  of  a high-speed  stripping  roll 
covered  with  specially  designed  wire  which  will  strip  and  let  go, 
with  a specially  designed  nozzle  and  damper  connected  by  piping 
to  a condenser  of  special  design,  which  is  connected  with  a com- 
mon exhaust  fan  of  low  H.P.  The  stripping  roll  is  located  in  the 
“V  "-shaped  space  between  the  cylinder  and  doffer,  and  together 
with  the  nozzle  and  damper  forms  an  integral  part  of  each  card. 
By  means  of  a short  lever  and  eccentric  the  stripping  roll  is  brought 
into  contact  with  the  cylinder  and  doffer  as  required,  or  into  a neu- 
tral position  when  the  stripping  operation  is  complete.  One  move- 
ment of  the  lever  operates  the  stripping  door,  exposing  the  cylinder, 
and  opens  the  damper  which  starts  the  air  current  simultaneously. 
The  lever  locks  automatically  when  the  stripping  door  and  damper 
are  fully  open  or  fully  closed. 

The  stripping  brush  is  protected  on  the  ends  by  shroud  bearings, 
preventing  the  wire  from  getting  jammed.  By  pushing  back  the 
locking  pins  the  stripping  brush  may  be  removed  and  placed  in 
brackets  provided  on  the  Card,  when  grinding.  This  change  does 
not  disturb  the  settings  of  either  the  stripping  roll  or  the  grinding 
rolls. 

Some  of  the  advantages  claimed  for  this  system  are  as  follows: 
One  man  can  strip  the  card  in  less  time  than  required  by  two  men 
using  the  common  stripper  roll.  No  tools  or  apparatus  need  be 
carried  from  card  to  card  excepting  the  driving  band  for  the  strip- 
ping roll.  As  the  stripping  roll  is  not  carried  from  card  to  card  and 
laid  upon  the  floor  or  other  places,  it  is  not  subject  to  injury  as  is 
an  ordinary  stripping  roll.  The  strips  are  delivered  from  the  con- 
denser in  excellent  condition,  well  open  and  practically  free  from 
dust. 

When  the  card  is  in  operation  the  stripping  door  is  locked  in 
position,  preventing  accidents  to  operatives. 


151 


152 


Saco-Lowjou,  Card  Striim’Eh 


Card  Stripper  Condenser 

THE  Condenser  is  directly  connected  to  a motor  driven  or  belt 
driven  exhauster,  and  with  the  countershaft  makes  a complete 
exhaust  unit.  The  power  required  varies  with  the  amount  and  size 
of  pipe  used.  A 10-H.P.  motor  will  usually  take  care  of  a 40-Card 
unit  with  No.  6 exhauster.  The  Condenser  is  especially  designed 
and  machined  to  prevent  leakage,  at  the  same  time  letting  the  stock 
drop  from  the  screen  at  the  proper  place.  The  damper  is  adjust- 
able from  the  outside,  should  occasion  require  adjustment.  There 
are  convenient  hand-holes  so  placed  that  all  parts  may  be  cleaned 
without  disturbing  the  settings,  and  with  ordinary  care  and  proper 
oiling  this  unit  will  give  no  trouble. 

The  Condenser  is  made  in  three  sizes: 

No.  1 is  used  for  units  up  to  40  cards. 

No.  2 is  used  for  40  to  75  cards. 

No.  3 is  used  for  over  75  card  units. 

The  pipe  work  is  manufactured  in  our  own  shops  and  given 
the  most  careful  attention.  All  joints  are  locked  and  soldered. 
The  telescoping  section  is  fitted  with  a gasket  which  prevents  all 
leakage.  The  size  of  pipe  varies  somewhat  with  the  size  of  the 
unit,  each  being  especially  designed  with  a view  of  preventing 
friction  and  to  operate  with  the  best  possible  results. 


153 


LAP  WINDERS 


156 


Improved  Lap  Winder 


Improved  Lap  Winder 

For  Use  in  Double  Carding  on  Revolving  Flat  Cards 


O meet  the  requirements  of  double  carding  on  revolving  flat 


cards,  we  have  recently  designedj  and  put  on  the  market  a 
new  improved  Lap  Winder,  a cut  of  which  is  shown  on  page  156. 
This  machine  is  made  in  two  standard  sizes,  20"  and  22 x/l  > to 
make  laps  for  cards  40"  and  45"  wide,  respectively. 

The  back  or  stop-motion  section,  which  is  of  an  entirely  new 
design,  takes  40  or  42  cans  from  the  breaker  cards.  A stop 
motion  is  provided  on  each  side  to  stop  the  machine  when  an  end 
breaks  down  or  runs  out.  The  details  of  the  stop  motion  are  the 
same  as  on  our  latest  drawing  frames,  with  stamped  steel  spoons, 
which  can  be  adjusted  to  accommodate  any  size  of  sliver  required. 

The  calender  or  lap  head  is  of  an  entirely  new  construction,  with 
extra  heavy  frame,  machined  racks  working  in  grooves  milled  in 
the  frame  sides.  Improved  rack-lifting  motions.  All  gear  and  rack 
teeth  cut  from  the  solid,  assuring  a smooth-running,  noiseless  and 
durable  machine. 

A very  solid  square-ended  lap  is  formed  on  a hardwood  spool, 
two  of  these  laps  being  placed  end  to  end  on  the  finisher  card. 


157 


158 


Saketv  Lock  i'or  Lai*  Winder 


Lock  for  Lap  Winder 

/^\UR  Lap  Winders  are  fitted  with  a strong  and  very  simple 
V ^ safety  device,  consisting  of  a perforated  folding  apron  which 
hangs  down  in  front  of  the  lap  as  it  is  being  wound.  This  apron 
can  be  lifted  only  when  the  pressure  roll  is  raised  to  remove  a fin- 
ished lap,  thus  eliminating  any  chance  of  getting  caught  in  the  rolls 
while  the  machine  is  running. 

There  is  also  a safety  device  for  pushing  the  finished  lap  out  of 
the  pan  before  it  need  be  touched  by  the  hand.  Special  care  has 
been  taken  to  cover  all  gears. 


159 


DRAWING  FRAMES 


102 


l)]{AWIN<i  Kiiamk  Khont  Yiiow 


Drawing  Frames 

THE  purpose  of  the  drawing  frame  is  to  take  a number  of  card 
slivers,  varying  individually  in  weight  per  yard,  and  draw  them 
without  twist  into  a single  sliver  of  uniform  weight,  without  kinks 
or  bunches  and  with  the  fibres  laid  parallel.  To  obtain  this  it  is 
necessary  to  lift  the  delicate  slivers  from  the  card  cans  without  un- 
due strain,  draw  them  evenly  and  progressively  through  the  four 
pairs  of  rolls,  and  coil  them  uniformly  in  cans.  Automatic  stop 
motions  must  be  provided  to  stop  the  machine  quickly  in  case  the 
sliver  breaks  at  any  point,  or  if  one  of  the  cans  at  the  rear  of  the 
frame  is  emptied,  or  when  one  of  the  cans  at  the  front  is  filled. 

The  Saco-Lowell  Shops  have  given  close  attention  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  drawing  frame.  Each  of  the  principal  functions 
enumerated  above,  and  many  other  minor  but  essential  details, 
have  been  the  subject  of  long  and  close  observations  and  costly 
experiment,  both  in  our  own  shops  and  in  various  mills  using  all 
grades  of  cotton. 

SPREAD  AND  SPACE  OF  ROLLS.  Our  standard  frame  is  best 
adapted  to  handle  all  ordinary  grades  of  American  cotton,  but  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  mills  using  long-staple  cotton  we  build  drawing  frames  on 
which  the  rolls  may  be  spread  to  the  width  required. 

Our  standard  or  No.  1 frame  for  all  grades  of  American  cotton  up  to 
1}  2"  staple,  has  a total  roll  spread  of  ok£"  on  centers. 

Our  medium  or  No.  2 frame,  for  about  l3^"  to  l/'!"  staple,  has  a roll 
spread  of  6"  on  centers. 

Our  wide  or  No.  3 frame,  for  1%"  or  longer  staple,  has  a roll  spread  of 
0k£"  on  centers. 

The  above  figures  are  for  metallic  rolls,  which  require  a wider  spread 
than  leather-covered  rolls  for  the  same  length  staple. 

We  also  furnish  special  small-diameter  rolls  and  reduce  the  spread  as 
required  for  very  short  staple  or  China  cotton. 

Our  standard  frame  is  10"  space,  but  we  are  prepared  to  build  18"  space 
frames  if  required. 

BEAMS.  With  our  latest  method  of  attaching  the  end  supports,  we  use 
the  same  beam  for  both  end  or  intermediate  heads.  This  brings  the  tight 
and  loose  pulleys  and  shipper  rigging  all  at  the  right  hand  and  permits  the 
extension  or  rearrangement  of  frames  at  mill  with  the  least  possible  trouble, 
each  head  being  self-contained.  All  beams  are  ground  by  special  surface: 
grinder,  making  true  surfaces  to  receive  the  roll  stands,  gear  stands,  coders, 
stop  motions,  and  shipper  stands.  All  fitted  parts  are  standardized,  machine 
finished,  and  interchangeable. 


103 


164 


Drawing  I1' ram e — Front  View 

Showing  Itovol  ving  ( ’lonrors  and  Continual  ion  lliink  (’lock  mid  h'nM-(  ’an  Turgot  Stop  Motion 


ROLLS.  Bottom  rolls  are  made  from  selected  stock,  accurately  machined. 
They  are  fluted  irregularly  to  prevent  cutting  leather  top  rolls.  Sizes  vary 
to  accommodate  different  lengths  of  staple.  Standard  combinations  are 
covered  by  diagrams  and  formulae  on  following  pages.  See  page  175  for 
Metallic  Rolls. 

ROLL  STANDS.  All  roll  stands  are  so  accurately  machined  that,  with- 
out filing  or  broaching,  they  are  in  accurate  line  and  level  when  set  to  gauge 
and  bolted  to  beam.  The  bearings  are  long  and  specially  reinforced  with 
brass. 

STOP  MOTIONS.  A spoon  stop  motion  of  most  approved  type  is 
used.  The  special  light-weight  spoons  are  further  described  on  a following 
page.  We  also  supply  a full-can  target  stop  motion,  applied  alone  or  in 
connection  with  a hank  clock  ( see  page  172  for  further  description) . 

KNIFE  BAR.  The  spoons  are  pivoted  on  the  edge  of  a case-hardened 
steel  knife  bar  of  a triangular  section,  fastened  to  the  back  plate.  This  has 
proven  a decided  improvement  over  the  cast-iron  knife  bar  used  on  older 
model  frames. 

BACK  PLATE.  The  back  plate,  cast  in  one  piece,  has  a groove  milled 
the  entire  length  to  receive  the  knife  bars  and  hold  them  in  line.  It  is  also 
milled  on  the  back  edge  to  receive  our  improved  sliver  guide,  which  not  only 
separates  the  slivers  by  the  width  of  the  prong,  but  by  a difference  of  level 
as  the  slivers  come  from  the  cans. 

CLEARERS.  All  clearers  are  covered  with  best  obtainable  cloth  and 
give  the  maximum  amount  of  service.  Clearers  are  further  described  on 
pages  173  and  175. 

TURNTABLES.  The  turntable  base  is  cast  in  one  piece,  being  very 
rigid,  easy  to  level  or  to  move  if  occasion  requires.  The  same  base  is  used 
for  9",  10"  and  12"  cans. 

HEIGHT  OF  FRAMES.  Our  foreign  trade  calls  for  frames  somewhat 
lower  than  those  used  in  local  mills.  All  the  supports  on  our  frames  are 
equipped  with  adjustable  feet  which  permits  lowering  the  beam  several 
inches.  By  setting  the  coilers  into  the  floor,  frames  are  readily  adjusted  to 
meet  help  conditions. 

GEARING.  Gearing  is  accurately  machined  and  finished.  Many  of 
the  smaller  gears  are  case-hardened,  insuring  maximum  amount  of  service. 
Tension  gears  between  front  roll  and  calender  roll  are  now  made  12-pitch, 
which  gives  a very  fine  adjustment. 

HEAD  END  GEAR  STAND.  Every  carder  has  experienced  the 
annoyance  and  worry  attendant  on  the  stripping  of  gears  and  rolls  from 
drawing  frames  for  the  periodical  scouring  of  rolls.  Ordinarily  this  entails 
the  removal  of  several  gear  stands  and  roll  bearings,  and  the  difficulty  of 
replacing  them  in  proper  position  after  scouring  causes  much  loss  of  time. 
To  save  both  time  and  annoyance  we  have  designed  and  patented  a “one- 
piece  head  end  gear  stand ,”  which  enables  the  operator  to  remove  all  gears 

165 


1GC 


Drawing  Frame  • Sectional  Elevation-  -Metallic  Rolls 


and  rolls  without  disturbing  the  stand.  This  stand  is  planed  perfectly  true 
on  both  sides,  and  is  bolted  and  doweled  to  the  roller  beam  so  as  to  make  it 
practically  integral  with  the  beam,  so  that  gears  are  changed  or  replaced  on 
the  stand  with  the  certainty  of  their  being  in  perfect  alignment.  The 
rigidity  of  the  stand  also  adds  very  materially  to  the  durability  of  the 
gearing. 

SECTIONAL  COILER  GEAR  COVERS.  The  regular  cover  over 
coder  tube  gears  on  about  all  of  the  more  modern  drawing  frames,  is  made 
circular  in  form  and  is  dropped  over  the  gear  much  like  a funnel  or  extin- 
guisher, the  cover  being  held  in  place  by  springs  and  pins.  In  case  of  a 
“bung-up-’  of  the  tube  gear,  both  gear  and  cover  must  be  released  and 
pulled  out  together  from  under  the  calender  rolls.  This  is  a troublesome 
operation  and  takes  much  time  to  accomplish,  the  whole  frame  being 
stopped  meanwhile.  In  place  of  this  cumbersome  arrangement  we  have 
invented  a cover,  the  front  or  semi-circular  half  of  which  can  be  instantly 
removed.  There  are  no  pins  or  springs  required  to  hold  it  in  place:  it  sim- 
ply rests  in  a turned  groove  in  the  coder  plate,  can  be  removed  in  case  of  a 
“bung-up”  without  disturbing  the  tube  gear,  and  is  as  readily  replaced. 

The  simplicity,  convenience,  and  neatness  of  this  cover  are  much  appreci- 
ated by  all  practical  mill  men  using  these  frames. 

DRIVING  PULLEYS.  All  our  frames  were  formerly  built  with  a 10" 
pulley  on  the  bottom  shaft  driving  to  a 12"  pulley  on  front  roll,  a ratio  of 
1.3  to  1.  With  the  higher  speed  of  shafting  used  in  the  modern  mill,  espe- 
cially with  direct  motor  drive,  it  is  better  to  use  a 12"  pulley  on  bottom 
shaft,  making  the  ratio  1.00  to  1.00.  We  are  prepared  to  equip  frames 
either  way  to  meet  mills  requirement. 


167 


168 


Dhawing  Frame,  Showing  Leather  Top  Rolls 


Improved  Calender  Rolls 

THE  several  sections  of  the  back  or  long  calender  rolls  of  drawing  frames 
have  usually  been  made  of  cast  iron  and  keyed  onto  a continuous 
shaft,  the  gears  at  the  inner  end  of  each  section  being  pinned  on  in  two  parts 
or  halves.  These  half  or  split  gears  give  a vast  amount  of  trouble  by  break- 
ing apart  from  the  shaft,  causing  frequent  stoppage,  loss  of  product,  and 
much  expense  for  repairs.  Our  patent  calender  roll  is  made  from  one  solid 
piece  of  cold-rolled  steel,  necked  down  to  form  both  middle  and  end  bear- 
ings, and  the  gear  teeth  at  the  end  of  each  section  are  cut  into  the  solid 
steel.  They  are  thus  integral  with  the  roll  and  practically  indestructible. 


Patent  Improved  Calender  Roll 


The  front  or  top  calender  roll  is  also  made  from  one  piece  of  solid  cold- 
rolled  steel,  and  is  larger  in  diameter  than  the  bottom  calender  roll.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  by  the  upper  surface  of  the  back  calender  roll  being  so  much 
lower  than  the  front  one,  we  are  enabled  to  set  the  trumpet  at  an  obtuse 
angle  relative  to  the  line  of  sliver  passing  from  front  drawing  roll  to  calender 
rolls.  This  obviates  the  trouble  frequently  caused  by  the  sliver  passing 
into  the  trumpet  at  an  acute  angle,  thus  saving  frequent  breakage  of  ends 
and  much  waste. 


Calender -Roll  Cover 

THE  weight  of  the  top  calender  roll  is  not  sufficient  of  itself  to  give  the 
friction  needed  to  condense  the  sliver  in  passing  through  the  trumpet. 
Rubber  or  steel  springs  have  often  been  used,  therefore,  to  add  pressure  to 
the  calender  rolls.  In  place  of  these  springs  we  have  designed  a weighted 
cover  which  bears  or  rests  on  the  bearings  of  the  top  calender  roll,  giving  the 
necessary  uniform  pressure,  at  the  same  time  forming  a very  neat  cover  for 
the  surfaces  of  the  calender  rolls,  protecting  them  from  injury,  and  prevent- 
ing roller  laps. 

This  cover  is  readily  thrown  up  when  necessary.  The  front  rests  on  the 
rolls  and  the  back  hinges  loosely  on  a closed  hook  or  bail,  enabling  the 
operator  to  expose  the  rolls  when  necessary,  without  using  a wrench  or 
other  tool. 


169 


100  T.  Crown  Gear 


170 


Drawing  Frame,  Head  Kni>  Gearing 


Stop-Motion  Spoon 


Stop -Motion  Spoons 

TN  the  adjoining  cut  we  illustrate  our  stamped  steel  spoon.  The 
advantages  of  this  spoon  are  very  apparent  to  practical  carders. 
They  are  exceedingly  strong  yet  light,  and  can  be  readily  closed  or 
opened  at  the  mouth,  or  bent  for  balance  to  suit  any  weight  of 
sliver  from  100  grains  per  yard  to  30  grains  or  less,  as  may  be  re- 
quired. Thousands  of  these  spoons  have  been  sold  to  our  customers 
to  replace  broken  cast-iron  spoons  on  old  frames,  and  have  been 
much  appreciated. 


171 


Combination  Hank  Clock  and  Full-Can  Target  Stop  Motion 


E have  designed  a combination  hank  clock  and  full-can 


target  stop  motion,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  illustra- 
tion. This  device  can  be  readily  applied  to  any  of  our  frames. 

The  hank  clock  not  only  registers  the  amount  of  cotton  passing 
through  the  frame,  but  tends  to  increase  production  where  the 
operator  is  paid  by  the  piece.  It  registers  in  decimals. 

The  stop  motion  stops  the  frame  and  throws  up  a target  when 
a given  length  of  sliver  has  been  coiled  in  the  can.  The  target  must 
be  pulled  down  before  the  frame  can  be  started  again.  Change 
gears  are  provided  to  regulate  the  length  of  sliver  delivered. 

On  fine  combed  work  this  stop  motion  is  valuable  in  preventing 
tender  sliver  from  being  pressed  too  hard  and  matted  hi  the  can. 
Stretching  of  sliver  and  breaking  back  at  last  process  of  drawing  or 
at  slubbers  are  thus  prevented. 

This  clock  is  so  designed  that  it  can  be  furnished  as  a full-can 
target  stop  motion  alone,  without  The  hank  clock,  or  the  hank 
clock  can  be  furnished  alone  without  the  stop  motion,  or  the  two 
may  be  furnished  together  as  desired. 


Hank  Clock  and  Full-Can  Target 
Stop  Motion 


172 


Top  Clearer 

nPHE  accompanying  cut  illustrates  a much  needed  improvement 
1 in  top  roll  clearers.  It  is  so  designed  that  the  clearer  cloth  or 
cot  can  be  readily  slipped  on  or  off  the  frame  or  moved  around  so  as 
to  bring  a fresh  place  in  the  cloth  to  bear  on  the  top  rolls  without 
t he  taking  out  of  wires,  or  unstitching  the  cloth. 


173 


174 


Revolving  Clearer 

THE  Revolving  Clearer,  while  originally  intended  for  fine  work 
on  leather  rolls,  is  now  commonly  used  and  is  proving  of  equal 
value  on  metallic  rolls.  Requiring  no  picking,  it  saves  time  and 
labor,  prevents  many  slugs  and  bunches,  and  improves  even  the 
coarser  grades  of  work. 

Our  Revolving  Clearer  is  very  simple  in  design  and  construction, 
easily  taken  care  of  and  requires  little  or  no  attention.  The  clearer 
cloth  is  driven  by  a star  roll,  connected  to  the  foot  end  gearing  by 
a link  motion  in  such  a manner  that  it  requires  no  setting  of  gears 
when  changing  the  spread  of  rolls.  It  has  no  rocker  arm  at  the 
back  to  interfere  with  the  piecing  up  of  the  ends,  the  stripping 
comb  being  actuated  di- 
rectly from  the  star  roll. 

An  adjustable 
stretcher  roll  is  provided 
whereby  the  stretch  of 
the  cloth  can  lie  taken 
up.  We  have  recently 
designed  an  adjustable 
bearing  for  the  stretcher 
roll  which  allows  the 
clearer  to  be  easily  ad- 
justed to  different  diam- 
eters and  settings  of  top  rolls.  This  is  especially  useful  when 
changing  setting  of  the  rolls,  as  without  this  vertical  adjustment 
it  may  be  difficult  to  obtain  proper  contact  of  the  clearer  cloth  with 
all  four  lines  of  rolls.  The  insert  shows  the  simplicity  of  this  ad- 
justment. The  stretcher  stand  A holds  the  bearing  B which  is 
moved  up  or  down  by  means  of  the  adjusting  screw  C.  This 
screw  is  held  in  position  by  the  lock  screw  D. 

Metallic  Rolls 

rT,HE  increase  in  product  from  the  latest-style  metallic  rolls,  work- 
A ing  at  standard  speed,  is  due  to  the  meshing  of  the  flutes.  The 
amount  of  increase  is  as  if  the  diameter  of  ordinary  rolls  had  been 
enlarged  from  1 YY  to  ] tV',  which  at  same  speed  would  increase  the 
length  of  sliver  delivered  by  about  33  per  cent  without  changing 
the  draft.  Thus  a corresponding  increase  in  speed  of  calender  rolls 
is  necessary  in  order  to  take  up  the  extra  length  of  sliver  delivered 
by  front  roll.  It  is  convenient,  therefore,  to  assume  that  the  effective 
diameter  of  the  1 Y%  metallic  roll  is  lyV". 


175 


EVENER  DRAWING  FRAMES 


178 


EvENElf  DbAWING  l'KAMli  KltONT  VlKW 


Evener  Drawing  Frame 

THE  Evener  Drawing  Frame  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  Railway 
Head  which  was  used  in  connection  with  the  old-style  Cards. 
The  functions  of  the  Railway  Head  were: 

To  take  up  a number  of  slivers  directly  from  a line  of  cards, 
draw  them  to  a single  sliver  of  a given  weight,  and  place  the  product 
in  a can  for  convenient  use  on  subsequent  process.  In  case  one  or 
more  slivers  should  break  down  at  the  cards,  the  evening  mechan- 
ism operated  to  reduce  the  speed  of  the  front  roll,  and  when  the 
slivers  were  again  pieced  up,  operated  in  the  reverse  direction, 
increasing  the  speed  of  front  roll  again  to  compensate  for  the  change 
in  amount  of  stock  fed  into  the  rolls  at  back. 

The  card  doffers  and  railway  head  being  driven  from  the  same 
shaft,  the  relative  speeds  were  of  necessity  maintained  to  enable 
the  railway  to  take  up  the  slivers  at  the  rate  given  otf  by  the  doffers. 
Thus  the  back  roll  was  not  available  as  an  evener  and  the  evening 
mechanism  had  to  operate  through  the  front  roll. 

Many  experienced  mill  men  had  such  a high  opinion  of  the 
railway  head  that  they  employed  it  in  connection  with  the  modern 
revolving  flat  card,  taking  up  the  slivers  from  the  card  cans,  in- 
stead of  from  the  old  card  trough  or  apron. 

Practically  all  that  was  necessary  to  adapt  the  old-style  railway 
head  to  take  the  slivers  from  the  cans  was  to  add  a back-stop 
motion  and  sliver  guides,  the  same  as  on  a drawing  frame. 

Although  there  was  a steady  demand  for  this  re-adapted  railway 
head,  it  soon  became  apparent  that  a machine  much  better  suited 
to  modern  requirements  could  be  designed,  and  we  placed  on  the 
market  an  evener  drawing  frame  which  is  the  result  of  much  careful 
study  of  the  practical  working  of  the  old  machines  in  the  modern 
mills.  It  is  designed  to  even  up  much  slighter  variations  of  sliver 
than  could  possibly  be  handled  on  the  old  machine,  the  evening  mechan- 
ism of  which  was  cumbersome,  complicated  and  difficult  to  keep 
in  order.  The  cone  or  evener  belt  practically  taking  the  whole 
load  of  the  machine,  it  was  impossible  to  make  changes  of  speed 
accurately  or  delicately  enough  through  the  front  roll  to  take  care 
of  a variation  of  only  a few  grains  in  the  sliver. 

By  the  application  of  a back-stop  motion  to  prevent  singles 
going  up  at  the  back,  the  back  roll  at  once  becomes  available  as 


179 


Evener  Drawing  Frame  — Back  View 


180 


an  evener,  thus  enabling  us  to  even  the  sliver  by  changing  the 
speed  of  the  back  roll  instead  of  the  front. 

Our  new  evening  mechanism  is  placed  on  the  table  or  roller  beam, 
and  is  connected  through  the  regular  crown  and  draft  gears  with 
the  back  roll. 

There  is  no  load  on  the  evener  cones,  but  the  driving  of  the  back 
rolls  and  the  cones  with  cork  inserts  which  we  now  use  prevent 
slipping  at  starting,  thus  overcoming  all  danger  of  cut  work. 

No  complicated  mechanism  beneath  the  roller  beam  or  table  to 
confuse  the  help,  and  unskilled  help  can  be  trusted  to  run  these 
machines  as  easily  as  to  operate  drawing  frames. 

Front  and  back  stop  motions  are  provided,  also  full-can  and 
roller  lap  stop  motions,  which  are  positive  in  their  action. 

Doubling  8 into  1 we  have  repeatedly  produced  a sliver  varying 
only  one  grain  in  thirty  weighings,  two  yards  to  each  weighing. 

Our  standard  head  is  made  to  double  8 into  1 unless  otherwise 
specified  when  ordering.  It  is  so  arranged,  also,  that  any  number 
of  heads,  from  one  upwards,  can  be  embodied  in  one  continuous 
frame.  Each  head,  being  provided  with  tight  and  loose  pulleys, 
stop  motions,  and  shipper,  remains  entirely  independent  of  the 
others  in  operation. 

As  this  machine  is  usually  run  at  increased  speed  and  one  delivery 
only  being  stopped  by  the  breaking  of  a sliver  or  the  running  out  of 
a can,  the  production  is  greatly  increased  over  the  same  number 
of  deliveries  on  a drawing  frame.  We  use  leather-covered  or  patent 
metallic  rolls." 

The  importance  of  being  able  to  overcome  all  the  variations 
which  creep  into  the  work,  from  the  opener  down  to  the  difference 
in  weight  of  sliver  after  stripping  out  the  card,  is  much  appreciated 
by  practical  mill  men  in  the  making  of  even  yarn. 


181 


V17  E append  a detailed  description  of  our  Improved  Evener  Draw- 
^ ’ ing  Frame  with  reference  to  the  accompanying  cuts. 

The  main  tight  and  loose  pulleys,  A A',  are  on  front  roll,  driven 
by  belt  from  countershaft  at  base  of  frame.  The  front  cone  B is 
also  integral  with  front  roll  and  drives  reverse  c-one  B'  through  friction 
ring  C.  On  shaft  of  cone  B'  is  a pinion  D,  meshing  with  crown  gear 
E,  which  carries  draft  gear  E'.  Draft  gear  drives  back  rolls  in  the 
usual  way  as  on  an  ordinary  drawing  frame.  The  friction  ring  C is 


moved  back  and  forth  between  the  cones  by  shipper  fork  F,  which 
slides  on  the  surface  of  table  or  roller  beam.  Shipper  fork  F is 
connected  through  an  oblique  slot  in  the  table  with  a rack  G,  which 
meshes  with  a pinion,  H , on  shaft  of  which  is  a ratchet  gear  7,  oper- 
ated in  both  directions  by  two  pawls,  J ./',  attached  to  crank  lever  K. 
Pawls  J are  moved  back  and  forth  by  means  of  connecting  rod  L 
from  eccentric  M on  vertical  shaft,  which  operates  the  can  turn  table. 
Swinging  loosely  on  same  center  as  rack  pinion  is  a shield,  X,  which 
covers  the  teeth  of  the  ratchet  gear  7.  A flat  or  space  is  cut  away 
from  this  shield  to  expose  a pari  of  the  teeth  to  the  pawls. 

182 


This  shield  N is  moved  or  swung  back  or  forth  through  connect- 
ing lever  O and  connecting  rods  P and  P'  by  the  front  trumpet  Q as 
a heavy  or  light  sliver  passes  through  it.  The  shield  N is  steadied  in 
its  movements  by  means  of  the  pendulum  R. 

The  slightest  variation  in  friction  in  the  trumpet  caused  by  the 
passage  through  it  of  heavier  or  lighter  sliver  is  thus  sufficient  to 
move  the  shield  N,  uncovering  the  exact  number  of  teeth  required  to 
shift  the  friction  ring  C between  the  cones  by  means  of  pinion,  rack 
and  sliding  shipper  fork. 


Number  of  teeth  in  ratchet  gear  .....  80 

Number  of  teeth  in  actual  use  .....  6(i 

Number  of  teeth  in  rack  pinion  . . . . 12,  ]0  Pitch 

Movement  of  belt  shipper  ......  3.1" 

Working  diam.  of  cone,  large  end  ....  8.3" 

Working  diam.  of  cone,  small  end  . . . .7.1" 


The  cones  will  take  care  of  a variation  each  way  from  standard 
of  15%. 

If  sliver  delivered  weighs: 


100 

grains,  1 

tooth  movement 

of 

ratchet 

gear 

will 

change 

the  weight 

1 

/,  gr.,  apx. 

75 

grains,  1 

tooth  movement 

of 

ratchet 

gear 

will 

change 

the  weight 

1 

/a.  gr.,  apx. 

50 

grains,  1 

tooth  movement 

of 

ratchet 

gear 

will 

change 

the  weight 

i 

14  gr-,  apx. 

The  amount  of  draft  does  not  directly  affect  the  evener. 


FRONT  ELEVATION  OF  EVENER  DRAWING  FRAME 


183 


ROVING  FRAMES 


The  Roving  Process 

HHHE  process  of  roving,  following  that  of  drawing,  is  the  first  actual  step 
A in  the  formation  of  a spun  yarn.  These  machines  perform  simultaneously 
three  distinct  operations,  that  is,  drawing,  twisting,  and  winding.  The  first 
named  is  accomplished  by  a set  of  three  pairs  of  rolls,  the  second  by  a posi- 
tively driven  flyer,  and  the  third  by  a positively  driven  bobbin.  Theoreti- 
cally this  type  of  frame  is  a perfect  spinning  machine,  for  the  reason  that 
rolls,  flyer,  and  bobbin  are  all  positively  driven  by  gears,  and  their  speed 
can  be  accurately  figured  and  maintained.  An  equal  winding  tension  is 
maintained  through  a differential  motion,  the  action  of  which  is  positive. 
Mechanical  difficulties,  however,  prevent  the  operation  of  this  machine  at 
high  speeds,  therefore  it  camiot  be  used  for  spinning  yarns  which  require 
high  twist,  and  its  use  is  restricted  to  the  preparing  of  roving  for  spinning 
frames. 

The  usual  practice  on  ordinary  counts  of  yarn  and  average  staple  is  to 
operate  a three-process  system,  consisting  of  a slubber,  intermediate,  and 
fine  frame.  These  machines  are  identical  as  to  type  but  differ  in  size,  the 
diameter  of  the  bobbins  decreasing  as  the  roving  is  drawn  out  to  smaller 
diameter.  A fourth  process  is  added  when  spinning  fine  yarns,  this  frame 
being  termed  a jack  frame,  identical  in  construction  with  the  fine  frame 
but  arranged  for  building  smaller  bobbins.  The  various  details  affecting 
the  size  of  the  frame  are  clearly  shown  in  table  on  page  456,  giving  the 
length  of  frames. 

The  slubber  takes  the  sliver  made  on  drawing  frames,  the  cans  being 
placed  behind  the  frame,  one  for  each  spindle,  and  sliver  passed  over  a 
revolving  wood  roll  designed  to  apply  the  least  possible  tension  to  the 
sliver.  On  intermediates  and  fine  frames  the  source  of  supply  is  the  roving 
bobbin  made  by  the  previous  process.  Creels  are  arranged  for  three  or 
four  rows  of  bobbins. 

The  drawing  out  of  the  sliver  is  accomplished  by  three  pairs  of  rolls. 

BOTTOM  ROLLS  are  of  fluted  steel  made  in  sections  coupled  with  screw 
joints,  forming  a continuous  line  extending  full  length  of  frame.  The 
diameter  of  these  rolls  is  varied  to  suit  the  length  of  staple,  but  certain 
standards  have  been  adopted  which  should  be  used,  except  for  special 
requirements.  A traversing  motion  consisting  of  a bar  with  brass  trumpets 
through  which  the  roving  is  threaded,  operates  in  back  of  the  rolls,  by 
means  of  a worm  and  worm  gear,  drawing  the  yarn  back  and  forth  across 


1ST 


188 


Saco-  I .< well  Sluhueu 


the  face  of  the  roll,  preventing  the  wear  which  would  result  if  the  yarn 
continued  to  run  between  the  rolls  at  the  same  spot. 

TOP  ROLLS  are  of  cast  iron  covered  with  leather.  Middle  and  back 
rolls  are  solid,  the  front  rolls  being  of  the  shell  type,  that  is,  a cylindrical 
shell  running  on  an  arbor.  We  can  furnish,  if  required,  BALL-BEARING 
TOP  ROLLS.  Top  rolls  are  made  up  with  two  bosses,  the  neck  between 
the  bosses  serving  as  a bearing  for  the  weight  hook,  the  ends  of  the  rolls 
being  held  in  place  by  improved  cap  bars.  Pressure  is  applied  by  dead 
weighting. 

DRAFT.  The  object  of  the  drawing  process  is  to  decrease  the  diameter 
of  the  roving,  and  it  is  usually  customary  to  double  two  ends  in  the  creel, 
this  doubling  having  a tendency  to  even  up  any  irregularities  in  either  of 
the  slivers,  also  permitting  a considerably  higher  draft  than  would  be 
possible  with  a single  strand.  There  is  a slight  draft  provided  between 
the  back  and  middle  roll  termed  the  break  draft,  its  object  being  to  loosen 
up  the  twist  imparted  to  the  sliver  by  the  previous  process.  The  long 
draft  occurs  between  middle  and  front  rolls.  Draft  change  gears  are  of  easy 
access,  and  changes  both  on  the  main  draft  and  the  break  draft  can  be 
quickly  made. 

TWIST.  On  leaving  the  rolls,  the  sliver  immediately  enters  the  next 
phase  of  the  process,  twisting,  which  is  accomplished  by  a flyer  revolving 
at  a fixed  speed  driven  from  the  main  shaft  by  gears.  The  twisting  area 
extends  from  the  top  of  the  flyer,  through  which  the  yarn  is  threaded  to 
the  bite  of  the  rolls.  Both  these  points  are  fixed,  therefore  the  twist  area 
remains  unchanged  throughout  the  process.  Changes  in  twist  are  obtained 
by  changing  the  speed  of  the  rolls.  The  twist  is  determined  by  the  relative 
speeds  of  the  flyer  and  the  front  rolls,  that  is,  if  the  flyer  makes  two  revo- 
lutions while  the  front  rolls  are  delivering  1 inch  of  sliver,  there  will  be 
two  turns  of  twist  per  inch.  Any  increase  in  speed  of  rolls  will  result  in  a 
fewer  number  of  turns  per  inch.  In  making  this  change  the  relative  speeds 
of  the  rolls  and  the  bobbin  remain  unchanged,  the  winding  velocity  of  the 
bobbin  remaining  always  the  same  as  the  surface  speed  of  the  rolls. 

WINDING  OPERATION.  Our  frames  are  equipped  for  the  “bobbin 
lead’’  wind,  that  is,  the  bobbin  is  driven  at  a speed  slightly  in  excess  of  the 
flyer.  There  are  many  arguments  in  favor  of  this  type,  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal being  that  as  the  bobbin  fills  with  yarn  its  speed  decreases,  whereas 
with  the  “flyer  lead"  system  the  speed  of  the  bobbin  has  to  be  increased 

189 


Intekmeijiatio  on  Kin lo  Uovinc 


as  it  fills  with,  roving,  thereby  putting  a continuously  increasing  strain  on 
the  train  of  gears  driving  the  bobbins. 

With  the  “bobbin  lead”  it  is  evident  that  as  the  flyer  speed  is  constant, 
the  surface  velocity  of  the  bobbin  must  also  be  constant,  that  is,  the  wind- 
ing point  on  the  bobbin  must  always  keep  just  so  much  in  advance  of  the 
foot  of  the  flyer.  It  is  also  evident  that  the  surface  speed  of  the  bobbin 
must  be  exactly  the  same  under  all  conditions  as  the  surface  speed  of  the 
rolls,  inasmuch  as  the  bobbin  must  take  care  of  the  sliver  as  fast  as  it  is 
delivered  from  the  rolls.  To  accomplish  this,  it  is  necessary  to  gradually 
reduce  the  number  of  revolutions  made  by  the  bobbin  as  it  fills  with  roving, 
and  this  is  brought  about  through  a differential  motion  commonly  known 
as  a COMPOUND.  We  use  in  our  frames  the  type  known  as  a square 
compound,  which  is  one  of  the  simplest  and  most  effective  that  has  ever 
been  used.  This  motion  is  known  in  mechanics  as  an  Epicyclic  Train,  con- 
sisting of  two  wheels  geared  together  by  a carrier,  the  carrier  and  last 
member  of  the  train  being  borne  in  an  arm  which  revolves  in  the  same 
axis  as  the  driving  wheel.  Referring  to  gear  diagram  on  page  466,  note  a 
45-tooth  bevel  gear  on  main  shaft  next  to  the  twist  change  gear.  This 
gear  is  keyed  to  the  main  shaft  and  is  the  initial  mover  in  the  bobbin  driv- 
ing train.  The  two  carrier  gears  meshing  with  this  revolve  on  studs  carried 
by  the  sun  wheel  marked  155,  these  carrier  gears  mesh  with  another  45- 
tooth  bevel  on  a loose  sleeve  carried  by  the  main  shaft  but  entirely  inde- 
pendent of  it.  The  action  of  this  sun  wheel  is  more  or  less  complicated, 
and  a brief  description  may  be  of  interest. 

If  the  sun  wheel  is  held  stationary,  the  bevel  gears  mounted  within  it 
simply  act  as  carrier  gears  and  the  bevel  gear  on  the  sleeve  is  driven  at  the 
same  speed  as  the  main  shaft,  but  in  the  opposite  direction.  If  the  sun 
wheel  is  revolving  in  the  same  direction  as  the  45-tooth  bevel  and  at  an 
equal  speed,  the  two  carrier  bevels  remain  stationary  so  far  as  the  driving 
bevel  is  concerned.  The  whole  unit  is  locked  and  the  bevel  on  the  loose 
sleeve  revolves  in  the  same  direction  and  at  the  same  speed  as  the  45- 
tooth  driver.  If  the  sun  wheel  is  revolved  in  the  same  direction  but  at  a 
slower  speed,  the  bevel  on  the  sun  wheel  revolves  in  the  same  direction 
but  at  a slower  speed  than  the  driver.  When  the  velocity  of  the  sun 
wheel  is  one-half  that  of  the  driving  bevel,  its  direction  of  rotation  being 
the  same,  motion  of  the  gear  on  the  sleeve  entirely  ceases.  If  the  speed 
of  the  sun  wheel  is  still  further  decreased,  the  bevel  on  the  sleeve  is  again 
put  in  motion  but  in  the  opposite  direction.  In  actual  practice  on  our 
frames,  the  sun  wheel  revolves  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  main 


191 


192 


Roving  1'ka.me  (buck) 


shaft  and  at  a slower  speed,  thereby  driving  the  loose  sleeve  in  the  opposite 
direction  from  the  main  shaft  and  at  a slower  speed.  As  each  succeeding 
layer  is  added  to  the  bobbin,  the  lifting  of  the  bobbin  rail  operates  a rack 
motion  which  moves  a belt  on  a pair  of  developed  cones.  These  cones, 
as  will  be  noted  from  diagram,  drive  the  sun  wheel,  and  as  the  bobbin 
fills  the  speed  of  the  sun  wheel  is  decreased.  As  it  moves  in  an  opposite 
direction  from  the  main  bevel  this  decreases  the  speed  of  the  loose  sleeve, 
operating  the  bobbin  train.  As  the  bobbin  driving  gear  is  on  a fixed  shaft 
while  the  gears  operating  the  bobbins  are  raised  and  lowered  as  the  bobbin 
builds,  it  is  necessary  to  provide  an  arrangement  for  keeping  these  gears 
constantly  in  mesh.  This  is  provided  by  an  intermediate  mounted  on  a 
swing  arm  which  operates  with  the  bobbin  rail.  The  shifting  of  the  belt  on 
the  cones  operating  the  sun  wheel  is  accomplished  by  a rack  which  is  driven 
by  a vertical  shaft  operated  by  the  top  cone  shaft.  The  vertical  shaft  is 
fitted  on  its  upper  end  with  a gap  gear,  about  one-quarter  of  its  circum- 
ference on  either  side  being  blank.  During  the  building  up  of  one  layer 
of  roving  this  shaft  remains  stationary,  the  bevel  on  the  cone  shaft  running 
in  the  blank  space.  When  the  traverse  changes,  a spring  revolves  the  up- 
right shaft  just  sufficiently  to  engage  its  teeth  with  the  bevel  on  the  cone, 
this  action  causing  the  shaft  to  revolve,  and  a worm  located  on  shaft  operates 
a gear  which  moves  the  rack  and  changes  position  of  the  belt. 

HEAD  END  is  an  original  departure  in  design.  The  upper  part  or 
“dome”  is  cast  separately,  and  milled  surfaces  insure  its  fitting  properly 
on  the  lower  section.  After  taking  off  the  front  roll  gear  the  dome  may  be 
swung  around  so  that  the  rolls  are  all  free  to  be  lifted  out  directly  toward 
the  front  of  the  frame,  without  springing,  cramping,  and  bending  them. 
The  head  end  is  only  as  wide  as  the  extreme  width  of  the  body  of  the 
frame,  but  purposely  made  wide  to  protect  the  frame,  front  and  back, 
from  trucks  and  accidents.  The  cut  gearing  inclosed  in  the  head  is  readily 
accessible,  and  the  head  also  incloses  an  additional  rail  counterbalance 
weight. 

DRIVING  PULLEYS  are  regularly  furnished  1C  inches  in  diameter  by 
25dj  inches  face  for  23/2-inch  belt.  Ordinary  lengths  of  frames  can  be 
operated  without  slippage  by  a narrower  belt:  but  because  a roving  frame 
is  at  best  so  often  stopped  and  started,  this  width  is  recommended  to  insure 
less  stretching  and  longer  life  for  the  belt.  The  loose  pulley  runs  on  a 
sleeve  independent  of  the  shaft  and  is  self-oiled.  It  may  be  supplied  with 
oil  while  running  or  stopped.  The  heavy  outrigger  supporting  the  end  of 


193 


Roving  Frame  Gearing 
Showing  spindle  and  bobbin  drive 


194 


the  driving  shaft  is  made  with  a removable  section,  which  is  easily  detached 
when  necessary  to  change  pulleys.  The  belt  shipper  is  arranged  to  receive 
belt  from  above  or  below. 

LIFTING  ROLLS  for  slubbers  are  regularly  furnished  of  wood,  but  we 
can  supply  brass  lifting  rolls  if  required.  Lifting  rolls  are  driven  by  chain 
and  sprockets. 

BOBBIN  TROUGHS  can  be  supplied  for  attaching  to  bottom  creel  bar 
for  collecting  empty  bobbins.  These  may  be  of  wood  or  sheet  steel. 

SAMSONS  are  of  heavy  castings  located  at  short  intervals  to  insure 
perfectly  solid  and  rigid  construction.  A milled  surface  pocket  supports 
the  roller  beam,  the  step  rail  being  supported  and  fastened  to  a specially 
finished  foot.  Back  rail  is  inserted  in  a hub  with  bored  hole,  and  both 
beam  and  rails  are  coupled  at  the  Samson  without  the  use  of  coupling 
plates.  This  construction  gives  a very  rigid  skeleton  and  a frame  that  it 
is  almost  impossible  to  throw  out  of  line.  Frames  can  readily  be  moved 
to  new  locations  in  the  mill  without  disturbing  the  bearings. 

STEP  AND  BOLSTER  RAILS  are  of  T section,  and  are  milled  per- 
fectly true,  insuring  proper  alignment.  Bolsters  are  of  the  long-collar  type, 
are  extremely  rigid,  and  can  be  applied  to  the  rail  without  fitting.  The 
method  of  attaching  reduces  to  a minimum  the  possibility  of  bolsters 
getting  out  of  plumb. 

BEARINGS  have  self- aligning  loose  bushings,  and  can  be  replaced  with- 
out fitting.  Shafts  may  be  removed  by  slipping  these  bushings  to  one  side. 

MAIN  SHAFT  is  supported  by  improved  bearings  and  runs  within  a 
ground,  hollow,  self-oiling  sleeve.  On  the  outer  surface  of  this  sleeve  runs 
the  compound  and  bobbin  driving  gear.  Sleeve  also  supports  a swing  arm 
carrying  the  intermediate  gear  of  the  bobbin  train. 

GEARING.  Bobbin  drive  gears,  generally  difficult  of  access,  have  been 
arranged  in  a simple  and  accessible  manner  and  are  fully  protected  by 
polished  steel  covers.  Cut  gears  are  of  the  generated  type,  insuring  accu- 
racy and  uniformity  of  teeth.  The  bobbin  and  spindle  driving  gears  are  of 
the  spiral-type  tooth,  making  a quiet  and  durable  transmission.  In  making 
changes  in  dr-aft,  twist,  tension,  etc.,  it  is  necessary  only  to  adjust  into 
proper  mesh  the  change  gear,  the  crown  or  stud  gear  in  all  cases  retaining 
its  proper  relation  to  the  driving  gear. 


195 


TRAVERSE  MOTION.  A perfected  type  of  traverse  motion  is  applied, 
same  being  driven  by  a worm  on  the  back  roll.  The  motion  is  eccentric, 
preventing  the  dwell  of  the  roving  at  any  one  spot  on  the  rolls.  The  wear 
is  equally  distributed  over  the  face  of  the  top  roll,  with  the  result  that  they 
give  much  longer  service  and  will  outwear  several  sets  of  rolls  on  a frame 
not  equipped  with  this  motion. 

RACK  MOTION.  The  arrangement  of  the  cone-belt  rack  and  the 
mechanism  for  actuating  the  same  are  of  improved  and  simplified  form, 
which  admit  of  the  rack  being  easily  but  positively  and  uniformly  driven. 
After  doffing  and  winding  back  the  rack  the  mechanism  is  such  as  to  allow 
the  rack  to  come  solidly  against  its  starting  stop,  and  yet  allows  the  clutch 
always  to  engage  immediately  and  positively  without  cramping  and  with- 
out the  use  of  springs.  Both  the  intention  of  the  mechanism  to  accomplish 
this  important  detail  and  the  fact  that  this  essential  result  is  obtained  are 
rather  concealed  by  the  very  simplicity  of  the  device;  it  requires  no 
adjustment. 

The  rack  is  driven  by  a worm  on  the  vertical  shaft;  this  worm  is  so 
connected  with  this  shaft  that  no  movement  is  given  to  the  rack  until  the 
vertical  shaft  has  made  a quarter  of  a revolution.  The  motion  for 
reversing  the  traverse  is  governed  also  by  the  vertical  shaft,  and  this  change 
in  traverse  is  started  immediately  after  the  bevel  or  “gap"  gear  at  the  top 
of  the  vertical  shaft  engages  with  the  bevel  gear  on  the  top  cone  shaft. 

It  will  be  readily  seen,  then,  that  there  is  no  stress  or  duty  on  the  vertical 
shaft  until  the  bevel  gears  at  the  top  have  engaged.  It  then  follows  that 
the  duties  of  the  spiral  spring  are  only  to  hold  the  dog  against  the  face  of 
the  builder  motion  and  to  revolve  the  free  upright  shaft  a small  angle 
five  or  six  degrees  until  the  bevel  gears  engage. 

CONES  are  of  new  construction  and  are  turned,  balanced,  and  accurately 
ground  as  to  size  and  form,  all  on  the  shafts  on  which  they  are  to  run  in 
the  frame.  These  shafts  are  forced  in  hydraulically,  eliminating  the  use  of 
set  screws  or  other  projecting  parts. 

The  perfection  of  the  form  of  the  cones,  accomplished  by  calculations 
and  most  careful  experiments,  is  proven  by  the  fact  that  the  rack  is  locked 
after  a doff  and  is  actuated  by  the  frame  mechanism  from  empty  to  full 
bobbin  with  perfectly  uniform  tension. 

STOP  MOTION.  All  frames  are  fitted  with  a stop  motion,  which  knocks 
off  the  frame  when  bobbins  are  full. 


Birkenhead  Creel 

WE  are  prepared  to  furnish  creels  of  the  Birkenhead  type  for  Roving 
Frames,  as  illustrated  by  the  above  cut.  This  type  is  somewhat 
more  difficult  to  creel  and  to  keep  clean  than  is  the  standard  type,  but  is 
frequently  specified  in  localities  where  the  operatives  are  of  short  stature. 

Standard  Creels 

Our  creel  is  of  unusually  rugged  construction,  posts  being  bolted  directly 
to  top  of  samsons.  The  general  construction  is  clearly  shown  in  cut  of  frame 
on  page  192.  The  ends  and  couplings  are  arranged  with  double  posts,  the 
advantages  of  this  being  obvious.  Special  attention  is  called  to  the  arrange- 
ment whereby  front  row  of  bobbins  is  brought  within  easy  reach  of  operator, 
the  bottom  board  of  the  front  creel  being  dropped  to  the  lowest  possible 
position.  Creels  are  arranged  for  vertical  adjustment  to  accommodate 
different  lengths  of  bobbins  and  varying  skewer  lengths.  They  are  fitted 
with  porcelain  steps  in  which  skewers  run. 


198 


Compound  or  Bobbin  Differential  Motion 

THE  square  compound  used  on  our  frames  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
satisfactory  types  ever  devised.  A detailed  description  of  its  operation 
has  been  covered  on  a preceding  page.  While  the  principle  of  this  motion 
remains  as  in  the  older  types,  we  have  made  many  changes  in  construction 
resulting  in  an  evenly  balanced,  smoothly  operating  mechanism,  which  is 
simple  and  at  the  same  time  thoroughly  effective.  A notable  change  from 
older  models  is  the  mounting  of  the  bevel  carrier  gears  in  the  center  of  the 
sun  wheel,  making  a perfectly  balanced  unit.  The  sleeve  carrying  the  bobbin 
driving  gears  is  finished  inside  and  out,  and  has  a self-oiling  arrangement. 
The  bobbin  train  is  made  up  of  cut  spiral  gears  so  arranged  that  cramping 
is  impossible,  and  all  parts  of  the  swinging  mechanism  are  heavy,  carefully 
finished,  and  operate  with  maximum  efficiency. 

LIFTING  SHAFT  is  supported  by  bearings  close  to  each  lifting  pinion : 
this  shaft  runs  the  whole  length  of  the  frame,  but  is  driven  from  the  center, 
thereby  diminishing  the  torsion  to  a negligible  quantity.  Cut  pinions  on 
this  shaft  engage  with  cut-tooth  lifting  arm  segments,  which  in  turn  apply 
the  force  of  the  lift  under  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  load,  the  bolster  rail. 
The  lifting  driving  train  runs  on  a sleeve,  loose  on  a fixed  shaft,  which  pre- 
vents any  cramping  in  case  of  settling  of  the  mill  floor.  The  whole  com- 
bination results  in  a perfectly  steady  and  easy  movement  of  the  bolster 
rail,  carrying  the  bobbins,  and  in  addition  to  effecting  a saving  of  power, 
produces  a very  even  lay  and  well-built  bobbins. 


Roving  Frame  Rolls 

rl  'HE  above  cut  illustrates  in  detail  the  construction  of  a section 
* of  rolls.  Bottom  rolls  are  of  the  highest-grade  steel  obtainable 
and  are  fluted  by  special  machines,  the  flutes  being  irregularly 
spaced  to  prevent  creasing  the  top  roll  covering.  In  coupling  we 
have  adopted  a longer  and  larger  shank  than  is  ordinarily  used, 
providing  maximum  service  with  minimum  wear.  All  bearings 
and  bosses  are  ground  and  finished  to  micrometer  gauges. 

STANDARD  LENGTHS  OF  ROLLS  given  in  the  catalog 
tables  we  regard  as  best  for  efficiency  in  tending  and  for  the  best 
product,  but  if  for  any  reason  a greater  or  less  space  should  be 
required  between  spindles  or  a certain  number  of  spindles  be  needed 
to  fill  a given  floor  space,  a change  can  be  made  in  length  of  roll 
to  meet  these  conditions. 

ROLL  STANDS  are  of  the  standard  sliding  type,  and  adjust- 
ments can  be  readily  made  without  disturbing  the  supports  holding 
clearers  and  cap  bars. 

CAP  BARS  are  of  the  simplest  and  most  satisfactory  type  yet 
developed.  Their  construction  is  clearlv  shown  bv  above  cut. 

CLEARERS  are  of  standard  construction  with  high-grade  cloth. 
Covers  are  of  heavy  polished  steel.  Standard  equipment  includes 
wood  strip  underclearers  for  slubbers  only.  We  can  supply  re- 
volving clearers  for  all  sizes  of  frames,  supported  either  by  springs 
or  weights,  if  required. 


200 


ROLL  WEIGHTING  is  arranged  in  the  standard  method,  t lie  weights 
on  front  rolls  being  supported  by  hooks,  the  middle  and  back  rolls  by  a 
single  weight  carried  by  a saddle.  Detail  or  roll  weighting  is  shown  by 
following' table: 


TOP^ROLL  WEIGHTS,  POUNDS 


Size  of 
Frame 

12  X 6 
11  X bVi 
Slubber 

10X5H 
10  X 5 
Slubber 

9X41^ 

Slubber 

10  X 5 

10  x'i'Al 

9X4  K 

Inter. 

8X4 
Inter. 
Fly  F rame 

8 X 3 y2  to 
6X2  3-2 
F.F.,  Jack 

Front 

Roll 

18 

18 

16 

16 

20 

16 

Back  and 

Middle 

Roll 

20 

20 

18 

18 

22 

18 

Ball  Bearing  Top  Rolls 


CROSS  SECTION 

WARDWELL  TYPE  BALL  BEARING  TOP  ROLL 

PATENTS  PENDING 

CAMPBELL  MFG  CO. 

WORCESTER  MASS. 


THE  above  cut  illustrates  the  Wardwell  Type  of  Ball-Bearing  Top  Roll, 
which  we  can  supply  if  required.  Rolls  of  this  type  are  ordinarily  used 
on  the  front  line  only. 

The  important  advantages  in  its  use  comprise  : reduced  labor  in  picking 
and  oiling,  saving  in  oil,  saving  in  leather  covering,  and  a cleaner  roving, 
free  from  bunches.  Less  power  is  required  to  turn  the  rolls. 

Rolls  are  of  the  shell  type  mounted  on  ball  bearings,  supported  on  a 
solid  one-piece  steel  arbor,  the  bearings  being  held  in  place  by  cones,  the 
inner  cones  fixed  on  shaft,  the  outer  cones  being  adjustable  and  locked  in 
position  by  locknuts.  This  adjustment  when  once  made  is  permanent  and 
cannot  be  thrown  out  by  any  ordinary  usage.  Cones  and  lock  nuts  are 
made  with  shoulders  of  nearly  the  same  diameter  as  the  inside  of  the  rolls, 
minimizing  the  chance  of  dirt  entering  the  bearings  or  of  grease  working 
out.  The  supporting  arbor  is  made  up  of  a single  length  of  Yi'  steel, 
turned  to  %"  at  the  bearing  part.  The  arbor  does  not  revolve,  therefore 
requires  no  oiling  at  the  cap  bars  or  at  the  weight-hook  bearing. 

In  assembling,  the  rolls  are  packed  with  grease  and  need  no  further 
attention  for  10  to  12  months.  They  can  be  refilled  when  necessary  with- 
out disassembling  the  bearings. 


Saco-Lowell  Flyers 

IN  the  past  our  dependence  upon  outside  manufacturers  for  a 
supply  of  flyers  has  resulted  in  much  inconvenience  to  ourselves 
and  our  customers.  We  have  now  installed  a complete  unit  for 
the  manufacture  of  these  parts.  This  department  has  a sufficient 
capacity  to  supply  our  flyer  requirements  and  will  enable  us  to 
take  care  of  all  orders  promptly. 

Saco-Lowell  Flyers  are  interchangeable  in  every  way  with  the 
flyers  previously  furnished  with  our  frames,  including  presser  arms. 
They  are  fully  guaranteed  and  possess  all  the  good  features  of 
other  flyers,  with  many  refinements  of  construction  which  add 
to  their  value.  The  curved  slot  is  uniform  in  width  with  edges 
smoothly  finished.  The  inside  of  the  hollow  arm  has  a perfectly 
smooth  finish,  free  from  any  scale  or  roughness.  The  presser  arms 
are  more  uniform  in  weight  so  that  a change  of  pressers  will  not 
affect  the  balance  of  the  flyer.  The  taper  inside  the  socket  is 
held  within  one  half  of  one  one-thousandth  of  an  inch  to  size. 
The  flyer  is  extremely  rigid  and  will  stand  several  hundred  revolu- 
tions above  normal  speed  without  spreading.  Each  flyer  is  balanced 
accurately  on  special  sensitive  spindles. 

These  flyers  are  entirely  machine  built,  insuring  absolute  ac- 
curacy of  size  and  weight. 


202 


Saco-Lowell  Hank  Clock 

THE  Decimal  Hank  Clock,  illustrated  above,  is  applied  as  standard 
equipment  on  all  Roving  Frames.  This  clock  is  of  the  best 
construction,  rugged  and  durable,  registers  accurately,  and  is  so 
made  that  it  cannot  be  tampered  with.  It  registers  in  hanks  and 
tenths  of  hanks.  See  page  4.51  for  details  required  when  ordering. 


203 


Bobbin  Gauges 


204 


In  addition  to  l lie  type  of  gauge  here  shown  we  also  make  a gauge  which  lias  Limit 
Openings  at  the  caliper  end.  I’rice  of  either  type  quotigd  on  application. 

See! -page  !• > I for  standard  bobbin  charts. 


SPINNING  FRAMES 


206 


Spinning  Frame  No.  17  Moiiei 


Spinning 

SPINNING,  the  final  process  in  the  formation  of  a single  yarn,  is  merely 
the  continuation  of  the  process  started  on  the  Roving  Frames,  that  is, 
the  drawing  out  of  the  yarn  to  a smaller  diameter,  the  twisting  of  same,  and 
the  winding  on  bobbins.  The  development  of  spinning  machinery  has 
occurred  during  the  last  two  hundred  years,  all  yarn  previous  to  this  being 
spun  by  hand,  first  on  the  primitive  spindle  and  distaff,  later  on  the  single 
spindle  spinning  wheel,  operated  by  hand. 

Three  types  of  frame  are  in  practical  use  today,  the  throstle  or  flyer 
frame,  the  mule,  and  the  ring  frame.  The  first  named  is  practically  out  of 
use  in  spinning  cotton,  as  it  cannot  be  operated  at  a high  speed  and  does 
not  meet  production  requirements.  Frames  of  this  type  were  invented 
about  1738.  The  mule  frame  was  invented  about  1769,  and  is  a mechanical 
adaption  of  the  hand-spinning  process.  The  action  of  the  frame  is  inter- 
mittent, that  is,  it  first  spins  or  draws~out  the  yarn,  then  twists  it,  and  then 
winds  onto  a cop.  This  type  is  extensively  used  today  on  woolen  and 
worsted  yarns  and  on  the  finest  counts  of  cotton.  On  ordinary  counts  of 
cotton  it  has  been  almost  entirely  displaced  by  the  ring  frame,  invented 
about  1828. 

The  action  of  the  ring  frame  is  entirely  different  from  the  mule,  the 
drawing,  twisting,  and  winding  being  accomplished  simultaneously,  so  that 
the  operation  is  continuous.  Drawing  is  accomplished  by  a set  of  three 
lines  of  rolls,  the  speeds  of  which  are  so  figured  as  to  give  the  required 
draft.  Twist  is  put  in  by  the  combined  action  of  the  spindle  and  ring 
traveler,  the  winding  or  laying  of  yarn  onto  bobbin  as  spindle  revolves 
being  accomplished  by  raising  and  lowering  ring  rail. 

RING  FRAMES  have  been  built  by  our  shops  ever  since  their  inven- 
tion, each  succeeding  model  containing  improvements  and  refinement  of 
detail  over  preceding  types.  Our  present  frames  are  of  heavy,  rigid  con- 
struction. Spindle  rails  of  the  box  type  are  used,  bolted  and  dowel-pinned 
to  supports  and  frame  ends.  Supports  or  samsons  have  milled,  reinforced 
pockets  for  supporting  channel  roller  beam,  and  are  fitted  with  adjusting 
screws  and  lock  nuts  for  leveling  on  uneven  floors.  We  are  now  building 
three  different  arrangements  to  meet  the  varying  demands  of  our  trade: 

“ No.  17  Model,”  geared  end  with  swinging  doors,  foot-end  drive  only. 
“ No.  22  Model,"  geared  end  with  sliding  panels,  driving  at  geared  end. 
“No.  22  Model,”  geared  end  with  sliding  panels,  driving  at  foot  end. 

A detailed  description  follows,  arranged  in  accordance  with  the  actual 
progress  of  the  stock  through  machines  and  including  a brief  discussion  of 
the  process  as  well  as  the  mechanical  features. 

Ring  frames  are  adaptable  to  spinning  practically  all  counts.  The  finest 
numbers  are  more  often  handled  on  mules.  We  build  ring  frames  from 
234"  to  434"  gauge,  taking  rings  from  134"  to  234"  diameter.  Frames  to  and 
including  234"  gauge  are  built  with  8 spindles  per  section  or  roll,  3"  to  4" 
gauge  have  6 spindles  per  roll,  and  434"  gauge  is  made  with  4 spindles  per  roll. 

CREELS.  Bobbins  made  on  the  roving  frame  are  placed  in  the  creel  of 
the  spinning  frame,  the  yarn  running  over  polished  steel  guide  rods  to 
traverse-motion  rod,  thence  to  back  rolls  of  the  frame. 

207 


208 


Model  22  Spinning  Frame  Pulleys  at  I 
Showing  standard  overhead  shipper 


Creels  are  made  for  single  or  double  roving,  either  one  or  two  stories 
high,  this  detail  being  determined  by  the  size  of  the  roving  bobbins  as 
compared  with  the  gauge  of  frame.  Height  is  adjustable  to  accommodate 
any  length  of  roving  bobbin.  Bobbins  are  so  spaced  in  creel  that  when  a 
bobbin  runs  out  the  roving  will  not  come  into  contact  with  the  adjacent 
bobbin.  Wood  creel  boards  with  porcelain  steps  for  skewers  are  used.  We 
also  build  the  Birkenhead  Type  Creel,  as  illustrated  on  page  217.  A two- 
story  creel  of  this  type  is  about  four  inches  lower  than  a two-story  creel  of 
the  ordinary  pattern. 

TRAVERSE  MOTION  gives  a variable  length  of  traverse  to  the  roving 
guide  rod,  preventing  dwell  at  the  same  spot  on  the  top  roll  at  the  ends  of 
stroke,  insuring  a uniform  wear  on  top  roll  and  effecting  a large  saving  in 
roll  covering.  We  furnish  either  the  flat  steel  bar  with  drilled  and  counter- 
bored  holes  for  the  roving,  or  the  narrow  flat  bar  with  adjustable  brass 
trumpets  attached. 

DRAWING  OUT  of  the  roving  is  accomplished  by  three  pairs  of  rolls, 
the  draft  being  governed  by  the  relative  speed  of  the  rolls.  Reference  to 
cut  on  page  526  will  illustrate  two  methods  of  roll  gearing  which  we  supply. 
In  what  we  term  the  head-end  drive,  all  three  lines  are  driven  at  the  same 
end.  In  the  head-  and  foot-end  drive,  the  middle  roll  is  driven  from  the 
front  roll  at  opposite  end.  Draft  between  the  back  and  middle  line  of  rolls 
is  only  sufficient  to  slightly  open  up  the  roving  and  is  termed  break 
draft.  With  the  head-end  drive  this  break  draft  is  not  easily  varied,  the 
back  and  middle  rolls  retaining  their  same  relative  speed  when  draft  of 
frame  is  changed.  The  double-end  drive  is  more  flexible,  change  gear 
being  provided  for  varying  the  break  draft.  This  method  of  driving  is 
preferable  when  handling  uneven  stock,  very  short  staple  or  waste. 

BOTTOM  ROLLS  are  of  fluted  steel  of  high  quality,  manufactured 
especially  for  our  use.  They  are  made  in  sections  of  four,  six,  or  eight 
bosses  (one  boss  per  spindle),  depending  on  gauge  of  frame,  and  are  joined 
by  screw  or  socket  connections,  making  continuous  lines,  supported  at  each 
joint  by  roll  stands.  Flutes  are  irregularly  spaced  to  avoid  cutting  covering 
of  top  rolls,  and  plenty  of  space  is  allowed  between  roll  stands  and  bosses 
to  prevent  any  possibility  of  oil  getting  onto  flutes.  Steel  rolls  are  regularly 
furnished  in  the  following  combinations: 

1 inch  front,  % inch  middle,  % inch  back  for  medium  or  long  staple. 

1 inch  front,  % inch  middle,  ”/%  inch  back  for  short  staple. 

We  can  supply  rolls  case  hardened  all  over  or  in  the  joints  only. 

ROLL  STANDS  are  adaptable  to  either  warp  or  filling.  The  adjustable 
slides  have  milled  bearings  of  ample  width  for  the  steel  rolls.  We  can  also 
supply  brass-lined  bearings  for  front  rolls. 

TOP  ROLLS.  We  furnish  two  arrangements  of  top  rolls,  the  lever- 
weighted  and  the  self- weigh  ted  types. 

LEVER- WEIGHTED  rolls  are  furnished  with  either  shell  or  solid  rolls 
for  front  line,  middle  and  back  lines  solid.  We  supply  both  long  and 
short  boss  rolls.  Necks  project  above  the  bearings  of  cap  bars  to  facilitate 
cleaning  and  can  be  oiled  without  disturbing  the  cap  bar.  All  top  rolls  are 
furnished  covered,  with  five  per  cent  spare  rolls  on  new  frames.  Saddles 

209 


210 


Model  22  Spinning  Frame  with  I’ullevs  at  Foot  End 


are  of  the  Dixon  Ordinary  type  .or  Adjustable  type,' as  specified.  Lever 
screws  are  of  the  Common  type  or  Speakman  Patent.  .The  latter  are 
preferable,  as  they  permit  close  adjustments,'  and  it  is  not  necessary  to 
remove  screws  from  lever  when  making  adjustments. 

SELF- WEIGHTED  ROLLS.  With  this  arrangement  the  front  roll  is 
leather  covered,  preferably  of  the  shell  type,  and  is  dead  weighted.  Middle 
and  back  rolls  are  usually  made  jf  inch  diameter  and  1?4  inch  diameter, 
respectively,  not  covered  and  running  without  weighting. 

CAP  BARS  are  made  in  sections  corresponding  to  length  of  rolls  and 
clearer  covers,  making  access  to  any  top  roll  very  convenient. 

TOP  ROLL  CLEARERS  are  furnished  covered  with  high-grade  cloth. 
Lever-weighted  frames  have  the  regulation  wood  clearer  covers.  The  self- 
weighted  arrangement  is  usually  fitted  with  a revolving  box-type  clearer  of 
large  diameter.  Standard  under-clearers  or  scavenger  rolls  are  supplied. 

THREAD  BOARDS.  We  are  prepared  to  furnish  any  of  the  standard 
types  of  thread  board,  either  wood  or  metallic.  Our  Saco-Lowell  Metallic 
Thread  Board,  brought  out  during  the  past  year,  is  a neat  and  rugged 
self-balanced  type,  easily  and  accurately  adjusted,  and  rust  proof.  This 
thread  board  is  shown  by  cut  on  page  222.  Thread-board  lifters  are  pro- 
vided if  specified.  Guides  of  any  standard  pattern  will  be  furnished. 

RINGS.  We  will  supply  any  standard  type  of  ring  in  the  following 
combinations:  No.  1 (narrow)  or  No.  2 (wide)  flange;  single  adjustable  or 
solid  rings,  integral  with  holder;  single  adjustable  in  cast-iron  or  steel-plate 
holder;  double  adjustable  in  cast-iron  or  steel-plate  holder.  We  operate  a 
separate  factory  for  the  exclusive  production  of  rings  and  can  guarantee  a 
most  satisfactory  product,  every  possible  attention  being  given  to  pro- 
ducing rings  that  are  accurate  as  to  size  and  shape  and  of  proper  hardness. 

RING  RAILS  are  of  channel-beam  form,  carefully  finished  all  over. 
They  are  made  in  short  lengths,  running  from  16  to  20  spindles  per  section, 
varying  with  the  gauge  of  frame.  We  have  developed  a new  type  of  lifter 
rod  tip  fitted  to  receive  the  ends  of  ring  rail  sections,  holding  them  firmly 
in  position  and  preventing  any  lateral  or  longitudinal  motion  of  the  rail. 
With  this  arrangement  we  use  only  one  lifter  rod  per  section,  with  one 
extra  rod  for  the  extreme  end  of  rail.  Solid  bushings  for  lifter  rods  are  used. 

SEPARATORS.  We  equip  our  frames  with  the  Rhodes  Chandler  type 
or  ring  rail  type  as  specified.  We  have  recently  adopted  several  new  types 
of  separator  blades  {see  page  220).  We  use  aluminum  castings  for  these 
patterns,  insuring  a light  and  strong  blade,  perfectly  smooth  and  non- 
rusting. 

BUILDER.  We  supply  a combination  builder  of  the  simplest  con- 
struction. See  cut  and  description  on  a following  page. 

SPINDLES.  Our  standard  McMullan  spindle  is  well  known  to  the  trade* 
having  been  in  the  market  for  many  years.  We  have  recently  brought  out 
a Y-type  spindle,  with  solid  base,  for  which  there  is  a considerable  demand. 
Details  of  spindle  construction  are  covered  on  page  227. 


211 


212 


Shows  now  typo  frank  sliipi 


SPINDLE  RAILS  (Box  Rail)  may  be  readily  adjusted  to  accommodate 
the  desired  traverse  within  the  limits  of  each  model.  This  type  of  rail  also 
permits  the  maximum  distance  between  lifter-rod  bushings  so  that  the  ring 
rail  travels  in  a perfectly  vertical  direction  and  without  lost  motion  in  the 
bearings.  It  is  especially  designed  to  reduce  the  necessity  of  plumbing 
spindles  to  a minimum. 

TAPE  DRIVE.  The  advantages  of  the  tape  drive  are  widely  recognized 
and  a large  majority  of  frames  are  furnished  with  this  equipment.  A 
further  description  of  this  drive  will  be  found  on  page  224. 

CYLINDERS.  We  use  the  single  cylinder  exclusively  in  our  frames, 
both  for  tape  and  band  drive.  Cylinders  are  constructed  of  double  layers 
of  heavy  tin  and  with  outer  and  inner  heads  previously  finished  and  balanced. 
The  finished  cylinder  is  thoroughly  tested  at  a speed  greater  than  its  highest 
working  speed.  This  method  of  manufacture  results  in  a rigid,  true  and. 
steady-running  cylinder.  We  supply  7-  or  8-inch  cylinder  for  band  drive, 
and  8,  9,  or  10  inch  for  tape-driven  frames.  Ball  bearings  will  be  furnished 
if  required. 

HEAD  END  (Geared  end).  Our  Model  17  frames  are  arranged  with 
gearing  at  opposite  end  of  frame  from  driving  pulley.  Gearing  is  quiet 
running  and  is  made  entirely  accessible  by  the  use  of  swinging  steel  doors 
with  special  offset  hinges  so  arranged  that  only  12  inches  is  required  for 
swinging  doors  wide  open.  A safety  lock  is  provided  so  that  doors  cannot 
be  opened  when  frame  is  running. 

We  have  just  brought  out  a new  arrangement  with  driving  pulleys  on  the 
geared  end,  relieving  the  drum  shaft  of  the  heavy  duty  required  with  the 
foot-end  drive.  We  have  retained  the  gearing  as  in  the  Model  17  but  provided 
a casing  with  four  sliding  panels,  allowing  easy  access  to  the  gears.  A small 
frame  end  is  applied  to  support  outer  pulley  bearing,  with  a large  removable 
panel  permitting  quick  and  easy  access  to  the  pulleys  and  outer  bearing. 
This  construction  is  extremely  rigid,  and  an  exceptionally  smooth-running 
frame  is  assured. 

PULLEYS  are  made  3 J^g-incli  face  for  3-inch  belt,  3?1j-inch  face  for  3)/2- 
inch  belt,  and  4 inch  face  for  4-inch  belt.  They  can  be  furnished  from 
9 to  18  inches  in  diameter,  advancing  by  Uj-inch  sizes.  The  loose  pulley 
runs  on  a stationary  bushing,  inside  of  which  the  cylinder  shaft  revolves. 
Both  may  be  oiled  while  the  frame  is  in  operation.  The  loose  pulley  is 
turned  smaller  in  diameter  than  the  tight  pulley,  thereby  easing  the  belt 
when  off  the  tight  pulley,  in  this  way  prolonging  its  life  and  reducing  the 
danger  of  heating. 

GENERAL  DETAILS.  Our  standard  frame  is  built  37  inches  from 
floor  to  top  of  roller  beam,  but  we  also  supply  a frame  35  inches  high. 
Eloor  plans  showing  widths  of  the  several  models,  also  tables  of  overall 
lengths  are  shown  on  following  pages.  Especial  care  is  given  to  the  finish, 
a high-grade  enamel  being  used  on  all  painted  work.  Enough  polish  is 
used  to  give  the  machines  a good  appearance  without  calling  for  excessive 
care.  Shipper  handles  of  the  standard  overhead  type  are  regularly  fur- 
nished. We  also  supply  a special  shipper  for  the  geared  end,  with  handle 
on  each  side  of  frame.  This  arrangement  is  preferred  in  sections  where  the 
operatives  are  of  short  stature.  Hank  clocks  showing  decimals  are  applied 
if  specified.  All  gearing  is  cut,  accurately  machined,  and  balanced.  All 
spindles  are  thoroughly  tested  at  speeds  far  in  excess  of  actual  requirements. 

213 


7 


Model  22  Spring  Frame  — Pulleys  at  Geared  End 
Illustrates  application  of  hank  clock  when  bottom  rolls  are  driven 
at  geared  end  only  and  shows  Birkenhead  Creel  self-weighted 
rolls,  and  Y-type  spindles 


214 


Model  17  Spinning  Frame  — Geared  End 
Gearing  common  to  all  models 


215 


Standard  Spinning  Creel 
2-story,  for  double  roving 


216 


Birkenhead  Creel 
3-story,  for  double  roving 


217 


Builder  Motion 

nPHE  combination  builder  illustrated  above  has  been  especially 
4 designed  for  our  frames.  Troubles  due  to  accumulation  of 
fly  and  dirt  have  been  eliminated.  Change  from  warp  to  filling 
and  vice  versa  is  quickly  accomplished  by  the  substitution  of  the 
proper  cam  and  one  other  part.  Cams  are  accurately  machined 
and  tested,  and  all  parts  making  up  the  Builder  Motion  are  sub- 
jected to  most  thorough  inspection  before  leaving  the  shops. 

We  can  supply  bottom-forming  attachment  for  filling  wind  on 
warp  bobbins. 


218 


Adjustable  Ring 
in  C.  I.  Base 
Pin  Cleaner 


Adjustable  Ring 
in  Plate  Holder 


Solid  Ring 


2PJ 


STEEL  PLATE 


Saco-Lowell  Separators 

\\7 E can  supply  a variety  of  separators  to  meet  requirements 
’ ’ of  the  mill.  The  Rhodes  Chandler  type,  mounted  independent 
of  the  Ring  Rail  is  preferred  by  some  operators.  This  type  is 
well  known  and  needs  no  description.  We  can  supply  blades 
3,  3}/2,  4,  and  4 1 9 inches  wide. 

Ring  rail  separators  require  less  equipment  and  are  more  simple 
to  operate.  We  have  recently  adopted  several  new  designs  of 
blades,  made  from  aluminum,  die  cast,  providing  a blade  that 
is  light,  smooth,  and  durable.  The  patterns  S-lo,  S-21,  and  S-2S 
are  entirely  satisfactory  on  traverses  up  to  and  including  6 inches. 


•220 


Motor  Drive  for 
Spinning  Frames 


A^TITH  the  fast-growing  demand  for  individual  motor  drive 
* ’ for  spinning  frames,  several  satisfactory  methods  have  been 
developed,  among  them  being  the  CHAIN  DRIVE,  where  motor 
is  connected  with  cylinder  shaft  by  means  of  silent-running  cased-in 
chain;  the  GEAR  DRIVE,  where  pinion  on  motor  shaft  meshes 
directly  with  gear  on  cylinder  shaft;  and  the  direct  connection 
where  motor  shaft  is  coupled  by  flexible  coupling  directly  to  cylinder 
shaft.  The  first  two  mentioned  are  more  flexible,  changes  in  speed 
being  effected  by  changing  driving  sprocket  or  gear.  They  are 
also  more  easily  adaptable  to  standard  speed  motors,  proper  cylinder 
speeds  being  obtained  by  ratio  of  gearing. 

The  cut  illustrates  our  standard  motor  stand  with  motor  and 
chain  drive.  This  stand  is  of  rigid  construction  with  adjustable 
foot  for  leveling  up  with  frame  and  is  adapted  to  receive  5 to 
H.P.  motors.  The  application  of  a 5 H.P.  Motor  adds  10  H inches 
to  overall  length  of  frame,  the  7J4  H.P.  Motor  adds  1 2 A inches. 
Switch  is  controlled  by  connection  with  shipper  rod  on  frame. 

\ arious  arrangements  of  overhead  motors  are  also  used,  in- 
cluding single  motors  driving  one  frame,  motors  with  two  pulleys 
driving  two  frames,  or  motors  with  extended  shafts  and jf our  pulleys, 
driving  units  of  four  frames. 


221 


222 


SaCO-L(>WRLL  ^ WOODEN  TlIRRAD  BOARD  WITH  WOODEN  TllREAD  BOARD  WITH 

Metallic  Thread  Board  “ Palmer”  Type  Guide  Wire  Wood  Screw  End  Type  of 

Futardo  Guide  Guide:  Wire 


Saco -Lowell  Decimal  Hank  Clock 

\ BOVE  cut  shows  dial  of  our  latest  decimal  hank  clock.  The 
method  of  application  varies  with  the  different  types  of  frame 
previously  described. 

On  the  Model  17  frame,  it  is  located  inside  the  steel  geared-end 
casing  which  is  cut  out  to  show  dial.  This  is  shown  by  cut  on 
page  206. 

On  the  Model  22  frame,  the  clock  is  located  at  foot  end  when 
rolls  are  all  driven  from  geared  end.  This  application  is  shown 
by  cut  on  page  214. 

When  rolls  are  driven  at  geared  and  foot  ends,  the  clock  is  placed 
inside  the  geared-end  casing,  same  being  cut  out  similar  to  the  No.  17 
Model  to  show  dial. 

This  clock  shows  hanks  and  tenths  of  hanks,  is  of  extremely 
durable  construction,  and  is  so  applied  that  it  cannot  be  tampered 
with,  registering  accurately  the  production  of  the  frame. 


223 


Tape-Driven  Spindles 

Left-Hand  or  Reverse  Twist  Right-Hand  Twisl 

221 


Tape  Drive 

T)ERFECTED  means  for  applying  the  idler  sheave,  using  self- 
-*■  lubricating  bearings  and  well  balanced  sheet-metal  pulleys 
arranged  as  a simple  tape-tightening  device,  have  made  this  drive 
wholly  satisfactory  for  high-speed  spindles,  since  its  advantages 
over  the  band  drive  clearly  justify  the  necessary  extra  parts. 

The  value  of  a nearly  constant  spindle  speed,  readily  obtained 
with  this  drive,  compared  with  the  variable  speeds  of  the  band- 
driven  spindles,  which  result  in  loss  of  yarn  quality  and  production, 
has  made  a rapidly  growing  field  for  the  tape  drive.  Our  experi- 
ence with  this  problem  is  among  the  longest  of  any  builders,  and 
after  observation  of  all  the  available  devices  used  for  applying 
tape  drive,  we  can  thoroughly  recommend  our  type  of  drive. 

The  cut  on  opposite  page  il- 
lustrates method  of  applying  tape 
for  right-  or  left-hand  twist,  also 
shows  our  new  arrangement  for 
applying  tension.  A detailed 
view  of  this  tension  arrangement 
is  shown  by  insert.  With  this 
arrangement  the  weights  are  in- 
tegral with  the  bracket.  It  is 
durable,  effective,  requires  fewer 
parts  than  previous  arrangement, 
and  weights  cannot  fall  on  drum 
if  tape  breaks. 


Saco-Lowell  Spindles 


McMullan  Type 


Heavy  — Tape  Drive  — 1ij"  to  1^"  diam.  whirl. 
Band  Drive — 1"  to  1^"  diam.  whirl. 


Medium  — Tape  or  Band  — 1"  to  1 " diam.  whirl. 


Regular  — Tape  Drive — if"  to  1 1/g"  diam.  whirl. 

Band  Drive — if"  to  1^"  diam.  whirl. 


V.  S.  B .—  V.  C.  B.  and  V-types. 
if"  whirl  is  standard  for  both  tape  and  band  drive. 

Above  are  standard  sizes  of  whirls  used  on  the  various  types  of  spindles. 
See  detailed  drawings  on  page  228. 


226 


Spindles 

OUR  standard  spindle  of  the  McMullan  type  is  shown  by  first 
illustration  on  preceding  page.  Its  special  feature  consists 
of  the  use  of  a loose,  locked  step,  wholly  inside  the  bolster.  The 
bolster  is  also  loose  and  locked  in  the  outer  case.  The  practical 
benefit  derived  from  the  use  of  the  loose  step  is  that  it  adds  to  the 
running  quality  of  the  spindle  sufficiently  to  permit  the  use  of 
a longer  bearing.  This  extra  length  of  spindle  below  the  main  bear- 
ing serves  to  keep  the  spindle  upright,  and  this  desirable  result  is 
accomplished  without  impairing  the  essential  movements  of  the 
bearings  when  running  at  a high  speed. 

For  warj)  yarns  we  recommend  the  Heavy  McMullan  spindle  on 
coarse  numbers,  running  Us  to  10’s  (234-inch  ring  or  larger),  the 
Medium,  or  Regular  McMullan  with  extended  blade,  for  10's  to 
23"s,  and  the  Regular  McMullan  for  finer  numbers. 

For  filling  and  hosiery  yarns  we  recommend  the  Medium 
McMullan  on  numbers  up  to  23’s  and  the  Regular  McMullan  on 
finer  numbers. 

We  also  recommend  the  use  of  whirls  as  large  as  possible,  as 
the  large  whirls  tend  to  give  a more  regular  speed  and  uniform 
twist,  also  reduce  the  repairs  on  spindles  and  cylinders. 


V-Type  Spindles 

The  v -type  Spindle  illustrated  by  fourth  cut  on  opposite  page 
has  been  developed  to  meet  conditions  required  by  some  of  our 
clients. 

It  has  a larger  oil  reservoir  than  our  McMullan  spindle,  oil 
snouts  are  in  front  of  rail  and  of  easy  access.  Bases  are  solid 
and  cannot  leak  oil.  Individual  oil  covers  are  not  used,  the  oil 
snouts  being  protected  from  dust  by  special  shaped  angle  irons 
hinged  to  box  rail.  These  are  in  sections,  usually  two  rolls  long. 
This  type  of  spindle  increases  the  over-all  width  of  frame  about 
334  inches. 

The  spindle  foot  is  shorter  than  in  the  McMullan  type,  and 
spindle  is  considerably  lighter.  It  runs  in  a bolster  hung  from  a 
shoulder  and  is  prevented  from  rotating  by  a spring.  Half-inch 
tape  is  used  for  driving  this  spindle. 

Standard  whirl  is  yf  inch  diameter. 

The  second  cut  (V.  S.  B.  type)  illustrates  a spindle  particularly 
adapted  to  narrow-gauge  frames  ( 234”)  • Foot  and  bolster  are  of 
the  type  used  in  the  V-spindle.  Spindle  blade  is  removed  for  oiling. 

The  third  cut  (V.  C.  B.  type)  has  running  gear  similar  to  V.  S.  B. 
but  has  a screw  base  with  oil  chamber.  Blade  shown  on  this  spin- 
file  is  designated  for  use  with  paper  tubes. 

227 


McMullan  Spindle  V.  S.  B.-type  Spindle  V.  C.  B.-type  Spindle  Y-type  Spindle 


Sewing  Machine  for  Tapes 

SATISFACTORY  splicing  of  tapes  on  tape-driven  frames  cannot 
^ be  done  by  hand  sewing.  The  above  cut  illustrates  a Singer 
Sewing  Machine  mounted  on  portable  stand,  which  is  easily  moved 
from  frame  to  frame  and  provides  a seat  for  operative.  This 
outfit  should  be  included  in  every  initial  order  for  tape-driven 
spinning  or  twisting  frames. 

We  can  also  supply  the  New  National  Sewing  Machine,  if  pre- 
ferred. 


229 


RING  TWISTERS 


232 


.‘5S  Standakd  li i nc;  Twintkh 


Cotton  Doubling  and  Twisting 

THE  PROCESS  OF  TWISTING 

THE  process  of  doubling  and  twisting  yarns  has  long  been  an 
important  branch  of  the  cotton  industry,  although  definite 
records  of  its  development  are  not  readily  obtainable.  The  earliest 
patents  recorded  on  twisters  were  issued  about  1800.  By  the  year 
1836  these  machines  had  developed  to  embody  most  of  the  essential 
features  of  the  modern  frame. 

The  OBJECT  OF  TWISTING  is  to  unite  into  a single  thread, 
two  or  more  strands  of  single  yarn.  The  resultant  thread  has  much 
greater  strength,  elasticity  and  evenness,  and  offers  greater  re- 
sistance to  friction  than  a single  yarn  of  the  same  count,  that  is, 
a single  No.  30  will  not  be  as  strong  as  two  No.  60  twisted  together, 
the  single  yarn  will  be  looser  in  texture,  hence  greater  in  diameter, 
and  will  show  more  loose  ends  than  the  plied  yarn. 

Doubled  yarns  are  designated  by  the  counts  of  the  single  yarn 
and  the  number  of  ends  twisted  together,  for  example,  60/2  rep- 
resents two  ends  of  No.  60  twisted  together,  equaling  in  weight  a 
No.  30  single.  A 60/5  yarn  is  made  up  of  five  ends  of  No.  60, 
theoretically  equivalent  to  No.  12  single.  In  actual  practice  the 
numbering  of  twisted  yarns  is  more  or  less  approximate,  as  variation 
in  twist  will  produce  variation  in  the  counts,  a hard  twisted  yarn 
running  somewhat^coarser  than  figured  counts.  With  a very  slack 
twist  there  is  bound  to  be  a slight  draft  which  will  tend  to  reduce 
the  size  and  the  twisted  product  will  be  somewhat  under  figured 
counts. 

Twist  is  usually  applied  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  spinning 
twist  in  the  single  yarns.  Yarns  twisted  in  a single  operation, 
whether  2 or  more  ply,  are  termed  single  twist  or  single  throw, 
while  those  twisted  in  two  or  more  operations  are  termed  double 
twist,  double  throw  or  cabled  yarns.  For  example,  two  ends  of 
No.  60  may  be  twisted  together  in  one  process,  and  three  of  these 
twisted  yarns  may  be  twisted  together  in  a second  process  making 
a 6-plv  cabled  yarn,  theoretically  equaling  a No.  10  single  in  counts. 
Cabled  yarns  are  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  heavy 
ducks,  tire  fabrics,  twines,  etc.  They  are  also  termed  “ Cord  Yarns” 
in  connection  with  the  sewing  thread  and  tire  trades. 

‘ ' Plied  yarns  are  used  in  a great  variety  of  products  such  as  hosiery, 
lace,  ribbon,  sewing  thread,  yarns  for  crocheting,  embroidery  and 
carpets,  wrapping  twine,  sail  duck  and  tent  cloths,  tire  duck,  velvet 
warps,  voiles,  poplins,  sateen,  mole  skin  and  terry  cloths.  They  are 
also  used  to  form  the  selvedge  of  practically  all  woven  fabrics. 


233 


234 


New  Model  38"  Twister 


Fancy  plied  yarns  are  made  in  a variety  of  effects,  the  most  com- 
mon of  which  are  briefly  described: 

CORKSCREW  YARNS.  Produced  by  twisting  together  one  fine  and 
one  coarse  thread,  varying  results  being  obtained  by  using  different  com- 
binations of  single  yarns. 

SPIRAL  A’ARNS  are  a modification  of  the  corkscrew,  a more  pro- 
nounced effect  being  obtained  by  a faster  delivery  of  the  coarser  yarn. 

BOURETTE  (usually  silk)  consists  of  a foundation  thread  of  plied  yarn 
upon  which  is  wound  at  intervals  bunches  made  by  winding  one  strand  of 
single  yarn  around  the  foundation  yarn.  Bunches  may  be  small  or  large, 
short  or  elongated,  close  together  or  far  apart,  as  desired. 

SU  B YARN  consists  of  a hard  twisted  foundation  yarn  into  which  is 
twisted  roving  which  is  retarded  at  intervals,  producing  thin  portions  into 
which  the  twist  is  inserted. 

SNARL  YARN  consists  of  a foundation  thread  of  regular  twist  and  one 
of  high  twist,  which  snarls  or  kinks  in  an  irregular  manner,  thus  producing 
the  desired  effect. 

FLAKE  YARN  is  formed  in  the  same  way  as  slub  yarn,  except  that  the 
roving  is  entirely  separated  at  intervals  instead  of  being  drawn  out. 

LOOP  YARN  consists  of  a foundation  yarn  into  which  is  twisted  a yarn 
previously  formed  with  loops  inserted  at  intervals. 

CHAIN  YARN  consists  of  one  or  two  fine  ends  into  which  is  twisted  a 
freely  delivered  coarse  yarn.  This  is  often  used  as  a foundation  for  producing 
other  effects. 

GRANDRELLE  is  made  by  twisting  together  two  threads  of  different 
colors,  usually  of  the  same  counts.  This  effect  is  also  produced  on  the 
spinning  frame  by  running  two  colors  of  roving,  the  product  then  being 
termed  MOCK  GRANDRELLE. 

Yarns  may  be  twisted  wet  or  dry,  the  wet  twist  being  employed  for  very 
hard  sewing  thread,  twisted  yarns,  and  for  those  that  are  to  be  put  through 
a gassing  process. 


Doubling  and  Twisting  Frames 

THERE  are  in  use  three  distinct  types  of  twisting  frames:  the  Twiner, 
built  on  the  principle  of  the  mule  spinning  frame;  the  Flyer  Twister, 
and  the  Ring  Twister.  We  do  not  build  Twiners,  there  being  a very  slight 
demand  for  this  type.  The  Flyer  Twister  is  used  for  high  plied  yarn  up 
to  80  ends,  its  product  being  used  for  wrapping  twine,  mop  yarns,  etc. 
We  have  made  a special  study  of  the  RING  TWISTER,  our  experience 

23.5 


236 


extending  over  a period  of  more  than  fifty  years,  during  which  time  we  have 
developed  many  new  features  and  improvements  on  existing  devices. 

The  TWISTER  has  two  functions,  first  to  twist  together  two  or  more 
threads,  and  second  to  wind  the  twisted  product  on  spools  or  bobbins.  The 
twist  is  applied  by  the  combined  action  of  the  revolving  spindle,  the  feed 
rolls  and  the  traveler.  The  winding  device  is  similar  to  that  used  on  spinning 
frames,  ring  rails  being  operated  by  a builder  motion  designed  to  form 
packages  of  the  size  and  shape  required  by  the  following  process. 

Method  of  CREELING  the  supply  yarn  varies  with  the  counts  of  the 
yarn  and  the  number  of  ends  to  be  doubled.  The  use  of  spinning  bobbins 
in  the  creel  has  been  largely  discontinued,  the  advantage  gained  by  spooling 
or  re-winding  justifying  the  additional  operation. 

Ordinary  warp  yarns  are  usually  wound  on  the  upright  spooler  and  ends 
doubled  on  the  twister.  Coarse,  high-plied  yarns  of  single  throw  may  be 
wound  on  beams,  the  twister  being  fitted  with  special  supports  for  receiving 
the  beams.  Creel  space  can  be  saved  and  excellent  results  obtained  by 
doubling  the  required  number  of  ends  on  a single  spool  through  the  use  of 
winding  machines  and  creeling  one  spool  to  a spindle  on  the  twister.  This 
method  insures  an  even  tension  on  the  yarn,  minimum  breakage  and  low 
doffing  loss,  consequently  higher  production. 

The  AMOUNT  OF  TWIST  in  doubled  yarns  varies  widely,  and  is  deter- 
mined by  the  ultimate  use  of  the  product.  The  strength  of  the  yarn  increases 
with  the  twist  until  an  extreme  maximum  is  reached,  after  which  the  breaking 
strength  rapidly  decreases.  At  the  same  time  the  cost  of  production  in- 
creases, the  production  of  the  frame  decreasing  as  the  twist  is  increased,  so 
that  it  is  essential  to  keep  twist  factors  as  low  as  possible,  while  keeping  up 
to  the  specifications  of  the  yarn. 


Saco-Lowell  Twisters 

FRAMES  are  designed  for  handling  dry  or  wet  twist  from  two  to  sixteen 
ply,  with  rings  ranging  from  1 Yi  to  6 34"  in  diameter.  These  machines 
are  unequaled  in  weight  and  ruggedness  of  construction,  and  are  designed  to 
deliver  maximum  production  with  minimum  outlay  of  power.  Spindles  are 
designed  to  run  at  high  speed  -without  vibration,  and  all  moving  parts  are  so 
accurately  balanced  and  carefully  adjusted  that  an  exceptionally  smooth- 
running frame  has  resulted.  This  applies  equally  to  the  LIGHT  TWISTER 
for  handling  fine  counts  and  the  HEAVY  TYPES  for  handling  high-plied 
cabled  yarns.  We  have  developed  three  distinct  types  of  frames  in  order  to 
meet  all  requirements. 

The  38"  Standard  is  built  along  general  lines  of  our  spinning  frame  in  the 
38"  width  only.  Rings  are  from  l1 2"  to  3"  in  diameter,  gauge  from  £Y" 
to  4".  Spindles  can  be  arranged  for  band  or  tape  drive.  Frames  for  dry  or 
wet  twist.  Built  in  two  models,  one  with  swinging  steel  doors  (see  Model  17 


WIST  I It 


Spinning  Frame),  the  other  with  cast-iron  Gear  End  with  sliding  panels 
(similar  to  Model  22  Spinning  Frame).  Pulleys  can  be  arranged  at  either 
Geared  End  or  Foot  End. 

The  Model  “A”  Twister  is  built  in  two  widths,  39"  and  42".  The  39" 
frame  is  about  the  same  weight  and  has  practically  the  same  capacity  as  the 
38"  Standard;  the  42"  frame  is  capable  of  taking  rings  up  to  5"  diameter, 
gauge  running  from  3"  to  6". 

The  Model  “C”  Twister  is  built  for  very  heavy  duty  and  is  recommended 
for  7"  gauge  or  over.  It  is  furnished  with  pin  creel  or  with  stands  for  beams. 
Rings  are  from  5"  to  6J4"  diameter.  The  full  possibilities  of  this  frame 
have  never  been  put  into  actual  use  owing  to  the  comparatively  limited 
demand  for  high-plied  yarns. 

Our  ring  frames  are  extensively  used  for  twisting  fine  counts  of  worsted 
yarns,  for  silk  yarns  and  for  asbestos. 


Saco-Lowell  Twisters 

Detailed  description,  comparing  features  which  vary  on  the  different  models. 
A further  description  of  many  features  is  covered  under  “Notes  on  Specifica- 
tions,” in  technical  section. 


RANGE  OF  PRODUCT.  The  functions  of  the  different  sizes  overlap 
to  some  extent,  that  is,  a considerable  range  can  be  handled  equally  well  on 
either  the  S -38  or  A-39  frames,  the  same  being  true  of  the  lower  ranges  for 
the  C-42  which  may  be  readily  handled  on  the  A-42.  The  selection  of 
the  proper  frame  in  such  cases  would  be  determined  by  such  factors  as  the 
available  floor  space,  size  of  ring  wanted,  arrangement  of  rolls,  etc.  As  an 
approximate  guide,  based  on  counts  of  twisted  product,  the  following  data 
may  be  of  use: 


Model  S-38. 
Model  A-39. 
Model  A-42. 
Model  C-42. 


Combinations  not  over  6 ply  with  maximum  counts  of 
twisted  yarn  not  to  exceed  No.  2. 

Combinations  not  over  8 ply  with  maximum  counts  of 
twisted  yarn  not  to  exceed  No.  1. 

Combinations  not  over  10  ply  with  maximum  counts  of 
twisted  yarn  not  to  exceed.  50. 

Combinations  not  over  16  ply  with  maximum  counts  of 
twisted  yarn  not  to  exceed -30. 


GAUGE  AND  RINGS 


Model  S-38 
“ A-39 

“ A-42 

“ C-42 


2 Yff  to  4"  gauge,  using  1 Yff 

3"  “ 6"  “ “ 2" 

5"  and  6"  “ “ 4" 

6"  to  8"  “ “ 5" 


to  3"  rings. 
“ 5"  “ 


5"  “ 

6M"“ 


SPINDLES  (see  description  of  spindles  on  page  2^9).  Model  S-38  frames 
are  usually  fitted  with  the  No.  1 spindle  with  a maximum  traverse  of  7"  on 

239 


240 


single-end  bobbins,  if  double-end  spools  are  used  the  maximum  traverse 
obtainable  is  6".  The  Models  A-39  and  A-42  v ill  take  the  No.  2 or  No.  3 
spindle,  depending  upon  size  of  ring,  traverse  aYi  to  8".  The  Model  C-42 
will  take  No.  4 spindle  with  traverse  up  to  9". 

We  strongly  recommend  the  use  of  tape  drive  on  all  twisters,  but  are  pre- 
pared to  furnish  band-driven  frames  if  required  to  match  up  existing  frames. 

Knee  brakes  of  improved  type  as  described  on  page  249  are  furnished. 

CREELS.  Description  of  creeling  is  common  to  any  of  the  various  models. 
Creels  are  furnished  in  a variety  of  patterns  to  meet  requirements.  The 
standard  pin  creel  is  all  metal,  consisting  of  steel  uprights  and  steel  bars 
supported  by  heavy  cast-iron  stands  bolted  to  frame.  A cast-iron  top  or  cap 
is  used.  Steel  pins  with  inverted  cup  washers  are  used,  the  washers  pre- 
venting the  spool  heads  from  coming  in  contact  with  the  slats.  Standard 
equipment  includes  a creel  of  this  type  four  slats  high.  We  can  furnish  sub- 
stantial supports  for  beams  or  an  upright  creel  of  the  type  used  on  spinning 
frames  where  the  spools  are  held  on  vertical  skewers.  The  latter  type  is 
commonly  used  in  twisting  worsted  yarns. 

YARN  GUIDES.  From  the  creel  yarn  passes  through  or  around  guides 
to  the  rolls.  We  have  furnished  a great  variety  of  special  arrangements, 
with  and  without  traverse  motion,  to  meet  varying  requirements.  The  most 
usual  arrangement  consists  of  a porcelain  knob  guide  around  which  the  yarn 
passes.  We  also  supply  case-hardened  wire  pig-tail  guides  for  dry  twist  or 
enameled  wire  guides  for  wet  twist.  Traverse  motion  for  guide  rod  is  rarely 
used  in  dry  twisting,  but  is  frequently  applied  to  wet  twisters. 

ROLLS.  The  arrangement  of  rolls  is  determined  by  the  class  of  work  to 
be  run.  For  light  and  medium  counts  a single  pair  of  rolls  is  usually  suffi- 
cient. For  heavier  work  we  supply  two  lines  of  bottom  and  one  line  of  top 
rolls  or  two  lines  of  both  bottom  and  top.  Gearing  can  be  arranged  so  that 
rolls  will  run  either  toward  the  front  or  back  as  called  for  by  the  method  of 
threading  yarn.  Further  details  of  the  different  methods  of  threading  rolls 
are  covered  in  connection  with  notes  on  specifications,  page  562.  For  dry 
twist  we  use  steel  bottom  rolls  and  cast-iron  top  rolls.  Bottom  rolls  are 
grooved  at  roll  stands  to  prevent  oil  running  onto  bosses.  Top  rolls,  when 
using  a single  line  only  with  yarn  delivering  over  top  roll,  are  deeply  grooved 
to  prevent  yarn  twisting  off  roll  when  frame  is  stopped.  Bottom  rolls  will 
be  furnished  fluted  if  required  on  stock  that  is  difficult  to  hold.  All  bottom 
rolls  are  made  continuous  by  use  of  screw  joints. 

For  wet  twisting  the  bottom  rolls  are  of  steel,  brass  covered  and  not 
grooved.  The  top  rolls  are  cast  iron,  brass  covered,  with  ends  painted. 

All  rolls  are  manufactured  under  the  most  approved  modern  methods  and 
are  carefully  tested  before  leaving  shops. 

ROLL  STANDS  are  designed  to  suit  the  requirements  of  rolls  used.  They 
are  of  heavy  construction  with  milled  bearings,  each  of  which  is  recessed  to 
hold  the  grease  necessary  for  proper  lubrication  of  the  rolls.  With  the 


241 


Saco-Lowell  Thread  Boards 

242 


single  line  of  top  rolls  and  two  lines  of  bottom  rolls,  the  roll  stands  are  fitted 
with  projecting  lug  at  the  top  to  prevent  longitudinal  motion  of  the  top  rolls. 

CAP  BARS  are  provided  on  frames  fitted  with  double  line  of  top  and 
bottom  rolls  or  with  a single  pair  of  rolls.  With  the  double  line  of  bottom 
rolls  and  single  line  of  top  rolls  the  top  roll  rests  in  cradle  formed  by  the 
front  and  back  bottom  rolls,  and  a special  setting-off  stand  is  provided  for 
holding  top  roll  when  it  is  lifted  out  of  position.  Cap  bar  for  a single  line  of 
top  rolls  is  provided  with  a single  set-off  notch,  those  for  double  line  of  top 
rolls  have  two  set-off  notches. 

On  heavy  Model  A and  C frames  with  extra  heavy  single  line  of  top  rolls’ 
a hinged  cradle  is  often  used  to  carry  the  top  roll.  With  this  arrangement 
the  top  roll  is  easily  lifted  out  for  threading  rolls,  and  there  is  no  possibility 
of  its  slipping  from  hand  of  operative  and  damaging  other  parts  of  the 
frame, 

THREAD  BOARDS.  We  can  supply  a variety  of  Thread  Boards  to  meet 
requirements.  Our  new  Saco-Lowell  Metallic  Thread  Board  is  illustrated 
on  page  242.  The  oval  pointed  board  is  used  for  the  narrower  gauges  on  the 
Standard  38"  frame.  The  rectangular  board  is  used  for  wider  gauges.  These 
lappets  are  extremely  rugged,  made  of  steel,  “Parkerized,”  giving  a dull, 
rust-proof  finish.  Arrangement  for  adjusting  wire  guides  is  simple  and 
effective.  Snarl  catchers,  independent  of  the  thread  guides,  can  be  applied 
to  Thread  Boards  with  porcelain  guides.  The  third  cut  shows  a special 
porcelain  guide  designed  for  this  lappet,  for  use  on  wet  twist  or  worsted. 
Can  also  furnish  wood  thread  boards  with  wire  guides  or  with  porcelain  pot- 
eye,  the  latter  being  commonly  used  on  worsted  yarns. 

RING  RAILS  are  of  channel  section,  finished  all  over.  They  are  made 
in  short  lengths,  supported  at  the  ends  by  a special  clamp  or  tip  on  lifter 
rod.  We  have  recently  designed  a new  tip  for  lifter  rod  which  holds  the 
rails  firmly,  preventing  any  lateral  or  longitudinal  motion.  Ring  rails  are 
painted  on  wet  twist  frames. 

SEPAR  ATORS  are  rarely  used  on  cotton,  but  can  be  supplied  if  required. 
When  twisting  worsted  or  asbestos  they  are  frequently  used,  we  ordinarily 
supplying  a plain  tin  separator  blade,  screwed  directly  onto  ring  rail.  We 
can  apply  to  the  S-38  frame  any  of  the  various  types  of  separators  used  on 
spinning  frames. 

CYLINDERS.  On  the  38"  frames  we  can  supply  7",  8"  or  10"  drums 
for  band  or  tape  drive.  A single  drum  is  used,  located  in  the  center  of  the 
frame.  Details  of  tension  arrangement  for  tape  drive  are  covered  on  pages 
225  and  255. 

On  the  type  A and  type  C frames  the  drum  is  offset  from  center,  either  to 
the  right  or  left.  Frames  are  designated  as  right  or  left  hand  as  determined 
by  the  location  of  the  cylinder  or  the  right  or  left  of  center  when  facing  the 
driving  end.  Cylinders  for  these  types  are  furnished  8"  or  10"  in  diameter. 


243 


244 


All  cylinders  are  made  up  from  double  layers  of  heavy  tin  fastened  to  ac- 
curately finished  and  balanced  cast-iron  heads.  Cylinders  are  tested  before 
leaving  Shops  at  a speed  far  in  excess  of  actual  requirements. 

DRIVING  PULLEYS  from  12"  to  18"  in  diameter  are  supplied  on  the 
38"  frame,  standard  widths  of  face  being  33ds",  or  4J^".  On  the  types 
A and  C pulleys  range  from  12"  to  20"  in  diameter,  with  widths  of  face  3 J4", 
4}/j"  or  6V4". 

BUILDER  MOTION.  The  38"  Standard  frame  has  a combination 
builder  for  warp  or  filling  bobbins  and  may  have  a bottom-forming  attach- 
ment. The  Model  A and  C frames  have  a builder  respectively  for  warp, 
filling,  taper  top  or  straight  wind.  The  nature  of  the  work  done  on  these 
frames  is  such  that  the  straight  wind  on  double-end  spools  is  most  commonly 
used. 

The  38"  Standard  frames  are  fitted  with  the  cross  shaft  lifting  arrange- 
ment, as  used  on  spinning  frames,  the  rails  being  operated  through  the  use 
of  levers  on  the  cross  shafts. 

The  lifting  arrangement  on  the  Models  A and  C consists  of  longitudinal 
shafts  with  chain  pulleys  and  chains  connected  with  dogs  on  lifter  rods. 

WET  TWISTERS.  The  various  details  applying  to  frames  for  handling 
wet  twist  are  covered  on  page  251. 

MOTOR  DRIVE.  The  application  of  individual  motor  drive  to  twisters 
has  entailed  the  designing  of  a great  variety  of  supports  to  conform  to  the 
dimensions  of  various  makes  of  motors.  This  question  is  further  discussed 
under  the  subject  of  Motor  Drive,  see  page  253. 

HANK  CLOCKS.  Decimal  Hank  Clocks  will  be  applied  if  required.  We 
also  supply  a combination  hank  clock  and  yardage  knock-off  stop  motion 
which  is  widely  used  on  products  like  tire  yarns,  where  it  is  of  vital  import- 
ance that  every  twister  bobbin  should  contain  the  same  length  of  yarn  in 
order  to  avoid  tailing  waste  and  knots.  This  clock  is  further  described  and 
illustrated  on  pages  256  and  257.  It  is  attached  to  our  Models  A and  C 
frames  only. 

STOP  MOTION.  We  supply  a trap  stop  motion  for  2 ply  only.  This 
device  is  further  described  on  page  259. 

FINISH.  Special  care  has  been  used  in  producing  a frame  of  exceptionally 
fine  appearance,  the  most  careful  attention  being  given  the  smallest’  details. 
A high-grade  enameled  paint  is  used  and  all  polished  parts  are  smoothly 
finished  and  free  from  imperfections. 


245 


Twister  Rings 

No.  1 Solid  Vertical  Ring' 

No.  2 Solid  Flanged  Ring 

No.  .‘5  Double  Adjustable  Flanged  Ring  in  cast-iron  holder 
No.  4 Vertical  Ring  in  plate  holder 
No.  5 Double  Adjustable  Flanged  Ring  in  plate  holder 
No.  (i  Band  Ring  in  brass  plate  holder 

24G 


Twister  Rings 

A 1 7E  supply  rings  manufactured  by  our  factory  at  Pawtucket, 
^ ’ R.  I.,  fully  guaranteed  in  every J respect.  Cuts  on  opposite 
page  illustrate  the  standard  types.  The  Solid  Vertical  Ring  is 
largely  used  on  the  larger  sizes  of  rings,  both  wet  and  dry  twist. 
Occasionally  the  Solid  Flange  Ring  is  preferred  for  dry  twisting  on 
these  large  sizes  in  order  to  avoid  the  lubrication  necessary  with  the 
vertical  ring. 

The  Solid  Flanged  Ring  is  commonly  used  on  the  medium-sized 
rings  for  dry  twist. 

The  Band  Ring  in  brass  plate  holder  is  popular  for  the  smaller 
sizes  of  rings  on  wet  twisting. 

The  Narrow  Vertical  Ring  in  plate  holder  is  also  used  in  smaller 
sizes  for  wet  twisting. 

The  Double  Adjustable  Flanged  Ring  is  used  largely  for  the 
smaller  sizes  on  dry  twist.  It  may  be  held  in  a cast-iron  or  a steel 
plate  holder. 

The  Single  Adjustable  Flanged  Ring  is  sometimes  used  in  its 
various  types  under  the  same  conditions  as  the  double  adjustable 
rings. 

The  Carter  Ring  Oiling  Device  consists  of  an  oiling  wick  for 
lubricating  vertical  ring  travelers. 


247 


FOR  6'rRAVERSE 


24S 


NO.  1 SACO-LOWELL 


Spindles  and  Brakes 


SACO- -LOWELL  TWISTER  SPINDLES  are  furnished  in  five 
standard  sizes,  all  for  tape  drive.  The  lighter  models  are  also 
adapted  to  band  drive.  These  spindles  are  of  the  suspended  bolster 
type,  the  spindle  bearing  being  integral  with  the  bolster  and  the 
bolster  supported  by  a shoulder  at  its  top,  resting  on  the  outer  case. 
The  No.  1 Twister  Spindle  has  recently  been  brought  out.  we 
previously  having  supplied  the  No.  1 McMullan  Spindle  for  light 
work.  In  the  McMullan  type  the  bolster  rests  on  bottom  instead 
of  being  supported  at  the  top.  This'  type  is  fully  described  in  the 
spinning  section. 

Spindles  have  recently  been  somewhat  redesigned  to  accom- 
modate our  latest  type  of  knee  brake,  described  below.  Our 
standard  equipment  includes: 


Saco-Lowell 

Size  of  Whirl 

Width  of  Tape 

No.  00  . . 

. . Standard  1 

^8" 

No.  0 . . . . 

. Standard  \}/% 

M" 

No.  1 . 

. . Standard 

Vs" 

Special  sizes  1 }/$" 

to  1 Vs" 

No.  iy2  . . 

. Standard  1 'Y% 
Special  size  1 1 2" 

134" 

No.  2 . . . 

. . Standard  2" 

iM" 

Special  sizes  1*4" 

to  2} -2" 

No.  3 . . . 

. . Standard  VV 

iH" 

No.  4 . . . 

. . Standard  3" 

Special  size  Sy 

1%" 

These  spindles  are  provided  with  a generous  oil 
space  and  have  a specially  designed  doffer  guard  and 
oil  well,  much  more  durable  than  previous  pattern. 

Cut  illustrates  the  Saco-Lowell  Spindle  with  new 
type  Knee  Brake.  This  brake  is  a departure  from  pre- 
vious models,  as  it  applies  pressure  vertically  to  the 
bottom  flange  of  the  whirl.  The  operating  lever  is 
hinged  on  the  spindle  base,  its  short  arm  working 
against  a pair  of  washers,  one  of  steel  and  one  of 
leather,  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  flange  on  the 
spindle  whirl.  As  the  knee  brake  is  pushed  in  the 
leather  washer  is  pressed  against  the  bottom  flange 
of  the  spindle  whirl,  stopping  its  rotation.  The  upper 
flange  is  held  by  a substantial  doffer  guard. 

249 


250 


Wet  Twisting 

TJ I E process  of  Wet  Twisting  consists  of  applying  moisture  to  the  yarn 
with  the  object  of  making  loose  ends  of  fibres  adhere  to  the  main  thread 
so  that  they  will  be  twisted  into  the  finished  yarn.  This  results  not  only  in  a 
smoother  and  better  appearing  product,  but  also  adds  to  the  strength,  owing 
to  the  extra  fibres  twisted.  This  process  is  used  on  all  hard-twisted  yarns 
used  for  sewing  thread,  lace-making  and  similar  products.  The  liquid  used 
may  be  pure  water,  a soap  solution  or  some  special  conditioning  solution, 
dependent  on  conditions. 

SACO— LOWELL  WET  TWISTERS  are  fitted  with  sheet  brass  water 
pans  located  directly  back  of  the  feed  rolls.  These  are  made  in  sections  and 
coupled  together  with  outside  flange  couplings  and  sheet  rubber  packing, 
making  in  effect  a continuous  trough  extending  the  entire  length  of  frame. 
A drain  cock  is  provided  at  the  pulley  end  of  the  frame. 

IMMERSION  RODS  AND  ROLLS.  We  have  two  standard  arrange- 
ments of  Immersion  Rolls.  One  of  these  consists  of  a brass  revolving  Im- 
mersion Roll  1"  in  diameter  in  front  of  which  is  located  a Wiper  Rod  l/i"  >n 
diameter,  both  of  which  are  carried  in  brass  goosenecks  which  are  supported 
by  rod  at  back  of  water  pan  in  such  a manner  that  they  can  easily  be  swung 
back,  leaving  the  pan  entirely  clear  for  cleaning.  The  other  arrangement 
consists  of  a glass  Immersion  Rod  with  either  a glass  or  brass  Wiper  Rod,  — 
this  glass  rod  does  not  revolve. 

TRAVERSING  GUIDES.  As  the  rolls  on  a Wet  Twister  are  brass- 
covered,  it  is  important  to  provide  a traverse  motion  to  insure  even  wear  of 
the  roll  surfaces.  With  the  revolving  brass  roll  we  apply  traversing  rod  with 
non-corrosive  guides  back  of  the  water  pan.  With  the  glass  rods  the  traverse 
rod  may  be  located  either  in  front  of  or  back  of  the  pan,  — the  latter  location 
is  more  satisfactory,  as  it  gives  sufficient  traverse  to  the  yarn  and  is  not  in 
the  way  when  cleaning  out  pan. 

ROLLS.  Any  of  the  combinations  of  rolls  and  methods  of  threading  can 
be  supplied.  The  38"  Standard  frame  is  regularly  finished  with  a single  line 
of  bottom  and  top  rolls,  although  double  lines  of  rolls  can  be  applied  if 
required.  Bottom  rolls  are  of  steel  covered  with  brass  and  accurately 
ground  to  size.  Top  rolls  are  of  cast  iron,  brass  covered,  with  ends  painted 
to  prevent  rust. 

THREAD  BOARDS  may  be  of  wood  or  metal,  but  are  always  equipped 
with  a porcelain  eye.  We  recommend  our  new  Saco-Lowell  Metallic  Thread 
Boards  with  special  procelain  guide,  as  illustrated  on  page  242.  This  Thread 
Board  is  of  steel,  “ Parkerized,”  and  is  rust-proof. 

RING  RAILS.  Our  standard  rails  are  of  cast  iron,  exactly  similar  to 
those  used  on  the  Dry  Twisters,  but  painted  all  over  to  prevent  rust.  We 
have  occasionally  furnished  solid  brass  ring  rails  to  meet  special  require- 
ments. 

RINGS.  The  Vertical  Ring  is  most  commonly  used  on  Wet  Twisters, 
and  can  be  supplied  either  in  the  solid  type  or  the  band  type  {see  cuts  on  page 
3^6).  Flanged  Rings  are  used  for  some  classes  of  work,  and  with  these  we 
furnish  either  cast-iron  holders  painted  or  brass  plate  holders.  The  Band 
Rings  are  always  supplied  in  brass  plate  holders. 

251 


Motor  Drive  for  Twisters 

The  increasing  popularity  of  individual  motor  drive  for 
twisters  has  led  to  our  adapting  all  types  of  frames  to  any 
of  the  various  methods  of  motor  drive  in  common  use.  Motors  are 
utilized  in  the  following  methods  of  driving. 

FOR  CEILING  MOUNTS: 

A — Large  unit  or  group  drive,  wherein  twisters  are  fitted  up  as  for 
ordinary  belt  drive. 

B — Four-frame  group  drive,  wherein  motor  is  fitted  with  extended 
shaft  carrying  four  driving  pulleys,  connected  by  belts  to 
frames. 

C — Individual  frame  drive  from  motor  on  ceiling  or  on  floor. 

FOR  FRAME  MOUNTS,  with  motors  mounted  on  heavy  brackets  made 
integral  with  frames. 

I)  — Motor  rotor  shaft  direct  connected  to  drum  shaft. 

E — Motor  and  drum  shaft  equipped  with  sprockets  for  silent  chain 
drive. 

F — Motors  and  drum  shafts  equipped  with  specially  constructed  spur 
gears. 

G — Motor  mounted  on  upright  brackets  attached  to  frame  ends  and 
connected  with  driving  pulley  on  frame  by  means  of  belting. 

The  silent  chain  drive  has  proven  most  popular,  particularly  on  the  heavy 
models,  the  gear  drive  being  less  reliable  and  used  only  on  the  lighter  frames. 
On  the  38"  Standard  frame  with  drum  located  in  the  center,  the  motor  must 
be  placed  to  the  left  of  the  center,  the  cylinder  rotating  in  a clockwise  di- 
rection when  facing  driving  end.  For  this  frame  we  supply  a motor  shelf 
bolted  to  frame  end  with  one  adjustable  foot  at  outer  side.  An  outside 
bearing  for  drum  shaft  rests  on  shelf  outside  of  chain  case.  See  page  221 . 

For  Models  A and  C frames  we  supply  motor  shelves  bolted  to  frame  with 
two  adjustable  outside  feet  {see  cut  on  opposite  page).  This  shelf  will  ac- 
commodate motor  for  either  right-  or  left-hand  drive,  the  motor  being 
located  at  the  left  of  center  on  a right-hand  frame  and  at  the  right  of  center 
on  a left-hand  frame.  The  stand  is  provided  with  an  adjustable  sliding  base 
on  which  motor  rests. 

Suitable  brackets  are  supplied  for  mounting  any  of  the  standard  makes  of 
switches.  Shipper  rod  on  frame  is  connected  with  switch  box  handle  by 
suitable  levers.  On  the  38"  Standard  frame  the  switch  is  located  at  the  right 
while  on  Models  A and  C it  is  always  located  at  the  left,  regardless  of  whether 
frame  is  right-  or  left-hand  drive. 

We  do  not  supply  motors  or  chain  equipment,  but  will  cooperate  fully 
with  the  manufacturers  of  these  parts,  furnishing  them  with  any  data  re- 
quired and  obtaining  from  them  detailed  information  as  to  dimensions  of 
their  equipment  so  that  proper  fitting  of  the  parts  will  be  assured. 

The  difference  in  lengths  of  frames  due  to  the  application  of  motor  drive 
varies  to  such  an  extent  with  different  makes  of  motors  that  it  is  difficult 
to  give  accurate  figures.  Approximate  figures  for  the  38"  Std.  would  be  as 
shown  in  tables  of  length  of  spinning  frames. 


Sliding  Tension  for  Heavy  Tape  Drive  Ring  Twister 


254 


Tape  Drive 

'T'HE  advantages  of  tape  over  band  drive  for  twisting  are  gen- 
A erally  recognized.  On  the  Standard  38"  twister  and  all 
twisters  of  3"  gauge,  we  employ  the  same  type  of  tension  used  on 
our  spinning  frame.  These  tension  pulleys  may  easily  be  adjusted 
for  either  right-  or  left-hand  twist. 

On  the  39"  and  42"  frames  of  over  3"  gauge,  we  use  a heavy  slid- 
ing tension,  clamped  to  a pair  of  steel  tubes  which  run  lengthwise 
of  the  frame  and  are  in  turn  securely  fastened  to  brackets  carried 
by  the  supports. 

The  tension  carriage  is  universally  mounted,  making  it  easily 
adjustable  for  either  right-  or  left-hand  twist.  Suitable  weights 
are  provided  which  hold  the  tape  at  the  proper  tension  to  insure 
against  slippage. 

Tension  Pulleys  for  No.  1 Saco-Lowell  spindle,  using  up  to 
tape,  are  of  stamped  sheet  metal. 

Tension  Pulleys  for  Nos.  l1^  2,  3,  and  4 Saco-Lowell  spindles, 
using  1 1i”  and  1%"  tape,  are  of  cast  iron. 

All  Tension  Pulleys  are  well  made  and  carefully  balanced. 

Hand  of  Frames 

TN  the  application  of  tape  drive  to  Type  “A”  and  “C”  frames 
it  is  necessary  to  locate  the  drum  off  center.  This  results  in 
making  frame  Right  or  Left  Hand,  a condition  not  met  with  in 
band-driven  frames,  where  drum  is  in  the  center. 

When  facing  driving  pulleys  if  drum  is  offset  to  the  right  it  is 
termed  a right-hand  frame,  if  to  the  left,  a left-hand  frame.  Dia- 
gram illustrating  this  arrangement  is  shown  on  page  567. 


255 


2">(i 


(’om ki nation  Hank  Clock  and  Yahdage  Knock-Off  Motion 


Combination  Hank  Clock  and  Yardage 
Knock-off  Motion 

have  recently  adopted  for  use  with  our  Model  "A”  and 
“C”  Twisters,  a combination  of  a standard  100-vard  Hank 
Clock  with  a measuring  knock-off  motion  which  can  be  arranged  to 
stop  the  frame  at  the  end  of  a given  number  of  yards  delivered 
by  the  front  roll.  The  range  covered  by  the  knock-off  motion  is 
from  300  to  10,400  yards.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  covering  the 
extreme  range  with  one  set  of  gearing,  we  have  divided  it  into  five 
ranges  as  outlined  in  the  following  table: 


Range  “A” 

From  300  to 

650  yards  by 

6 1 4 yards  division 

“ “ B" 

600  “ 

1300  “ 

121 2 “ 

“ “C” 

“ 1200  “ 

2600  “ 

25 

“ “D” 

“ 5200  “ 

5200  “ 

50 

“E” 

“ 4800  “ 

10,400  “ 

100 

Hank  Clocks 

D OLLS  on  all  frames  are  so  made  that  hank  clocks  can  be 
readily  applied.  We  supply  decimal  clocks  of  Saco-Loweli 
type  as  described  on  page  223. 


257 


258 


Section  ok  Thai*  1’oktion  ok  Kino  Twistkh 


Trap  Twister 


HE  use  of  a trap  motion  is  advisable  under  certain  conditions. 


In  twisting  high-grade  yarn,  breakages  with  the  resultant 
wrapping  of  waste  upon  the  top  rolls  cause  considerable  loss  of 
valuable  material.  In  twisting  very  poor  stock,  breakages  due  to 
weak  yarn  are  apt  to  be  so  frequent  that  inconvenience  results  from 
the  large  amount  of  waste  wrapped  upon  the  top  rolls. 

Our  trap  motion  lifts  the  top  roll  from  the  bottom  roll  upon 
breakage  or  undue  slackening  of  the  twisted  yarn  and  holds  the  end 
securely  until  the  operative  can  piece  it  up,  thus  preventing  lapping 
of  the  broken  end  about  the  top  roll. 

A releasing  bar  extends  the  length  of  the  frame  in  the  rear  of  the 
traps  and  may  be  operated  at  either  end  by  a handle  to  hold  the 
traps  up  when  the  frame  is  started. 

This  stop  motion  is  applied  for  2-ply  work  only,  and  in  specifying 
its  use  consideration  must  be  given  to  the  type  of  yarn  handled. 
The  motion  consists  of  a single  wire,  through  a loop  on  which  both 
ends  are  passed.  As  twist  is  usually  put  in  opposite  to  the  twist  in 
the  single  yarn,  it  is  obvious  that  if  one  end  breaks,  the  other  end, 
running  alone,  will  untwist  and  separate,  permitting  the  wire  to  drop 
and  forcing  a leather  wedge  between  the  rolls,  lifting  the  top  roll 
and  stopping  delivery  of  yarn.  It  is  not  effective  if  twist  is  being 
applied  in  the  same  direction  as  the  spinning  twist,  nor  is  it  effective 
if  running  one  end  of  silk  yarn,  as  this  will  not  break  but  will  con- 
tinue to  support  the  trap  and  twist  single  until  noticed  by  operative. 
We  are  for  special  work  of  this  kind,  applying  a double  motion  with 
two  wires,  either  of  which  if  dropped  will  stop  the  rolls. 

Where  the  single  end  is  not  sufficiently  strong  to  keep  up  without 
excessive  breakage,  and  in  practically  all  cases  where  the  strength 
of  the  single  yarn  will  not  permit  of  a large  creel  supply,  we  recom- 
mend that  the  required  number  of  ends  be  doubled  before  twisting, 
in  which  case  the  use  of  a trap  motion  is  neither  necessary  or 
advisable. 


259 


Field  Patent  Electric  Yarn  Inspector 
for  Twisters 

'I^T’E  have  made  arrangements  with  Mr.  M.  F.  Field  to  supply 
T his  patented  Automatic  Electric  Yarn  Inspector  for 
Twisters.  The  use  of  this  device  insures  perfect  yarns  and  can  be 
applied  to  frames  twisting  from  2 to  50  ply,  either  from  beams  or 
spools.  There  can  be  no  drop  ply  or  imperfect  yarns,  and  the 
operator  is  relieved  from  the  constant  watching  necessary  when 
operating  without  the  device.  Careful  tests  in  mills  using  the  Yarn 
Inspector  have  shown  a saving  in  waste  of  75%. 

Each  thread  passes  through  a separate  guide  and  supports  a drop 
which  is  wired  into  the  electric  lighting  circuit.  When  a thread 
breaks  the  drop  falls  and  makes  contact  which  completes  the 
circuit  and  operates  an  electric  horn,  also  lights  an  electric  lamp  on 
the  side  and  section  of  frame  where  thread  is  broken.  The  horn 
will  continue  to  blow  and  the  light  to  burn  until  the  end  is  pieced  up 
and  the  drop  lifted. 

Operators  can  tend  more  spindles  and  turn  out  more  perfect 
yarns.  They  are  called  to  the  frame  by  the  horn,  are  shown  approxi- 
mate location  of  the  break  by  the  light,  and  the  drop,  falling  out- 
ward, shows  where  the  break  has  occurred.  Many  times,  ends  can 
be  caught  in  time  to  piece  up  without  losing  the  partly  filled  spool. 


Novelty  Yarns 

f\UR  Standard  Twisters  can  be  arranged  for  producing  certain 
varieties  of  novelty  yarns  such  as  ratine,  knob  yarn,  etc.,  with 
a variety  of  effects.  The  details  of  the  necessary  attachments  vary 
with  the  different  types  of  twisters  to  such  an  extent  that  it  is  hardly 
practical  to  cover  detailed  description  in  a catalog  of  this  nature. 
Full  particulars  covering  individual  applications  will  be  furnished 
on  request. 


SPOOLERS 


Spooler 


262 


Saco-Lowell  Spooler 


HIS  design  combines  a suitable  structure  to  enable  a satisfactory 


spool  to  be  built,  with  wide  adjustment  for  shape  and  size  of 


A machine  readily  manipulated  by  the  help,  accessible  and  easily 
kept  clean  and  operative. 

Dependable  stability  of  traverse-motion  mechanism  together 
with  sound,  durable  construction  of  all  wearing  parts. 

THE  DRIVE  OF  THE  SPOOLER 

The  machines  are  regularly  supplied  with  Pi"  X 2^"  tight  and 
loose  pulleys  supported  bv  rigid  outrigger  and  may  be  belted  from 
above  or  below.  A specially  designed  shipper  arrangement  is 
included. 

The  geared  end  is  readily  accessible  through  the  use  of  a pair  of 
tightly  fitting  swinging  doors  which  may  be  opened  wide  or  may 
be  lifted  from  the  hinges  when  desired.  The  geared  end  encloses 
the  bearings,  cut-gear  traverse-motion  and  universal  mangle  wheel. 
Doors  are  provided  with  a safety  lock  which  prevents  starting  frame 
with  doors  open,  nor  can  the  doors  be  opened  when  the  frame  is 
running.  All  oiling  points  are  readily  accessible.  The  mangle  wheel 
and  its  attachments  are  easily  reached,  and  change  gears  are  imme- 
diately accessible  without  removing  any  guards. 

Another  valuable  feature  of  this  closed  geared  end  is  in  the 
complete  protection  of  the  mangle  wheel  and  traverse  device  from 
accumulations  of  lint  and  yarn. 


product. 


263 


THE  TRAVELLER  GEAR. 

The  traveller  gear  is  made  of  steel,  case-hardened,  and  has  bear- 
ings with  a wearing  surface  several  times  as  great  as  ever  used  on 
such  parts  where  the  gear  slides  back  and  forth  in  a guide  while 
following  the  contour  of  the  mangle  wheel. 

SAMSON  FEET. 

The  feet  of  each  samson  are  fitted  with  a special  levelling  device 
in  the  form  of  a jack  nut,  which  nut  when  turned  raises  or  lowers 
the  frame  and  is  held  in  the  desired  position  by  a suitable  fastening. 
This  device  permits  relevelling  of  the  frame  at  any  time  without 
removing  lag  screws  from  the  floor,  and  is  a valuable  feature. 

THE  LOWER  FRAME  RODS. 

The  lower  frame  rods  are  raised  high  from  the  floor  to  enable 
free  and  easy  mopping  and  sweeping  under  them. 

THE  SPINDLES. 

The  spindles  have  been  shortened  and  more  ballast  has  been 
added  to  the  whirl  to  ensure  steadiness  and  obviate  a doffer  guard. 
Its  construction  with  an  enlarged  blade  is  refined  and  satisfactory 
from  every  point  of  view.  Diameter  of  band  whirl  is  1%".  Diam- 
eter of  tape  whirl  is  33/g". 

METAL  CONSTRUCTION. 

Metal  construction  is  used  throughout  on  our  new  spooler. 

BOBBIN  BOXES. 

Bobbin  boxes  are  made  with  rounded  corners  to  prevent  accumu- 
lation of  lint  or  dirt. 


264 


TRAVERSE  MOTION. 

The  traverse  motion  is  transmitted  through  gears  entirely. 

The  principle  of  the  rack  and  pinion  is  the  best  device  to  fulfill 
the  requirements  of  a satisfactory  spooler  traverse  motion.  In  our 
new  spooler,  the  traverse  of  thread  guide  rods  is  accomplished  by 
two  shafts  running  the  full  length  of  the  frame  and  carrying  lifting 
pinions  enclosed  in  t lie  samsons,  to  raise  and  lower  the  lifter  rods. 
These  rods  are  racks  and  are  cut  to  mesh  with  the  pinions  of  the 
lifter  shaft.  Each  lifter  rack  is  enclosed  by  the  hollow  leg  of  a sam- 
son  and  entirely  protected  from  obstruction,  and  hi  addition  is  con- 
nected, through  the  medium  of  the  lifter  shaft,  with  all  the  lifter 
racks  on  that  side,  so  that  as  the  traverse  falls  each  rack  is  positively 
driven  downwards.  A release  of  the  whole  drive  of  each  side  is  pro- 
vided, however,  so  that  no  breakage  is  possible  from  an  obstructing 
spool  or  bobbin  placed  under  the  falling  thread  guide  rod.  Of 
course  the  racks  are  positively  driven  upwards,  and,  with  the  con- 
dition noted,  descend  jointly,  by  gravity. 

SETTING  OF  THE  TRAVERSE  MOTION. 

The  securing  of  proper  position  of  the  thread  guides  in  relation 
to  spool  heads  is  accomplished  by  the  adjustment  on  head-end 
lifter  shaft  gears  (see  inside  head  end),  whereby  the  traverse  on 
either  side  is  adjusted  independently  in  relation  to  head -end  mech- 
anism without  disturbing  setting  of  mangle. 

THE  MANGLE  WHEEL. 

The  mangle  wheel  is  of  high-grade  construction.  In  the  head 
end  an  oil  pan  is  placed,  into  which  the  mangle  wheel  dips  at  each 
oscillation,  effectually  oiling  not  only  the  mangle  wheel  and  its  pins, 
but  also  the  traveller  gear.  A distinctive  feature  of  our  new  mangle 
wheel  is  its  adjustable  hub  by  means  of  which  the  crown  or  barrel 
of  spool  may  be  varied  to  meet  general  mill  conditions  and  changes 
arising  from,  change  in  size  of  yarn. 


265 


C/2 


266 


CAREFUL  DUPLICATION. 

Careful  duplication  is  obtained  for  all  parts  through  accurate 
jig  work.  All  parts  are  strictly  interchangeable. 

THE  USE  OF  CLAMPS  AND  SAFETY-SET  SCREWS. 

The  use  of  clamps  is  extensive  on  this  machine,  as  all  adjust- 
ments are  of  this  type  and  there  is  not  an  obstructive  set  screw  on 
the  frame,  either  on  moving  or  stationary  parts.  The  use  of  the 
new  hollow,  safety-set  screw  is  an  attractive  feature  on  our  new 
spooler. 

OILING. 

Oiling  is  especially  provided  for  throughout  the  frame  by  oil 
tubes  which  are  freely  used  to  make  all  oil  holes  accessible. 

PULLEY  GUARD. 

A neat  and  durable  pulley  guard  and  novel  shipper  are  provided, 
each  made  and  applied  in  a satisfactory  manner  to  the  driving-end 
structure,  and  meets  all  belt  angles. 


267 


Spooler  Spindles 

Showing  method  of  driving  with  Tape 


2GS 


Tape  Drive 


FTER  long  experiments  in  connection  with  tape  drive  on 


spoolers,  we  are  in  a position  to  strongly  recommend  the  use 
of  such  a spindle  drive. 

The  old  difficulties  of  slack,  overloaded  bands,  with  spindles 
running  at  almost  any  speed  (some  stopped  altogether)  have  been 
entirely  overcome  with  this  new  arrangement.  AVe  use  an  8"  diam- 
eter cylinder  and  a 3}yg"  whirl  with  the  tape  drive.  These  extreme 
diameters  enable  the  use  of  a very  light  weight  on  the  idler  sheave, 
which  removes  any  bothersome  element  of  wear;  sheave  bearings 
and  tapes  lasting  almost  indefinitely,  so  long  at  least  that  as  yet 
in  our  observations  and  experiments  we  have  not  seen  any  wear 
out.  We  believe,  for  the  above  reasons  alone,  the  extra  cost  per 
spindle  is  amply  repaid,  but  in  addition,  in  the  field  of  converting 
from  filling-wound  warp  bobbins  (of  which  we  speak  later)  this 
type  of  drive  has  been  invaluable,  enabling  uniform  speeds  and 
ensuring  firm-wound  spools. 


269 


Saco-Lowell  Standard  Thread  Guides 


rpHE  t!  iread  guide  is  a well  made  guide  suitable  for  finest  adjust- 
ment, carefully  ground  and  mounted  more  closely  to  spool  than 
usual  in  order  to  reduce  fliug  of  yarn  and  obtain  greater  accuracy 
of  wind  relative  to  traverse  motion.  It  is  fitted  with  two  adjustment 
screws,  one  to  gauge  and  the  other  to  check  opening. 


270 


Saco-Lowell  Standard  Bobbin  Holder 


bobbin  holder  is  constructed  in  a manner  to  insure  strength 
and  durability.  The  careful  balance  of  the  follow  wires  suc- 
cessfully meets  the  requirements  of  this  device.  These  wires  are 
held  rigidly  in  large  overhanging  balance  rods,  the  rods  projecting 
so  that  the  same  type  of  bobbin  holder  can  be  used  for  either  center 
or  side  draw. 

These  holders  are  mounted  at  an  angle  so  that  yarn  traverses  side- 
ways in  winding,  thereby  preventing  scoring  of  thread  guide  rods 
and  keeping  the  thread  guides  clear.  We  have  found  this  to  be  a very 
successful  feature  of  our  bobbin  holders,  both  on  our  own  machines 
and  other  makes  of  spoolers  where  we  have  applied  them. 

These  holders  are  furnished  in  various  sizes. 


272 


Monica 


Different  Models  of  Spoolers 

MODEL  NO.  1. 

Model  No.  1 comprises  a spooler  equipped  with  Saco-Lowel! 
thread  guides  and  bobbin  holders  (unless  special  live  spindles  or 
skewers  are  specified),  with  steel  middle  boxes  and  top  shelves,  side 
steel  boxes  and  empty  bobbin  carrier,  band  spindle  drive  (unless 
tape  drive  is  specified).  With  this  arrangement  of  spooler  the 
empty  bobbins  are  collected  in  a chute  and  carried  to  the  head  end 
by  means  of  an  endless-chain  traveller  with  lugs  on  it,  and  are  there 
deposited  in  sheet -metal  boxes  from  which  the  bobbins  are  collected 
periodically  and  returned  to  spinning  room.  This  model  of  Spooler 
is  very  much  in  demand. 

MODEL  NO.  2. 

Model  No.  2 comprises  a spooler  equipped  with  Saco-Lowell 
thread  guides  and  bobbin  holders  (unless  live  spindles  or  skewers 
are  specified),  with  steel  middle  boxes  and  top  shelves  and  with 
the  side  boxes  made  of  steel  without  empty  bobbin  carrier.  This 
arrangement  is  not  often  specified  to-day,  though  we  have  occa- 
sional calls  for  the  same.  This  description  refers  to  the  arrangement 
of  long  steel  side  boxes,  running  from  one  end  of  the  spooler  to  the 
other;  built  in  sections,  same  length  as  ordinarily  furnished  with 
Model  No.  1,  but  the  empty  bobbin  carrier  is  left  off.  This  arrange- 
ment provides  receptacles  for  holding  supply  and  empty  bobbins, 
but  we  consider  that  the  system  of  spooling  is  handicapped  by  this 
arrangement,  as  the  empty  and  full  bobbins  are  hi  a more  or  less 
mixed  condition  at  all  times. 


273 


274 


MODEL  NO.  3. 

Model  No.  3 comprises  a spooler  ecjuipped  with  Saco-Lowell 
thread  guides  and  bobbin  holders  (unless  live  spindles  or  skewers 
are  specified),  steel  middle  boxes  and  top  shelves,  and  adjustable 
side  shelves  arranged  for  supporting  portable  side  boxes.  This 
system  in  many  cases  saves  in  the  handling  of  bobbins  over  the 
system  employing  the  empty  bobbin  carrier,  and  hi  many  cases  it. 
is  probably  the  best  system.  Greater  cleanliness  and  greater  econ- 
omy in  handling  product  is  possible  with  the  portable  side  boxes. 
The  side  boxes  that  are  used  with  this  arrangement  are  furnished 
by  the  mill,  and  are  usually  the  boxes  which  are  used  in  handling 
the  full  and  empty  supply  bobbins  between  spinning  or  twister 
room  and  the  spooler  room,  the  same  boxes  being  placed  on  the 
spooler  shelves  containing  full  bobbins,  the  empty  bobbins  being 
thrown  into  empty  boxes  placed  alternately  on  shelves.  With  this 
arrangement  the  empty  bobbins  are  returned  to  the  spinning  or 
twister  room,  in  the  same  boxes  hi  which  a full  supply  is  sent  in  to 
the  spooler  room. 

There  are  mills  who  prefer  to  have  the  empty  bobbin  carrier,  at 
the  same  time  using  portable  side  boxes.  Our  spooler  is  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  same  can  be  applied  if  desired.  A spooler  with 
this  equipment  (Model  No.  4)  is  shown  on  page  2(56. 


275 


276 


M<  >1)101* 


MODEL  NO.  5 

Model  No.  5 comprises  a Spooler  equipped  with  traversing  supply 
bobbin  rail,  using  automatic  spiral,  or  other  suitable  tension  de- 
vice, steel  middle  boxes  and  top  shelves,  and  adjustable  side 
shelves,  arranged  for  supporting  portable  side  boxes. 


MODEL  NO.  5A 

Model  No.  5A  comprises  a Spooler  equipped  with  traversing 
supply  bobbin  rail,  using  automatic  spiral,  or  other  suitable  tension 
device,  steel  middle  boxes  and  top  shelves,  and  steel  side  boxes 
without  empty  bobbin  carrier.  This  model  is  the  same  as  the 
Model  No.  5 Machine,  except  that  it  has  the  regular  steel  side 
boxes,  instead  of  shelves  for  portable  side  boxes. 


NO 


278 


'Tension  Dkvk 


Spooling  from  Filling -Wound  Bobbins 

IN  spooling  yarns  from  warp-wound  bobbins  in  patent  holders 
described  on  a previous  page,  a sufficient  winding  tension  is  sup- 
plied by  the  weight  and  speed  of  bobbin  and  its  friction  on  the  base 
plate  of  the  holder,  together  with  the  friction  of  the  yarn  over  the 
follow  wires  and  the  guide  rod.  In  spooling  from  filling-wound 
bobbins  or  cops,  the  yarn  in  drawing  over  the  end  of  the  bobbin 
offers  no  resistance,  and  it  is  necessary  to  supply  some  sort  of  tension 
device  to  hold  the  yarn  in  order  to  wind  a solid  spool. 

It  is  obvious  that  such  a device  must  have  a wide  range  of  adjust- 
ments to  meet  the  various  conditions  in  size  and  quality  of  yarns. 
A great  many  devices  have  been  put  on  the  market,  meeting  with 
more  or  less  success. 

We  are  illustrating  on  the  opposite  page  four  of  the  types  com- 
monly used,  which  have  produced  satisfactory  results. 

Application  No.  1 is  a weighted  disc  form  of  tension,  with  the  tension 
attached  to  the  thread  guide  rod.  In  this  application  the  amount  of  tension 
put  upon  the  yarn  is  controlled  by  varying  the  number  of  weights.  Supply 
bobbin  is  held  by  a tilting  spindle  mounted  on  traversing  bobbin  rail. 

Application  No.  2 is  a spring  disc  form  of  tension,  with  the  tension  discs 
located  on  guide  rod.  The  tension  upon  the  yarn  is  varied  by  tightening  or 
loosening  the  spring  which  holds  the  two  discs  together.  Tilting  supply 
spindle  and  traversing  rail  are  shown. 

Application  No.  3 shows  the  self-threading  spiral  tension,  tilting  spindle 
and  traversing  rail. 

Application  No.  4 is  a drum  style  of  tension.  With  this  arrangement, 
yarn  passes  around  peg  in  face  of  drum,  and  the  tension  is  controlled  by 
loosening  up  and  turning  the  drum,  so  that  the  yarn  in  passing  from  he 
supply  bobbin  to  the  thread  guide,  makes  more  or  less  of  a wrap  around  the 
drum.  The  drum  is  supported  on  a special  stationary  bracket,  supply  bobbin 
held  horizontally  on  peg.  This  bracket  can  be  used  with  any  of  the  other 
types  of  tension. 

Other  devices  are  furnished  to  meet  special  requirements  and 
further  information  or  samples  will  be  furnished  on  receipt  of  definite 
inquiries. 


279 


WARPERS 


I 


Model  A Warper 


282 


Beam  Warpers 

THE  process  of  warping  is  preparatory  to  that  of  sizing,  its 
object  being  to  lay  warp  yarns  onto  a beam  suitable  for  running 
off  in  a Slasher  Creel.  Its  requirements  must  include  means  for 
compressing  the  yarn  as  it  forms  on  the  beams  in  order  to  insure 
solid  and  cylindrical  beams,  means  for  applying  even  and  steady 
tension  to  the  individual  threads  and  for  separating  the  threads  so 
that  they  will  not  overlap  in  winding,  also  suitable  stop  motion  to 
stop  the  machine  if  a thread  breaks,  and  a means  of  measuring  the 
yarn  as  it  is  delivered  in  order  properly  to  determine  the  length  of 
sets. 

During  our  forty-five  years’  experience  in  manufacturing  warpers 
we  have  developed  and  tried  out  many  special  features  and  refine- 
ments, the  best  of  which  are  retained  in  our  present  machines.  We 
now  have  out  two  distinct  types.  Model  A and  Model  C,  and  either 
of  these  perform  entirely  satisfactory  work,  the  selection  of  type 
usually  depending  on  the  preference  of  the  customer  or  the  necessity 
of  matching  up  existing  machines  in  the  mill.  Model  C is  used  for 
beams  over  26"  diameter. 

For  convenience  in  comparing  details,  we  are  arranging  our 
description  so  as  to  discuss  the  principal  features  of  both  types 
under  common  subjects. 

WIDTH.  The  so-called  “ Standard  Warper”  is  made  with  cylinder  5434" 
long  for  use  with  beams  5434"  between  heads.  We  can  furnish  machines 
with  54"  drums  for  5434"  beams,  as  well  as  wider  machines  to  meet  special 
requirements. 

FRAME.  On  both  types,  the  frame  of  the  warper  is  of  heavy  construc- 
tion, with  parts  accurately  machined  and  aligned.  Every  possible  attention 
is  given  to  all  details  of  manufacture  to  insure  proper  running  and  durable 
machines.  The  Model  C is  about  1"  lower  from  floor  to  top  of  frame  than 
the  Model  A. 

DRIVING  ARRANGEMENT  and  SLOW  MOTION.  On  both  types 
a slow  motion  is  provided  for  starting  the  machine  slowly  in  order  to  prevent 
undue  strain  on  the  warp.  This  is  provided  by  a narrow  face  pulley  mounted 
between  the  tight  and  the  loose  pulleys.  In  starting  the  ends  are  brought 
gradually  to  an  even  tension  before  reaching  full  operating  speed,  and  in 
stopping  the  speed  is  checked  gradually  as  belt  passes  from  the  tight  to 
loose  pulley. 

Driving  pulleys  are  11"  diameter  by  1 34"  face.  On  the  Model  C the 
gearing  is  so  arranged  that  2.415  revolutions  of  the  pulley  give  one  yard  of 
warp,  that  is,  50  yards  per  120  R.  P.  M. 


283 


284 


Model  C Beam  Warper  with  Positive  Expansion  Comb 


On  the  Model  A with  20j"  cylinder  the  ratio  is  approximately  2.857, 
giving  63  yards  per  180  R.  P.  M.  With  18 j"  cylinder,  ratio  is  3.174,  giving 
approximately  56  yards  for  180  R.  P.  M. 

All  gearing  is  machine  cut,  insuring  a quiet-running  machine. 

CYLINDERS.  Model  A.  The  cylinder  is  18J4"  diameter  for  24"  beams 
and  20J4*’  diameter  for  26"  beams  mounted  on  a shaft  supported  by  the 
frame  sides.  The  shaft  is  Iff"  in  diameter,  thus  limiting  the  working  radius 
of  the  cylinder  to  approximately  9",  and  limiting  the  diameter  of  the  beam 
to  26"  with  8"  barrel  or  27"  with  9"  barrel. 

Model  C.  The  standard  cylinder  is  1514"  diameter.  The  driving 
arrangement  is  of  the  offset  type,  the  cylinder  being  driven  by  gearing  inside 
its  head,  giving  the  cylinder  an  effective  radius  of  13%",  sufficient  for  the 
largest-sized  beams.  The  bearings  are  of  the  roller  type,  packed  in  grease, 
both  bearings  and  race  being  of  hardened  steel.  They  are  fitted  with 
caps  to  prevent  the  grease  working  out  and  require  very  little  attention. 

WINDING  PRESSURE.  Model  A.  No  dead  weighting  is  used,  the 
winding  pressure  consisting  of  the  weight  of  the  beam  resting  on  the  cylinder. 
It  is  obvious  that  with  this  method  the  pressure  at  the  beginning  of  a beam 
(weighing  approximately  180  lbs.)  is  much  less  than  the  pressure  of  the  full 
beam  (approximately  617  lbs.),  that  is,  the  pressure  steadily  increases  as 
the  beam  fills. 

Model  C.  The  beam  is  supported  on  its  bearings  at  each  end  in  an  open 
bearing  or  box  resting  on  the  guide  arms,  and  a weighting  arrangement  is 
applied  designed  to  provide  a constant  pressure  during  the  entire  winding 
of  the  beam.  This  results  in  beams  of  greater  and  more  even  density. 
Weighting  can  be  increased  or  diminished  to  conform  to  the  counts  of  yarn. 

DOFFING  ARRANGEMENT.  Model  A.  As  the  beam  rests  on  the 
cylinder  the  arms  are  not  provided  as  a support  but  simply  as  a guide.  Arms 
are  fitted  with  extension  levers  controlled  by  gears  operated  by  a crank  on 
outside  of  frame,  their  action  being  to  push  the  full  beam  off  cylinder  onto 
a low  truck. 

Model  C.  The  guide  arms  which  support  the  beam  are  pivoted  on  sub- 
stantial studs  in  the  frame  ends  and  are  raised  and  lowered  by  means  of  a 
quadrant  gear  operated  by  worm,  worm  gear,  and  pinion,  connected  with 
crank  handle  mounted  on  outside  of  frame.  The  heaviest  beams  are  lowered 
onto  a truck  with  the  minimum  amount  of  labor. 

COMBS.  The  arrangement  of  combs  is  common  to  both  types.  Back 
combs  are  regularly  furnished  of  the  standard  Spring  Type,  the  opening  and 
closing  of  dents  being  accomplished  by  the  loosening  or  tightening  of  the 
spring  in  which  they  are  mounted. 

Front  comb  may  be  of  the  Spring  Type  or  the  Positive  Expansion  Type, 
illustrated  on  page  290. 

SPRING  COMB.  See  table  on  page  663  for  various  arrangements  for  any 
desired  number  of  ends.  We  supply  spring  combs  either  of  the  closed  or 
open  type.  The  open  type  is  more  easily  cleaned  and  is  preferred  by  many 

285 


2SG 


ONIUVHQ  UNV  MOO'K)  AHVNIUUQ 


mills.  All  combs  are  made  with  right-  and  left-hand  screw  adjustments. 
The  best  obtainable  wire  is  used  for  the  springs.  Any  spring  comb  can  be 
expanded  to  the  limit  of  the  comb  case  (about  30%)  without  damage  to  the 
spring. 

RISE  ROLLS  and  DROP  ROLLS.  Model  A.  This  model  is  regularly 
furnished  with  a Drop  Roll,  made  of  polished  steel,  sliding  in  grooves  in  frame 
side. 

Model  C.  This  model  is  supplied  with  a Rise  Roll  for  taking  up  the  slack 
in  the  yarn  when  warper  is  stopped.  This  roll  is  operated  by  rack  and  pinion 
gears  at  each  end  of  roll,  which  insures  the  roll  retaining  a perfectly  horizontal 
position  at  all  times.  Sectional  weights  are  supplied  to  maintain  the  correct 
tension  at  all  times  and  for  any  number  of  ends  within  the  capacity  of  the 
machine. 

MEASURING  APPARATUS.  The  Measuring  Roll  runs  in  ball  bear- 
ings, turning  easily  with  the  smallest  number  of  ends  that  can  be  beamed 
and  putting  the  least  possible  strain  on  the  yarn.  Roll  is  uniform  in  circum- 
ference, made  from  seamless  steel  tubing.  On  both  models  it  is  located 
between  the  back  comb  and  rise  roll  or  drop  roll. 

CLOCK.  The  clock  usually  furnished  can  be  set  to  stop  the  warper  at 
any  multiple  of  3500  yards  up  to  ten,  making  total  warp  on  the  beam  35,000 
yards.  Other  combinations  can  be  furnished  if  required.  We  can  also  supply, 
if  wanted,  a separate  indicator  clock,  entirely  independent  of  the  rap  clock, 
registering  up  to  10,000  yards.  Stop  motion  connected  with  rap  clock  can 
be  set  to  stop  the  machine  at  any  predetermined  number  of  yards. 

STOP  MOTION.  Drop  wires  are  provided  to  stop  the  machine  on  the 
breaking  of  any  single  end  of  yarn.  These  drop  wires  consist  of  small  loops 
of  steel  wire  mounted  in  a brass  block,  either  one,  two,  or  three  wires  per 
block.  The  three-wire  block  is  standard.  The  single  thread,  passing  through 
the  loop,  suspends  the  wire  directly  over  a set  of  vibrating  blades.  If  the  end 
breaks,  the  wire  falls  into  the  path  of  the  vibrating  blades,  which  operate 
the  shipper  motion  and  stop  the  machine.  Drop  wires  are  self-raising,  with 
suitable  connection  to  a foot  lever  for  raising  wires  to  position  for  threading. 

The  mechanisms  on  the  Models  A and  C are  similar  except  for  a difference 
in  the  shape  of  the  blocks  and  length  of  drop  wires. 

BEAMS.  We  supply  beams  constructed  on  a steel  shaft,  with  wooden 
barrels  and  machined  cast-iron  heads.  Barrels  8"  in  diameter  are  considered 
standard,  but  W’e  can  supply -9"  or  10"  diameter  if  required.  The  standard 
width  is  543-^"  between  heads  but  other  sizes  can  be  furnished.  Heads  are 
strongly  ribbed  and  machined  perfectly  true,  with  grooved  edges  to  receive 
friction  cord.  Beams  are  unusually  rugged,  will  stand  hard  usage  and  will 
not  warp. 


287 


28S 


Creels 

Cut  on  page  288  illustrates  standard  V type  Creel.  Stands  are  adjustable 
for  spools  from  5"  to  9j^"  overall,  and  for  any  diameter  up  to  10". 

(Note:  In  determining  diameter  of  spools  provision  must  be  made  for  the  barreling  of 
same  in  winding.  Do  not  base  figures  on  the  diameter  of  spool  head.) 

Bearings  or  steps  may  be  hardened  wrought  iron  or  porcelain.  Stand- 
ards are  so  shaped  that  yarn  will  not  rub  if  creel  is  located  at  proper  dis- 
tance from  warper. 

Table  given  below  shows  capacity  and  floor  space  of  creel  with  varying 
numbers  of  spools. 

We  also  furnish  a special  hinged  double  V Creel  where  space  is  limited. 
The  sections  are  arranged  on  rollers  and  can  be  readily  swung  out  for  fill- 
ing or  piecing  up  ends.  This  creel  occupies  somewhat  less  space  from  back 
to  front  of  warper. 


TABLE  OF  WARPER  CREELS  (V-TYPE) 


Diameter  of  Spool  Recommended 

5" 

1 iVT 

1 4" 

3?1" 

1 SJ4" 

3 ya’ 

s" 

No.  Spools 
long 

Space  occupied  by 
Creel  for  4 1 diam. 

Number 

of  Spools  High 

Spools  or 

less 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

10 

Length 

7'  l" 

Width 

7' 

260 

280 

300 

320 

340 

360 

380 

u 

T 10" 

7' 

286 

308 

330 

352 

374 

396 

418 

12 

8'  7" 

7' 

312 

336 

360 

384 

408 

432 

456 

13 

9'  4" 

7' 

338 

364 

390 

416 

442 

468 

494 

14 

10'  1" 

7'  6" 

364 

392 

420 

448 

476 

504 

532 

15 

10'  10" 

7'  11" 

390 

420 

450 

480 

510 

540 

570 

16 

11'  7" 

8'  5" 

416 

448 

480 

512 

544 

576 

608 

17 

12'  4" 

8'  10" 

442 

476 

510 

544 

578 

612 

646 

18 

13'  1" 

9'  4" 

468 

504 

540 

576 

612 

648 

688 

19 

13'  10" 

9'  9" 

494 

532 

570 

608 

646 

684 

722 

20 

14'  7" 

10'  3" 

520 

560 

600 

640 

680 

720 

760 

21 

15'  4" 

10'  8" 

556 

588 

630 

672 

714 

756 

798 

22 

16'  0" 

11'  1" 

572 

616 

660 

704 

748 

792 

836 

23 

16' 8" 

11'  6" 

598 

644 

690 

736 

782 

828 

24 

17'  5" 

11'  10" 

624 

672 

720 

768 

816 

25 

18'  2" 

12'  5" 

650 

700 

750 

800 

26 

18'  10" 

12'  9" 

676 

728 

780 

832 

27 

19'  6" 

13'  3" 

702 

756 

810 

The  cut  ofjModel  A Warper  on  page  282  shows  a portion  of  a new  type 
patented  creel,  which  provides  a straight  draw  from  creel  package  to  back 
comb,  eliminating  all  undue  tension  on  the  yarn.  This  creel  is  easier  to 
operate  than  other  types,  is  especially  valuable  in  handling  fine  counts,  and 
has  proven  very  popular  since  its  introduction. 

289 


Positive  Expansion  Comb 

Particular  attention  is  called  to  the  Positive  Expansion  Comb  illustrated 
above.  The  dents  of  this  comb  are  hardened,  round  steel  wire,  inserted  in 
brass  blocks,  called  “dent  sections.”  These  sections  are  of  uniform  length 
but  are  fitted  with  a varying  number  of  pins,  from  10  to  32  each,  so  that  any 
desired  number  of  dents  can  be  obtained  in  any  specified  length  within  the 
range  of  the  combs.  Minimum  contraction  of  standard  sections  is  1%*’, 
maximum  expansion  2>*y%'  per  section.  Standard  dent  sections  are  4"  long. 
We  also  supply  a special  forty-dent  section,  5"  long,  for  special  work  re- 
quiring a large  number  of  ends.  Minimum  contraction  of  this  comb  is  Vyi" , 
maximum  expansion  4 per  section. 

No  springs  are  used  in  the  construction  of  this  comb,  same  being  replaced 
by  a mechanism  of  the  pantograph  type.  They  are  described  as  “Positive” 
from  the  fact  that  the  number  of  dents  per  inch  is  always  the  same  in  any  part 
of  the  comb,  insuring  uniform  delivery  of  yarn  to  every  part  of  the  beam. 
Combs  are  practically  indestructible,  and  their  use  does  away  with  the 
frequent  repairs  necessary  with  the  Spring  Type. 

We  can  supply  Positive  Expansion  Combs  for  warpers  of  other  makes. 


290 


291 


Floor  Stand  Showing  Clock 


292 


Leese  Warper 


HE  Leese  or  Ball  Warper  is  used  where  it  is  desired  to  condense 


the  warp  into  a chain  and  wind  it  into  a ball  for  the  purpose  of 
dyeing,  bleaching,  etc. 

In  general  construction  it  is  similar  to  the  Model  A beam  warper 
with  the  omission  of  the  cylinder  and  other  attachments  for  beam 
winding  and  with  the  addition  of  a leesing  arrangement  in  place 
of  the  ordinary  spring  comb  at  the  front. 

The  leese  comb  is  similar  in  construction  to  the  spring  comb  with 
the  exception  that  there  is  but  one  dent  for  the  passage  of  two  ends 
of  thread,  one  end  passing  through  an  eye  in  the  dent  and  the  other 
end  between  the  dents.  The  comb  can  be  made  to  accommodate 
either  8,  10,  or  12  ends  per  inch  when  comb  is  contracted. 

The  space  occupied  by  the  yarn  in  passing  through  the  warper 
should  not  exceed  57"  and  is  usually  figured  for  54"  spread,  the  same 
as  for  a beam  warper. 

Measuring  clock  is  arranged  to  stop  the  warper  at  intervals  for 
the  purpose  of  leesing  the  warp  and  also  at  the  completion  of  the 
warp.  Length  of  leese  may  vary  from  100  to  1G00  yards  (see  table) 
and  the  length  of  warp  up  to  16,000  yards  in  multiples  of  the  leese. 
Various  combinations  of  gearing  are  furnished  to  give  desired  results. 

The  warp  is  condensed  into  a chain  and  passes  around  a guide 
pulley  and  through  trumpet  to  the  bailer,  where  it  is  wound  into 
a ball  of  required  size.  See  “Bailers”  for  further  details. 


A^T’ARPERS  may  be  arranged  so  as  to  be  readily  converted  from 
T ’ beaming  to  leesing  and  vice  versa.  Both  models  are  used 
for  this  purpose  with  various  arrangements  of  the  bailer. 


Combination  Warpers 


293 


Combination  Beam  and  Leese  Warper  with  Heavy  Baller 


294 


Bailers 

Ballers  are  built  in  three  standard  sizes,  with  various 
different  arrangements  to  meet  mill  conditions. 

No.  1 BALLER,  with  positive  weight  tension  on  ball. 

Style  A.  This  bailer  is  used  either  with  the  Combination  or 
straight  Leese  'Warper.  It  is  set  close  up  to  the  warper  and 
driven  by  gearing.  Regular  Floor  Stand  is  used.  Maximum 
size  of  ball  30"  traverse,  32"  diameter,  with  500  to  GOO  lbs.  of 
yarn  in  creel. 

No.  2 BALLER,  with  positive  weight  tension  on  ball. 

Style  A.  This  model  is  somewhat  heavier  than  the  No.  1 Model 
but  designed  on  similar  lines.  It  is  used  either  with  the  Com- 
bination or  straight  Leese  Warper,  is  set  close  up  to  warper  and 
driven  by  gears,  using  regular  floor  stand.  It  will  build  a ball 
30"  traverse  by  29"  diameter,  and  handle  600  to  700  lbs.  of  yarn 
in  creel. 

Style  B.  Bailer  is  fitted  with  driving  pulleys  and  slow  motion,  is 
set  away  from  warper  with  yarn  running  under  platform  and 
over  guide  pulley  on  ceiling.  Maximum  size  of  ball  30"  traverse 
by  32"  diameter,  600  to  700  lbs.  of  yarn  in  creel. 

No.  3 BALLER,  with  upright  rack  tension  on  ball. 

Style  A.  Of  much  heavier  construction  than  Model  2,  used  only 
on  extra-heavy  work.  Arranged  with  driving  pulleys  and  slow 
motion,  yarn  running  under  platform  and  over  guide  pulley  on 
ceiling.  Size  of  ball  30"  traverse  by  42"  diameter.  Weight  of 
yarn  in  creel  700  to  800  lbs. 

Style  B.  Same  arrangement  as  Style  A,  with  the  addition  of  a 
Warp  Drawing  Attachment  (supplied  only  with  No.  3 Bailer). 
Size  of  ball  30"  traverse  by  42"  diameter,  yarn  in  creel  800  lbs. 
or  more. 

Ballers  can  be  arranged  with  double  screw  for  building  two  small 
balls  instead  of  one  large  one. 


295 


SLASHERS 


298 


Slasiieu  with  7'  and  !>'  Cylinders 


Slashers 


E are  prepared  to  furnish  Slashing  Machinery  for  use  on 


cotton,  woolen,  or  worsted  yarns,  spun  silk,  and  other  fibrous 
materials,  white  or  colored,  and  can  supply  a full  line  of  special 
equipment  to  meet  unusual  conditions. 

For  sizing  cotton  yarns  the  Cylinder  Slasher  is  used,  except  in 
rare  cases  of  very  heavy  yarn  and  large  number  of  ends,  which  it  is 
advisable  to  handle  in  a Slasher  of  the  Hot-Air  Type. 

For  woolen,  worsted,  and  spun-silk  yarns  the  Hot-Air  Type  is  used 
almost  exclusively. 

Our  machines  are  of  unusually  solid  construction,  castings  being 
of  ample  size  and  weight  to  support  the  maximum  strain  that  will 
be  put  upon  them.  Parts  are  accurately  machined  and  are  inter- 
changeable. Accurately  balanced  and  quiet-running  gearing  is 
used.  Fitting  is  done  by  skilled  laborers,  and  all  up-to-date  appli- 
ances used,  with  a view  to  producing  a machine  of  maximum 
capacity  and  minimum  operating  expense. 

All  Slashers  are  made  up  in  four  distinct  units,  i.  e.,  Head  End, 
Center  Frame  (Cylinders  or  Hot-Air  Chamber),  Size  Vat,  and 
Creel.  This  style  of  construction  gives  us  a flexible  frame  and  re- 
moves the  great  strain  imposed  upon  a machine  built  as  a single 
unit  through  the  settling  of  floors  and  the  variation  of  load  in  the 
different  parts  of  the  machine. 

A detailed  description  of  these  various  units  is  covered  on  follow- 
ing pages. 


29'J 


:J00 


Cylinder  Slasher  with  Double  Headway 


Slasher  Head  Ends 

THE  Head  End  used  on  both  Cylinder  and  Hot-Air  Slashers  is 
the  same,  the  following  data  covering  all  types  supplied. 

CONSTRUCTION.  We  have  recently  changed  the  design  of  our  head 
end,  with  a view  to  providing  additional  space  for  the  yarn  to  expand  when 
using  wide  head  ends  in  connection  with  standard  width  cylinders  or  heater 
sections.  The  pair  of  carrying  rolls  formerly  mounted  on  the  head  end 
are  now  added  to  the  center  frame,  making  that  section  about  2'  longer 
and  reducing  the  head  end  a similar  amount.  This  standard  head  is  6'  10" 
long  and  is  used  in  all  combinations  except  the  double  headway,  described 
below.  With  this  arrangement  the  head  end  can  be  placed  at  any  desired 
distance  from  the  center  frame,  providing  the  required  space  for  expansion 
of  the  yarn  without  subjecting  it  to  undue  strain. 

The  Regular  Head  End  will  take  loom  beams  between  heads  and 

up  to  24"  in  diameter,  barrels  not  less  than  4j^"  in  diameter. 

Carefully  polished  LEESE  RODS  are  supplied,  and  binder  rolls  may  be 
of  the  revolving  roll  or  flat-bar  type,  as  specified,  the  flat-bar  type  being 
used  on  heads  wider  than  regular. 

TYPES  OF  HEAD  ENDS.  Two  standard  types  are  furnished,  the 
Whitman  Lever  and  the  Hand  Wheel  Friction.  The  Whitman  Lever  Type 
is  recommended  for  warps  up  to  2500  ends.  Increased  friction  can  be 
added  to  this  type  for  handling  up  to  3000  ends.  The  Hand  Wheel  Type  is 
recommended  up  to  3000  ends  and  can  be  used  for  heavier  warps  by  the 
addition  of  increased  friction  and  double  gearing.  The  purpose  of  the 
double  gearing  is  to  permit  a sufficient  belt  speed  to  drive  the  machine  and  at 
the  same  time  allow  the  slow  winding  speed  necessary  to  permit  thorough  dry- 
ing of  the  heavy  warps.  The  above  estimate  is  based  on  No.  28  cotton  yarns. 

FRICTION  may  be  rubber,  felt,  fibre,  wood  or  cork-insert.  The  rubber 
is  commonly  used  and  considered  standard  equipment.  Increased  friction 
is  secured  by  adding  discs,  thereby  increasing  the  friction  surface. 

DOL'BLE  HEADWAY.  Cut  on  opposite  page  illustrates  the  applica- 
tion of  a double  head  for  winding  two  beams  simultaneously.  This  is  fur- 
nished in  the  regular  width  only  and  will  accommodate  beams  with  heads 
up  to  20"  in  diameter.  Friction  is  of  the  Whitman  Lever  Type.  It  is  not 
arranged  either  for  increased  friction  or  double  gearing.  Neither  of  these 
attachments  is  required,  as  this  type  of  head  is  used  only  for  light  warps. 
Length  of  the  double  Head  End  is  8'  10".  Other  details  similar  to  the 
standard  head. 

WIDTH.  Head  Ends  are  built  to  take  loom  beams  from  54j'£"  between 
heads  (Standard)  to  approximately  114".  This  is,  however,  dependent  on 
other  dimensions  of  the  beam  and  must  be  carefully  figured  in  every  case. 


301 


Diagram  of  Tmhee-Cygindke  Arrangement 


The  following  formula  is  used  in  figuring  the  width  necessary  to  take  beam 
of  known  dimensions: 

^Over  all-length  _|_  [eng^  Qf  i,earjng  — 38^  X 2 = extra  width  of  head. 

We  can  furnish  arbors  and  stands  for  running  narrow  beams,  also  face 
plate  and  dog  for  handling  beams  without  shafts  used  on  wide  sheeting  looms. 

DRIVING.  Tight  and  loose  pulleys  15"  in  diameter,  3^g"  face  are  stand- 
ard for  head  ends  up  to  and  including  24"  wider  than  regular,  while  18"  X 
Vi"  pulleys  are  supplied  for  heads  wider  than  this. 

A narrow-face  SLOW-MOTION  pulley  is  located  between  the  tight  and 
the  loose  pulleys.  This  pulley  is  connected  with  the  slow-motion  gearing 
and  starts  the  machine  up  gradually.  It  also  serves  to  stop  the  machine 
gradually  as  the  belt  moves  from  the  tight  to  loose  pulley.  Slow-motion 
gearing  is  arranged  to  give  approximately  1la  of  the  normal  speed.  This 
arrangement  prevents  the  excessive  breakage  of  ends  that  would  result  if  the 
machine  were  started  up  at  once  on  full  speed. 

A pair  of  taper  cones  provide  the  necessary  changes  in  speed. 

These  cones  are  of  iron,  accurately  designed  and  manufactured. 

CONTRACTOR  MOTION.  This  is  an  arrangement  furnished  with 
all  slashers.  Its  use  allows  the  winding  of  several  cuts  onto  the  beam  after 
it  has  been  filled  to  the  diameter  of  its  heads.  By  engaging  a pawl  with 
ratchet  on  the  shaft  of  the  expansion  comb,  the  comb  slowly  contracts  and 
narrows  up  the  warp  so  that  the  yarn  is  tapered  away  from  the  beam  heads. 
This  motion  is  especially  valuable  when  there  is  not  enough  yarn  left  on 
section  beams  to  fill  another  loom  beam,  and  it  can  be  added  to  one  or  two 
full  beams  without  waste.  ■> 

COMBS  OR  REEDS.  Combs  of  the  Spring  Expansion  Type  or  Positive 
Expansion  Type  are  supplied.  These  combs  are  similar  in  design  to  those 
used  on  the  Warper  and  are  fully  described  on  pages  285  and  290.  Tables 
covering  same  are  shown  on  pages  096  and  697. 

In  connection  with  slasher  work,  the  spring  comb  is  not  recommended 
for  sets  finer  than  10  dents  per  inch.  Neither  do  we  consider  the  spring 
comb  satisfactory  for  use  on  head  ends  more  than  12"  wider  than  regular. 
The  positive  expansion  should  be  used  under  these  conditions.  It  is  much 
stronger  than  the  spring  comb  and  has  a far  wider  range.  (See  tables.) 

PRESS  ROLLS.  Three  types  of  press  rolls,  for  condensing  the  yarn  on 
beam,  are  furnished: 

Common  Pipe  Press  Roll 
Saco-Lowell  Expansion  Roll 
Traversing  Press  Roll 

The  COMMON  PIPE  ROLL  is  usually  made  from  3Y/  diameter 
pipe,  its  length  being  about  Yi  less  than  the  distance  between  heads  of 


303 


304 


IIot-Aik  Siasiihh 


the  loom  beam.  Roll  is  supported  by  four  trucks  or  rolls,  held  by  arms 
connected  with  the  square  shaft  extending  across  head  end. 

Pressure  of  the  roll  is  regulated  by  a lever  with  adjustable  weight,  fas- 
tened to  end  of  square  shaft.  The  objection  to  using  a roll  of  fixed  length 
is  that  the  distance  between  loom  beam  heads  will  vary.  There  may  be  a 
variation  of  Y"  or  more  between  the  narrowest  and  widest  beams  in  the 
mill,  and  as  the  press  roll  must  be  made  short  enough  for  the  narrowest 
beam,  it  is  liable  to  cut  the  yarn  when  used  on  the  wide  beam. 

Our  EXPANSION  PRESS  ROLL  was  designed  to  overcome  this  diffi- 
culty. The  expansion  head  is  about  7"  long  and  has  a variation  of  about 
%"•  This  head  is  fastened  to  a plain  roll  of  any  desired  length  and  is  readily 
removed.  One  expansion  head  will  therefore  take  care  of  any  number  of 
beam  widths  by  substituting  extensions  of  various  lengths.  The  expansion 
heads  are  made  of  malleable  iron  and  are  very  durable. 

The  TRAVERSING  PRESS  ROLL  uses  a plain  pipe  roll,  this  being 
made  about  lbj"  shorter  than  the  distance  between  heads.  This  roll  rides 
on  four  trucks  which  are  fitted  with  worm  and  eccentric  stud,  imparting  a 
traversing  motion  to  the  roll  as  it  revolves.  This  type  of  roll  is  especially 
valuable  if  using  beams  with  heads  that  do  not  run  true.  It  is  not  advis- 
able to  use  the  traversing  roll  on  beams  more  than  80"  between  heads. 

The  DELIVERY  ROLL  is  made  8-j-f"  diameter,  allowing  5^"  for  wrapping, 
making  covered  roll  9"  in  diameter. 

A STRIKING  COMB  of  high-grade  workmanship  and  quality  is  supplied 
for  separating  the  warp  for  drawing  into  the  comb,  if  specified. 

The  FLTLTON  CUT  MARKER  is  a device  recently  patented  for  stamping 
numbers  of  symbols  onto  the  warp  instead  of  a straight  mark.  Such  a mark 
applied  at  the  end  of  each  cut  makes  a convenient  method  of  identifying 
cuts  as  they  come  from  the  loom. 


Beamer 

FOR  dry  beaming  we  furnish  our  slasher  head  end  and  creel 
equipped  with  roll  arrangement  for  increasing  the  tension  on 
the  yarn  and  with  modified  gearing  and  friction  for  providing  a 
more  powerful  drive  to  the  beam.  We  sometimes  furnish  a pin  reed 
for  use  with  wide  loom  beams,  placed  back  of  the  ordinary  reed  to 
lessen  strain  on  the  end  dents  of  the  latter. 

These  modifications  adapt  the  machine  for  beaming  heavy  yarns 
such  as  are  used  for  heavy  duck  and  tire  fabrics. 


305 


To  illustrate  the  effectiveness  of  our  roller  bearings  we  give  here- 
with the  results  of  some  carefully  conducted  tests  of  slashers 
equipped  with  truck  and  roller  bearings. 


Number  Pull  in  lbs.  required 

of  test  to  start  cylinder 

With  truck  bearings: 

1 All  four  trucks  revolving  freely 5.42 

2 One  truck  clogged  (common  in  most  mills)  . 10.12 

3 Two  trucks  clogged  (common  in  many  mills)  . 12.96 

4 Three  trucks  clogged  (frequently  found) 15.92 

5 Four  trucks  clogged  (sometimes  found) 19.15 

6 With  roller  bearings  -68 


306 


Cylinders  and  Center  Frames 

THE  standard  cylinder  slasher  is  equipped  with  two  cylinders. 

one  7'  0"  and  one  5'  0"  diameter.  Both  cylinders  are  00"  wide 
with  an  actual  face  of  5 2 between  hoops.  We  are  also  equipped 
for  making  cylinders  witli  72"  face,  but  do  not  recommend  these 
except  to  meet  very  unusual  requirements.  The  60"  cylinders  give 
ample  heating  surface  to  meet  all  ordinary  demands. 

We  can  build  slashers  with  6'  and  4'  cylinders,  but  prefer  not  to 
supply  them.  The  7'  and  5'  combination  makes  an  easier-running 
machine,  and  the  additional  drying  surface  permits  higher  yarn 
speed. 

The  third  cylinder,  40"  in  diameter,  is  sometimes  added  when 
sizing  dyed  yarns  where  colors  are  not  “fast”  and  where  it  is  neces- 
sary to  dry  the  colored  yarns  before  they  come  in  contact  with  the 
white  yarn.  This  combination  is  used  in  connection  with  a double- 
vat  arrangement  by  mills  running  striped  ticking  or  similar  goods. 

CYLINDERS  are  made  of  the  best  obtainable  copper,  No.  to  stock, 
.072"  thick  being  used  on  the  7'  cylinders  and  No.  16,  .065"  on  the  5'  cylinders. 
All  joints  are  dovetailed  and  brazed.  Heads  are  made  of  34"  steel  plate 
and  thoroughly  stayed  by  rods.  Three  SCOOPS  or  BUCKETS  are  pro- 
vided inside  cylinder  for  removing  condensed  steam.  These  scoops  extend 
the  full  width  of  cylinder,  and  each  will  lift  approximately  one  gallon,  or  a 
total  of  three  gallons  delivered  per  each  revolution  of  the  cylinder.  This  is 
ample  to  take  care  of  the  greatest  possible  condensation.  All  cylinders  are 
carefully  balanced  and  tested  under  a pressure  of  15  lbs.  before  leaving 
shops.  A manhole  is  provided  for  entering  cylinder  to  make  repairs. 

Vacuum  valves  are  provided  to  prevent  the  formation  of  vacuum  as 
cylinder  cools  off  after  shutting  down. 

BEARINGS.  Truck  bearings  are  furnished  unless  otherwise  specified. 
With  this  type  of  bearing  the  journals  rest  upon  two  truck  rolls  about  5"  in 
diameter. 

We  strongly  recommend  the  use  of  our  new  type  ROLLER-BEARING. 
This  is  illustrated  by  cut  on  previous  page.  It  is  much  more  durable  than 
the  truck  bearing  and  makes  an  easier-running  cylinder.  The  tension  on 
the  yarn  is  greatly  reduced,  and  the  production  increased. 

INSULATED  HEADS.  A considerable  saving  in  steam  is  effected  by 
the  use  of  insulated  heads.  This  is  now  applied  in  the  form  of  air  insulation 
by  fitting  oil  an  extra  set  of  steel  heads,  specially  made,  which  provide  a 
double  air  chamber  between  the  outside  sheet  and  actual  head  of  the  cylinder. 
Tests  have  shown  a saving  of  from  10  to  15  per  cent  in  steam  when  comparing 
this  style  of  insulation  with  the  non-insulated  heads. 


307 


308 


POSITIVE  GEAR  DRIVE.  This  arrangement  consists  of  a set  of 
segments  fastened  to  the  outer  circumference  of  cylinder  head  and  driven 
by  suitable  spur  and  bevel  gears  from  side  shaft  of  machine.  When  cylinders 
are  revolved  by  the  pulling  of  the  warp,  a considerable  strain  is  put  on  the 
yarn,  resulting  in  excessive  breakage  of  ends  if  running  weak  yarns.  With 
the  gear  drive  this  strain  is  eliminated. 

It  is  not  necessary  or  advisable  to  apply  this  drive  on  heavy  warps,  as 
quicker  drying  is  obtained  by  the  closer  contact  of  the  yarn  under  the  strain 
of  revolving  the  cylinders. 

The  application  of  the  gear  drive  is  illustrated  by  cut  on  page  308. 

CARRYING  ROLLS.  With  the  usual  threading  up  of  a two-cylinder 
slasher  only  about  75  per  cent  of  the  cylinder  surface  is  covered  by  the 
yarn.  On  heavy  warps  where  additional  drying  is  necessary  we  supply  an 
extra  set  of  carrying  rolls,  by  means  of  which  about  95  per  cent  of  the 
cylinder  surface  is  utilized.  The  arrangement  of  rolls  is  shown  by  cut  on 
page  308.  The  use  of  these  extra  rolls  is  not  recommended  on  light  warps, 
as  they  subject  the  yarn  to  considerable  extra  strain.  We  can  supply  carrier 
rolls  with  ball  bearings  if  required. 

STEAM  GAUGE.  We  supply  with  all  cylinder  slashers  Ashcroft's 
20  lb.  dial  gauge.  All  gauges  should  be  tested  frequently  to  see  that  they 
are  correctly  registering  the  pressure. 

TRAPS.  Our  standard  equipment  includes  Squire’s  Steam  Trap.  A 
1J4"  trap  is  used  on  7'  and  o'  slashers  and  the  1"  trap  on  single-cylinder 
machines.  When  the  third  cylinder  is  used,  an  additional  1"  trap  is  supplied. 

We  are  also  prepared  to  furnish  the  Webster  Sylphon  Drainage  System 
if  specified.  With  this  system  the  valves  are  fitted  with  sight  glasses,  ena- 
bling the  operator  to  see  that  they  are  working  properly. 

STEAM  PRESSURE  REGULATOR.  We  supply  the  standard  Watts 
Regulator,  134"  X 134"  for  two-cylinder  machines  and  1"  X 1 34"  for 
single-cylinder  slashers.  We  are  prepared  to  back  up  this  regulator  fully 
and  recommend  its  use.  Regulators  are  necessary  only  when  live  steam  is 
used.  In  operating  directly  from  boiler  pressure  it  is  good  practice  to  re- 
duce the  pressure  in  line  supplying  slasher  to  not  over  40  lbs.  Ten  small 
weights  are  furnished  with  the  Watts  Regulator,  each  weight  representing 
about  1 lb.  of  pressure  in  cylinder.  There  is  also  a larger  weight  resting  on 
lever  while  slasher  is  running  and  which  is  raised  when  slasher  is  stopped 
by  means  of  a finger  on  the  shipper  rod.  When  this  weight  is  raised  the 
pressure  in  the  cylinder  is  somewhat  reduced. 

PIPING  AND  STEAM  SUPPLY.  We  furnish  all  piping  and  valves 
directly  connected  with  the  slasher,  ready  to  connect  with  live  or  exhaust 
steam  or  both.  Safety  valves  are  also  included. 


309 


H 

s: 

c/3 


310 


Size  Vats 

\J  ATS  are  made  of  cast  iron  throughout,  tlie  body  being  cast 
in  one  piece.  Standard  vat  for  cotton  work  measures 
from  bottom  to  center  of  size  rolls  and  12"  between  centers  of  rolls. 
It  contains  two  size  rolls,  two  squeeze  rolls,  and  one  immersion  roll, 
two  wood-carrying  rolls  and  a drop  roll.  This  vat  holds  about  50 
gallons  of  size  when  filled  to  the  center  of  the  size  rolls. 

We  also  supply  a vat  for  light  warps  similar  to  above  except  that 
its  depth  is  instead  of  9}  holding  approximately  30  gallons 
of  size. 

Heat  of  the  size  is  maintained  by  means  of  steam  admitted 
through  a perforated  brass  pipe  in  bottom  of  vat. 

Copper-lined  vats  are  supplied  when  specified,  also  steam-jacketed 
vats.  With  the  latter  arrangement  steam  is  admitted  to  a chamber 
at  the  bottom  of  vat  and  keeps  the  size  warm  without  diluting  it  by 
the  admission  of  steam.  We  usually  supply  the  standard  perforated 
pipe,  however,  for  heating  the  size  on  starting  up  machine;  this  can 
be  shut  off  as  soon  as  size  is  at  proper  temperature.  This  type  of 
vat  is  essential  in  running  woolen  or  worsted  yarns  or  on  very  fine 
cotton  work. 

Rolls  are  placed  on  15"  centers,  and  vat  is  (i1  2"  deep. 

See  cut  on  page  310  for  illustration  of  this  vat. 

For  handling  colored  yarns  which  are  not  “fast”  we  supply  a 
single-roll  UPPER  VAT,  supported  above  the  regular  vat  by  suit- 
able stands.  This  vat  is  furnished  with  one  squeeze  roll,  one  size 
roll,  and  one  immersion  roll  and  is  Q]/^'  deep  to  center  of  roll. 

SIZE  ROLLS  are  made  from  seamless  copper  tubing,  turned  to  9"  in 
diameter.  Heads  are  of  cast  iron  or  brass  as  specified.  Brass  heads  are  ad- 
visable when  using  a corrosive  sizing  mixture  and  are  more  durable  than  the 
iron.  Shafts  extend  the  full  length  of  rolls  and  internal  heads  are  used  for 
stiffening  same.  Rolls  are  gear  driven  and  can  be  supplied  with  ball  bearings 
if  required. 

IMMERSION  ROLL  is  regularly  made  of  heavy  brass  tubing,  5"  in 
diameter. 

SQUEEZE  ROLLS  are  made  of  solid  cast  iron  and  vary  in  weight  ac- 
cording to  the  weight  of  warp.  An  approximate  rule  for  determining  the 
necessary  weight  of  rolls  for  cotton  yarns  is  as  follows: 

Multiply  square  root  of  the  weight  of  one  yard  of  warp  by  1000. 

The  first  roll  is  usually  about  100  lbs.  lighter  than  the  second. 

The  face  of  the  roll  is  rough  turned  to  provide  a good  surface  for  covering. 
Rolls  should  be  covered  with  high-grade  wool  fabric  to  the  depth  of  about 
34".  Methods  of  covering  vary  with  the  requirements  of  the  mill. 

Brass  FAUCETS  or  GATE  VALVES  for  use  with  Circulating  Size 
System  are  provided  in  each  vat. 


311 


CUT  MARKER.  Rolf’s  Cut  Marker  is  supplied  as  standard 
equipment.  This  is  a device  for  marking  warps  at  certain  fixed 
intervals  which  determine  the  length  of  the  cut  woven  in  the  loom. 
Marker  may  be  arranged  for  marking  a single  or  double  mark. 

Gearing  is  arranged  on  the  “Tooth  per  Yard’’  basis,  that  is,  one 
tooth  in  the  change  gear  equals  one  yard  in  the  warp.  This  is  a very 
convenient  arrangement  as  compared  with  the  old  method  of  deter- 
mining the  constant  and  figuring  gearing. 

Mark  is  applied  to  the  warp  just  as  it  leaves  the  vat,  so  that  it  is 
thoroughly  dried  before  reaching  the  loom  beam.  Marks  applied  on 
the  head  end  go  to  the  beam  wet  and  often  stain  through  several 
layers,  causing  confusion  in  the  weave  room. 

CREELS.  Creel  stands  are  arranged  in  sections,  each  holding 
two  beams;  therefore  are  readily  furnished  in  multiples  of  two. 
These  stands  are  designed  to  receive  beams  with  24",  26",  or  28" 
diameter  heads.  For  larger  diameters  special  attachments  are 
furnished  for  raising  the  upper  beam  sufficiently  to  clear  the  lower. 
Adjustable  bearings  are  supplied,  making  possible  the  use  of  beams 
varying  about  6"  in  length  between  bearings. 

The  Truck  Creel,  illustrated  by  line  drawing  on  page  704,  is  used 
when  the  leese  arrangement  is  necessary.  This  form  of  creel  will 
not  accommodate  beams  over  24"  in  diameter. 

W e are  also  prepared  to  supply  special  creels  to  meet  special 
needs,  that  is,  vertical  creels  where  floor  space  is  lacking,  or  creels 
to  hang  from  ceiling. 


312 


Slipp  Device  for  Slashers 

(Patented) 

TN  handling  pattern  warps,  where  it  is  necessary  to  count  ends 
A into  the  front  comb,  if  the  slasher  is  stopped  for  this  process, 
the  yarn  in  the  vat  becomes  unduly  sized,  the  vat  rolls  may  become 
coated,  and,  unless  a circulating  system  is  used,  a scum  may  form 
on  the  size.  For  this  reason  the  yarn  from  the  vat  to  the  front 
comb  is  sometimes  considered  as  waste. 

This  waste  is  avoided  by  the  use  of  the  SLIPP  DEVICE,  which 
permits  the  continuous  operation  of  the  rolls  in  the  vat.  The  im- 
mersion and  squeeze  rolls  are  lifted,  permitting  the  yarn  to  rise  out 
of  the  size.  When  ready  to  start,  the  squeeze  rolls  are  lowered  into 
place  and  the  machine  started  without  any  waste  yarn  and  without 
any  over-sized  section  in  the  warp.  This  arrangement  is  applied 
to  slashers  not  equipped  with  geared  cylinder  drive. 

Selley  Device 

(Patented) 

HPHE  SELLEY  DEVICE  has  the  same  objective  as  the  SLIPP 
DEVICE,  that  is,  to  prevent  waste  yarn  when  counting  in  pat- 
tern warps. 

In  operation  this  device  consists  of  reversing  the  direction  of  the 
yarn  after  the  ends  are  properly  laid  in  the  comb. 

When  stopping  the  machine  the  immersion  roll  and  squeeze  rolls 
are  lifted,  permitting  the  yarn  to  lift  out  of  the  size.  When  ready 
to  start  the  rolls  are  washed  dowm,  and  in  doing  this  the  size  is 
washed  from  the  yarn.  To  re-size  this,  machine  is  reversed  and 
the  yarn  run  back,  the  slack  being  taken  care  of  by  an  extra-heavy 
drop  roll  between  vat  and  creel.  This  arrangement  is  applied  to 
slashers  where  the  cylinders  are  equipped  with  positive  gear  drive. 


313 


314 


IIot-Atr  Slash ick 


Hot-Air  Slasher 

THERE  is  a large  demand  for  hot-air  slashers  for  worsted  and 
woolen  work  and  occasionally  for  cotton. 

The  general  descriptions  of  the  head  end,  size  vat,  and  creel  con- 
tained on  the  foregoing  pages  are  applicable  to  this  machine. 

We  illustrate  a hot-air  slasher  having  a drying  chamber  of  four 
sections.  Chambers  are  built  two,  three,  four,  and  five  sections 
long,  containing  six,  seven,  or  eight  coils  of  pipe  as  may  be  desired. 
A chamber  of  four  sections  seven  coils  high  contains  about  2500 
feet  of  1"  pipe.  Sections  may  be  added  to  the  chamber  in  the  mill 
at  any  time. 

The  warp  in  traversing  the  upper  portion  of  the  chamber  passes 
around  four  brass-ribbed  guide  rolls,  two  at  each  end,  which  may  be 
placed  outside  of  the  chamber  as  shown,  or  with  only  the  upper 
pair  outside.  The  warp  having  become  partially  dried  then  passes 
around  several  smooth  guide  rolls,  traveling  between  each  coil  of 
steam  circulating  pipe  before  passing  out  to  the  head  end.  The 
chambers  are  substantially  built,  with  pipe  and  fittings  threaded 
and  tapped  in  our  shop  to  insure  better  construction  than  is  ob- 
tainable with  commercial  fittings. 

The  overhead  fan  shown  in  cut  is  a standard  No.  4 Sturtevant 
Exhauster.  This  is  not  furnished  as  part  of  regular  equipment,  but 
will  be  supplied  at  current  prices  when  specified.  Its  use  is  recom- 
mended when  handling  very  heavy  warps  or  putting  through  large 
production  where  additional  air  draft  is  needed  to  give  the  best 
results  in  drying. 

The  repairs  on  a hot-air  slasher  are  very  limited;  the  capacity  of 
a large  machine  equals  that  of  a standard  cylinder  slasher,  and  the 
cost  approximately  the  same  for  similar  capacity.  The  cost  of  opera- 
tion is  practically  the  same,  although  the  usual  steam  pressure 
carried  on  a hot-air  slasher  is  70  fits. 

This  type  of  slasher  is  very  popular  on  woolen  and  worsted  yarn 
and  in  combination  with  parts  of  our  cylinder  slasher  is  used  for 
sizing  carpet  warps. 


315 


Slasher  Appurtenances 

HOODS  OR  BONNETS.  We  do  not  build  slasher  hoods,  but 
are  prepared  to  obtain  them  for  our  customers  if  desired.  The 
type  of  hood  used  is  entirely  optional  with  the  mill,  and  several 
varieties  give  excellent  satisfaction.  Hoods  made  of  wood  radiate 
less  heat  and  produce  less  condensation  than  metal  hoods.  The 
best  wood  for  making  these  seems  to  be  Gulf  Cypress,  which  is  not 
affected  by  the  heat  and  steam.  Metal  hoods  are  also  extensively 
used,  and  these  give  good  satisfaction. 

VENTILATING  FANS.  Outlets  from  slasher  hoods  or  from 
canopies  over  size  kettles,  etc.,  should  be  connected  with  an  exhaust 
ventilating  fan.  Natural  draft  ventilators  do  not  take  care  of  the 
air  and  steam,  and  a fan  of  ample  capacity  is  necessary.  The  size 
of  these  fans  should  be  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  slashers  in- 
stalled. With  a proper  system  of  ventilation  a slasher  room  can 
be  kept  reasonably  cool  and  healthful  for  the  operatives. 

DRIP  PANS.  Unless  slashers  are  located  on  concrete  or  other 
waterproof  flooring,  it  is  advisable  to  supply  metal  drip  pans  under 
the  cylinder  and  size-vat  sections.  These  are  usually  furnished  by 
the  mill,  but  we  are  in  a position  to  supply  them  if  required.  The 
size  of  drip  pans  is  indicated  on  line  drawings  of  slashers  shown  on 
following  pages. 

OVERHEAD  TRACK  AND  PULLEY  BLOCK.  In  a large 
majority  of  cases  we  supply  an  overhead  track  and  pulley  block 
for  handling  section  beams.  Block  is  half-ton  capacity,  and  about 
18'  of  track  is  usually  supplied  for  each  slasher.  Many  mills  install 
complete  track  systems  for  handling  section  beams  from  warpers 
to  slashers  with  equipment  for  weighing  the  beams.  With  such  a 
system  beams  can  be  readily  picked  up  and  transported  to  the 
slashers  with  little  chance  of  damaging  or  soiling  the  warps. 


316 


SIZING  SYSTEMS 


Size  Kettles 

PLAIN  KETTLE  is  cast  solid,  with  the  cover  and  working  parts 
fitted  and  applied  in  best  manner.  The  cover  is  bolted  in 
place,  provided  with  steam-pipe  connection  and  semi-elliptical 
opening  having  a door  with  handle,  used  for  the  admission  of  the 


Size  Kettle 


sizing  ingredients.  A stand  with  two  bearings  is  securely  mounted 
on  top  of  the  kettle  for  carrying  the  short  driving  shaft  with  driving 
pulleys  14"  X 2",  usually  running  at  100  R.  P.  M.  Bevel  gears 

31S 


operate  the  vertical  shaft  extending  into  the  kettle,  lhe  stirrers 
are  mounted  on  the  vertical  shaft.  Covers  are  drilled  to  template, 
so  that  driving  pulleys  can  be  located  at  any  desired  position  with 
relation  to  the  outlet. 

We  also  make  kettles  with  two  sets  of  stirrer  blades,  which 
revolve  in  opposite  directions,  and  can  furnish  blades  of  the  pro- 
peller type.  These  kettles  afford  the  most  effective  apparatus  for 
boiling  and  preparing  size.  W hen  specified  we  furnish  these  kettles 
with  inside  brass  steam-pipe  coils,  or  circular,  closed,  perforated  coil. 
The  dimensions,  capacities,  and  weights  of  our  kettles  are  as  follows: 


Dimensions 

Capacity 

in 

gallons 

Local 

shipping 

weight 

Foreign 

shipping 

weight 

Net 
weigh  t 
lbs. 

Cubic 

feet 

Ocea  n 
tons 

32" x 32"  . . . 

110 

950  lbs. 

1150  lbs. 

900 

45 

i 

36" x 36"  . . . 

158 

1250  “ 

1475  “ 

1200 

70 

1M 

42" x 42"  . . . 

250 

1675  “ 

2040  “ 

1600 

S3 

2 

48" x 48"  . . . 

360 

1875  “ 

3200  “ 

1S00 

100 

2H 

48" x 54"  . . . 

390 

2100  “ 

3600  “ 

2000 

108 

48" x 60"  . . . 

438 

2300  “ 

3900  “ 

2200 

116 

3 

Add  for  copper 
lining  .... 

8% 

8% 

10% 

Add  for  steam 
jacketng  . . . 

20% 

18% 

20% 

STEAM-JACKETED  KETTLE.  This  is  a plain  kettle  ar- 
ranged with  an  inner  copper  shell.  Steam  is  admitted  to  the  space 
between  the  exterior  of  the  shell  and  the  interior  of  the  kettle,  per- 
mitting maintenance  of  the  size  at  a uniform  temperature.  This 
is  desirable  as  the  continual  boiling  with  steam  admitted  into  the 
size  reduces  through  condensation  the  consistency  of  the  mixture. 
This  size  kettle  is  particularly  adapted  to  requirements  demanding 
size  of  practically  uniform  consistency  and  is  preferred  in  connection 
with  size  circulating  systems. 

Details  of  circulating  size  systems  are  covered  on  following  pages. 


319 


Preparation  and  Circulation  of  Size 

IN  order  to  obtain  a uniform  sizing  solution  free  from  lumps  every 
granule  of  starch  must  be  separated  from  its  neighbor.  To  do 
this  it  is  necessary  to  agitate  the  starch  violently  while  slowly  heat- 
ing to  a boiling  point,  the  boiling  being  continued  until  the  whole 
mass  has  reached  solution  temperature.  After  bringing  the  solution 
to  a boil,  it  should  be  put  through  a strainer  and  delivered  to  a 
storage  kettle,  from  which  the  slashers  are  supplied.  In  the  storage 
kettle  the  agitation  or  stirring  is  reduced  to  a degree  just  sufficient 
to  keep  the  solution  thoroughly  mixed.  Proper  temperature  should 
be  maintained  by  the  use  of  a steam- jacketed  kettle.  Starch  solu- 
tions undergo  a change  when  standing  for  any  length  of  time, 
therefore  several  slashers  should  be  supplied  from  one  kettle,  the 
size  being  used  up  while  it  is  in  prime  condition. 

The  Nivling  System 

\ SIMPLE  and  thoroughly  efficient  means  for  controlling  the 
quantity  of  size  in  vat  and  for  keeping  the  size  in  proper 
condition  has  been  patented  under  the  name  of  “The  Constant 
Level  Size  Circulating  System.”  This  system  insures  a continuance 
of  circulation  of  size  through  the  size  box  and  at  the  same  time 
automatically  maintains  the  proper  level.  This  device  operating 
without  the  use  of  float  valve  or  moving  mechanism  of  any  kind, 
is  based  on  the  continued  flow  of  size  from  the  storage  kettle  to  the 
slashers,  the  overflow  from  the  vats  being  returned  to  the  storage 
kettles,  thereby  maintaining  a complete  circulation  at  a compara- 
tively low  speed,  which  prevents  deterioration  of  the  size.  The  level 
control  is  made  in  several  forms,  one  of  which  consists  of  a rect- 
angular bronze  box  having  two  compartments  attached  to  the  end 
of  the  size  vat.  The  first  compartment  connects  with  the  size  vat 
just  above  its  floor.  The  second  compartment  is  connected  through 
valves  and  pipe  with’the  storage  kettle.  Between  the  two  com- 
partments is  an  adjustable  gate  enabling  the  operator  to  maintain 
any  desired  depth*ofjsize  in  the  vat.  ■ The  rate  of*  delivery  of  size 
from  the  kettle  to  the  vat  is  controlled  by  the  special  feed  device. 
The  method  of  connecting  up  this  system  is  illustrated  by  drawing 
on  page  322,  showing  typical  layout.  This  of  course  can  be  varied 
to  meet  actual  requirements. 

In  sizing  colored  yarns  where  the  dye  bleeds  badly,  it  is  inadvis- 
able to  return  the  size  to  the  supply  kettle,  as  it  will  tend  to  stain 
the  size  and  damage  lighter  yarns  which  are  being  sized  in  other 
slashers  connected  with  the  same  source  of  supply.  In  such  cases 
the  return  connection  from  vat  of  slasher  running  the  bleeding  color 
is  reversed  so  that  the  discolored  size  is  sent  to  waste  or  retained 
in  vat. 


.320 


Nivling  System 

ON  the  following  page  is  shown  a typical  layout  of  the  Nivling 
System,  including  two  inserts  showing  detail  of  Level  Control 
Arrangement,  Valve,  and  Screen  Box. 

The  following  list  refers  to  reference  numbers  shown  on  the  detail 
cuts: 

LEVEL  CONTROL  ARRANGEMENT 

No.  1.  Adjusting  Rod 

2.  Discharge  Gate  Hook 

3.  Overflow  Level 

4.  Cover 

5.  Level  Control  Gate 

6.  Return  Connection 

7.  “ 

8.  Inlet  from  Size  Box  or  Outlet 

9.  Return  Connection 

10.  Quick  Discharge  Outlet 

11.  Washout  Connection 

12.  Quick  Discharge  Gate 


BY-PASS  VALVE 


No.  13. 

Inlet 

14. 

Steam  Connection 

15. 

By-Pass  Port 

10. 

Lever  Handle 

17. 

Indicating  Dial 

18. 

Internal  By-Pass 

DOUBLE 

BY-PASS  CONNECTION 

No.  19. 

Y-connection 

20. 

Heavy  Size  Outlet 

21. 

Light  Size  Outlet 

22. 

Discharge  Outlet 

SCREEN  BOX 

No.  23. 

Removable  Screen 

24. 

Overflow 

25. 

Bracket  Support 

26. 

Top  of  Kettle 

27. 

Lock  Nuts 

321 


ST  CAM 


iiGrrr  size  /» ai/t 


w GRAVITY  FlOW 


BY  PASS  VALVES 
Y CO/VI  EC7 10/1 


WATER 


LEVEL  CCfiTROL 
BOA 


-WASTE  PIPE 


RETUR/1  PUMP 


LIGHT  SIZE  RETUR/1" 


/MAKE  L _ 


UCffT  SIZE  RETUB/i 


SC  RE  LA  BOA 


LIGHT  SIZE 
STORAGE  KETTLE' 


MAI A 

VALVE 


SIGHT  FffD 


XlYLIxl 


322 


STE 

PE 


Agfa 

,/ff 


\STE  PIPES 


BY  PASS  VALVES 
Y COnAECTlO^ 


SII£  VAT 


PIPE 


STEM 


323 


2-3— 4 


Size  Circulating  System 

324 


Saco-Lowell  Circulating  Size  System 

The  Saco-Lowell  System,  shown  by  drawing  on  page  S'Jd,  provides 
a circulating  system  with  independent  delivery  to  individual  vats. 

This  arrangement  differs  from  the  Nivling  System  described  on 
previous  page  in  that  the  circulation  is  not  maintained  through  the 
vats  on  the  slashers  but  through  the  kettles  and  feed  pipe,  the  vats 
being  fed  as  required  by  opening  valves  located  in  the  feed  pipes. 

The  constant  circulation  keeps  the  size  from  congealing  in  pipes 
and  proper  care  in  operating  will  insure  good  results.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  a day’s  run,  the  size  is  pumped  up  through  the  feed 
pipes  and  returned  to  the  storage  kettles,  leaving  all  piping  clear 
so  that  the  entire  system  can  be  blown  out  with  live  steam  and 
thoroughly  cleaned  preparatory  for  the  next  day’s  run. 

It  is  advisable  to  use  brass  piping  on  any  circulating  system  in 
order  to  avoid  possible  corrosion  and  staining  of  the  size,  although 
this  system  is  occasionally  put  in  with  galvanized  piping. 

We  will  furnish  detailed  plans  covering  the  installation  of  each 
individual  system. 

Pumps  used  are  described  on  following  pages. 


325 


3 26 


Size  Pumps 

D OTARY  TYPE.  The  cut  shows  our  new  pattern  belt-driven 
1 ' rotary  pump  having  a heavy  frame  sustaining  two  brass  cham- 
bers for  rotors.  The  stuffing  boxes  are  brass,  outside  packed,  and  all 
parts  in  contact  with  the  sizing  material  are  of  solid  brass,  including 
the  rotors,  which  are  machine  cut  to  accurate  size  and  are  inter- 
changeable. 

This  pump  is  adapted  to  sizing  systems  where  all  apparatus  is 
located  on  the  same  floor  of  the  mill  or  where  the  height  to  be 
pumped  does  not  exceed  about  25  feet.  The  capacity  of  the  pump  is 
sufficient  for  an  unlimited  number  of  slashers,  the  speed  of  the  pump 
being  100  to  200  R.  P.  M.,  depending  on  the  number  of  slashers 
served.  Driving  pulleys  14"  X 3".  Floor  space  27"  X 14".  Weight 
190  lbs. 

PLUNGER  TYPE.  Large  mills  using  a number  of  slashers 
frequently  prepare  their  size  in  the  basement  or  in  a detached 
building,  elevating  it  to  the  slasher  room,  which  is  sometimes 
several  stories  above  the  room  where  the  size  is  prepared.  To  meet 
such  conditions  we  can  supply  pumps  of  the  two-plunger  or  three- 
plunger  type,  with  pumping  capacity  to  meet  any  requirements. 


327 


TECHNICAL  SECTION 


Number  4 Bale  Breaker 


M ISCELL AN E( ) US  DATA 
Production:  10,000  to  30,000  lbs.  per  10  hours. 

Driving:  Self-contained  countershaft,  16"  X 4"  T.  &L.  pulleys,  300  R.P.M. 
Belts:  See  detailed  Belting  Lut. 

Floor  Space:  9'  73g"  X 6'  0"  over  all. 


Local  Shipping  Weight  4200  lbs.  Extension  apron 

Foreign  “ “ 6400  “ “ “ 

Net  Weight  4100  “ “ “ 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed,  approx.  186.  “ 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship's  option:  5 tons.  “ 

Power  Required:  3 to  5 II. P. 


6'  6"  600  lbs. 
6'  6"  700  “ 
6'  6"  500  “ 
6'  6"  30 
6'  6"  1 ton. 


SPECIFICATIONS 

And  Data  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

1 — Number  of  machines 

2 — Width:  36"  between  frame  sides 

3 — Countershaft  attached 

4 — Pulleys  on  countershaft:  16"  X 4"  T.  & L.  300  R.P.M 

5 — To  what  will  machine  deliver  stock? 

6 — Is  Feed  Regulator  wanted? 

7 — Length  of  feed  apron,  if  wanted 

8 - Is  Galvanized-Iron  Mouth  wanted? 

9 — Give  size  of  pipe  to  connect  with  mouth 

10  — Is  Fan  for  Removing  Dust  wanted?. 

1 1 - Production  required 

12  — Paint 


MOTOR  DRIVE 

We  strongly  recommend  the  use  of  regular  countershaft,  driven  from 
motor  attached  to  ceiling.  Under  certain  conditions  (such  as  low-ceiled 
room  or  a sky-light  construction  where  no  suitable  overhead  timbers  for 
hanging  motor  are  available)  a low-speed  motor  with  extended  shaft  can 
be  mounted  on  the  machine  in  place  of  the  countershaft.  For  further 
description  of  an  extended-shaft  motor  drive,  see  detail  in  Picker  section 
of  catalogue,  page  71. 


330 


Vertical  Opener 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  5000  to  15,000  lbs.  per  10  hours. 

Driving:  Belt  with  idlers  or  balanced  rope  drive.  Gallows  drive. 
Floor  Space:  Pipe  delivery,  5'  0"  (length)  X 5'  0"  (width). 

Apron  delivery,  (no  feeder)  9'  8"  X 5'  9". 

Shipping  Weights  and  Power: 


Net 

Local 

Gross  Cubic 

Ocean 

Power 

Vertical  Opener 

Weigh  t 

Shipp’g  Wt.  Foreign  Wt.  Ft. 

Tons 

Required 

Pipe  delivery 

3417 

3720 

4700  153 

4 

5 

Apron  delivery 

4033 

5070 

6700  206 

4 K 

5 to7H 

SPECIFICATIONS 

And  Data  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

1 — • Number  of  machines 

2 — Arrangement  of  machines 

3 — Countershaft  wanted 

4 — Pulley  on  vertical  shaft:  14"  X 4" 

5 — Are  idler  pulleys  wanted,  or  Gallows  Pulley  Drive? 

G — Is  Rope  Drive  arrangement  wanted? 

7 — Type  of  feed 

8 — To  what  does  Opener  deliver  stock? 

9 — Type  of  grids 

10  — Galvanized-iron  connection  to  Bale  Breaker 

11  — Galvanized-iron  connection  Vertical  Opener  to  pipe 

12  — If  pipe  connection  required,  show  proposed  layout  in  detail.  . 

13  — Is  Screen  Section  and  Apron  Delivery  wanted? 

14  — Is  Small  Auxiliary  Counter  wanted  for  driving  apron  section? 

1.5  — Will  Dust  Fan  deliver  through  floor  or  horizontally? 

16  — Is  Dust  Pipe  wanted? 

17  — Paint  (standard  green) 


331 


Fans 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 


Production:  The  amount  of  stock  that  can  be  handled,  varies  with 
conditions.  ( See  schedule  on  page  337  for  approximate  capacity.) 

Driving:  Requires  an  overhead  countershaft.  When  used  in  close  con- 
nection with  a condenser  and  distributor,  all  units  should  be  driven 
from  one  countershaft,  to  insure  maintenance  of  proper  relative 
speeds.  Driving  pulleys  on  fans  are  as  follows: 


No.  6 Fan  8"  diam.  X 634*  Face 

No.  7 “ 8 Vs"  “ X ry2"  “ 

No.  8 “ 10} i"  “ x 834"  “ 


Over-All  Dimensions, 

No.  6 Height  44"  Diam.  41" 

Width  33" 

approx. 

No.  7 

50"  “ 48" 

“ 39" 

No.  8 

57"  “ 54" 

“ 46" 

No.  6 

No.  7 

No.  8 

Local  Shipping  Weight 

650  lbs. 

1200  lbs. 

1700  lbs. 

Foreign  “ 

930  “ 

1550  “ 

1900  “ 

Net  Weight 

650  “ 

1200  “ 

1700  “ 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed  50 
Ocean  Tonnage,  ship’s 

80 

100 

option 

1 ton 

2 tons 

3 tons 

Power  Required  1 
Average  Speeds  for 

5 to  10  H.P. 

7)4  to  15  H.P. 

10  to  20  H.P. 

Cotton  Systems 

1250  R.P.M. 

1126  R.P.M. 

975  R.P.M. 

Maximum  Safe  Speed 

1700 

1400 

1200 

1 Power  required  increases  in  direct  ratio  to  the  speed.  It  is  ad  r is  ah  le  to  run 
at  loicest  speed  that  will  handle  the  required  quantities  of  stock. 


Feed  Table 

. MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 
Capacity:  Unlimited. 

Floor  Space:  Standard  Sections  6'  6"  long,  32"  wide  over  all.  Add  12 
to  over-all  length  of  Feeder  or  Bale  Breaker. 

Driving:  8"  X 234"  T.  & L.  pulley,  375  R.P.M. 

Belts:  2"  Single  from  overhead  countershaft. 

Local  Shipping  Weight,  approx.  6'6"  section  3200  lbs. 

Foreign  “ “ “ “ “ 4000 

Net  Weight,  “ “ “ 2920 

Cubic  Feet  when  Boxed,  “ “ “ 12  cu.  ft 

Ocean  Tonnage:  Base  on  measurement. 

Power  Required,  approx.  34  H.P. 


332 


Condenser 

SPECIFICATIONS 

And  Data  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

1 — Number  of  machines i 

2 — Type  of  machine 

3 — Inlet  and  outlet  same  or  opposite  ends 

4 — Driving  right  or  left  hand 

(The  Hand  of  a Condenser  is  determined  when  facing  the  Inlet  and  noting  which 
side  pulleys  are  on.) 

5 — Length  of  hangers 

(i  — Diameter  of  inlet 

7 — Diameter  of  outlet 

8 — Countershaft  (give  length) 

9 — Pulleys  (usually  figured  by  shop) 

10 — -Standard  receiving  pulleys  on  countershaft  are  18"  diam. 

Tight  and  loose,  to  run  500  R.P.M 

11  — Type  of  Screen 

(W  e can  supply  perforated  metal  screen  for  handling  waste  stock.) 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA  COVERING  TRUNKS 


Net  Weight 

Local  Shipping  Weight 

Foreign  “ 

Cubic  Feet 
Ocean  Tons 


Apron  Type 

Robinson  Type 

Perham  Type 

17'  6"  sects. 

10  ft.  sects. 

12  ft.  sects. 

1335 

590 

655 

1450 

625 

700 

2055 

1175 

1400 

71.3 

112 

112 

m 

2.8 

2.8 

Number  1 Condenser 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  Approx.  5000  lbs.  per  10  hours.  ( See  table  on  page  337.) 
Driving:  Separate  countershaft  required. 

Pulley  on  Condenser  8"  X 2",  1500  R.P.M. 

“ “ Countershaft  18"  X 2J^"  T.  & L.,  500  R.P.M. 

Hangers:  18"  drop  unless  otherwise  specified. 

Local  Shipping  Weight  1375  lbs. 

Foreign  “ “ 2100  “ 

Net  Weight  1200  “ 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed,  approx.  75 

Ocean  Tonnage,  “ 2 tons. 

Power  Required:  5 H.P. 

Belting:  See  Belting  List,  page  380. 

Note:  Condenser  and  Fan  Speeds  are  subject  to  adjustment  at  mill  to 
meet  local  requirements. 


334 


» 


Number  9 Condenser 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  Up  to  10,000  lbs.  per  10  hours.  ( See  tabic  on  page  337.) 
Driving:  Separate  countershaft  required. 

Pulleys  on  Condenser  18"  X 23^"  T.  & L.,  2.50  R.P.M. 

Hangers:  18"  to  42"  as  specified. 

Local  Shipping  Weight  1150  lbs. 

Foreign  “ “ 1550  “ 

Net  Weight  1000 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed,  approx.  75 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship's  option,  approx.  2 tons. 

Power  Required:  About  Yi  H P. 

Belting:  See  Belting  List , page  380. 

Note:  Condenser  and  Fan  Speeds  are  subject  to  adjustment  at  mill  to  meet 
local  requirements. 


335 


Number  6 Condenser 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  Over  10,000  lbs.  per  10  hours.  ( See  table  on  page  337) 
Driving:  Separate  countershaft  required. 

Pulleys  on  Condenser  18"  X 2}^"  T.  & L.,  Ill  R.l’.M. 

Hangers:  18"  to  44"  as  specified. 

Local  Shipping  Weight  1800  lbs. 

Foreign  “ “ 2250  “ 

Net  Weight  1600  “ 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed,  approx.  85 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship’s  option,  approx.  2 tons. 

Power  Required:  About  1 H.P. 

Belting:  See  Belting  List,  page  380. 

Note:  Condenser  and  Fan  Speeds  are  subject  to  adjustment  at  mill  to  meet 
local  requirements. 


Table  Showing  Schedule  of  Conveying  System  Equipment 

Exhaust  Systems  — No  stock  passes  through  fan 


shops  in  each  case,  giving  all  data. 

These  figures  are  not  guaranteed,  but  are  given  approximately  as  an  aid  in  laying  out  schedules.  Condi- 
tions vary  to  such  an  extent  that  fixed  rules  cannot  readily  be  established. 


339 


No-  4 BALE  BREAKER  WITH  1 2 FT-  OF 

WITH  APRON  DELIVERY,  FEEDING 
DOUBLE  LATTICE  CONVEYOR 


FLOOR  PLANS  AND  ELEVATIONS  OF  MACHIN 


340 


Distributors 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  Limited  only  by  capacity  of  Condenser  and  Fan. 

Drive:  Group  drive  from  countershaft.  Pulley  on  Distributor 

18"  X tight. 


Belting:  2J4"  Single,  varying 

length. 

Local  Shipping  Weight, 

Automatic, 

05  lbs.  per  foot,  approx 

Bin, 

45  “ “ “ 

Foreign  “ 

Automatic, 

95  “ “ “ 

Bin, 

60  “ “ 

Net  Weight, 

Automatic, 

55  “ “ “ 

Bin, 

42  “ “ 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed, 

Automatic, 

Bin, 

1 K 

Ocean  Tonnage:  Figure  on  measurement. 

Power  Required:  2^  to  1 H.P. 

Note:  Approximate  figures  only  can  be  given,  as  these  vary  somewhat 
with  different  layouts. 


SPECIFICATION  S 

And  Data  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

1 — Number  of  distributors 

2 — Automatic  or  Bin 

3 — Number  of  deliveries 

4 — Length  over  all  (if  Bin) 

5 — Type  of  Condenser  used 

6 — Detail  of  Hoppers  to  be  fed 

7 — Mill  to  furnish  data  for  making  plans 

8 — -Is  Thomas  Regulator  wanted? 


341 


Cross  Section  Number  5 Feeder 

Key  to  Drawing 


A Patent  Combing  Roll 

B Pin  Lifting  Apron 

C D OFFER 

D . . . Grid  under  Doffer 

E Dirt  Drawer 

F Grid  under  Lifting  Apron 

G . Bottom  Apron 

H . Loose  Hopper  Girt 


342 


Number  5 Automatic  Feeder 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 
Production:  Maximum  8000  lbs.  per  10  hours. 

Floor  Space:  8' 5"  long.  Furnished  in  following  widths: 

24",  34",  38",  43",  and  48"  between  hopper  sides.  Add  19"  for  over-all  width 
when  used  in  combination  with  pickers. 

Add  345g"  for  over-all  width  when  fitted  with  self-contained  countershaft 
and  step  cone  drive. 

Belting:  Sec  Belting  List. 


24" 

34" 

oo 

43" 

OO 

Local  Shipping  Weight  (lbs.)  . . 

. 2265 

2465 

2550 

2675 

2800 

Foreign  “ “ “ . . . 

. 3125 

3300 

3375 

3480 

3600 

Net  Weight  (lbs.) 

. 2100 

2280 

2380 

2470 

2600 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed  . . . 

100 

108 

no 

112 

114 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship’s  option  ...  2 L2%  3 3J4 

Power  Required Approx,  l1^  H.P. 

Feed  Regulator  and  6'  0"  of  Apron  adds: 

Local  Shipping  Weight  (lbs.) 850 

Foreign  “ “ “ 1200 

Net  Weight  (lbs.) 725 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed Approx.  45 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship’s  option 1 


SPECIFICATIONS 

And  Data  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

1 — Number  of  machines 

2 — Width 

Note:  If  21/'  Feeler,  state  whether  dust  box  and  nose  piece  are  wanted 
for  connecting  with  waste  cleaner. 

3 — Attached  to  what? 

4 — Method  of  driving 

5 — Is  feed  regulator  wanted  ? 

6 — Length  of  feed  table 

Note:  If  feeder  is  to  be  attached  to  other  than  Kit-son  machines,  give  all 
details  and  sketch  of  driving. 


343 


Opener  Specifications 

1 — Number  of  machines 

2 — Type  of  machine 

3 — Width 

4 — What  will  Opener  deliver  to? 

5 — Is  automatic  feeder  wanted? 

6 — Is  feed  regulator  wanted  on  feeder?  

7 — Length  of  apron 

8 — Method  of  driving  Opener 

9 — Type  of  beater 

10  — Speed  of  Beater  

11  — Type  of  bearings 

12  ; — Type  of  grids 

13  — ■ Countershaft  attached  (18"  X 5"  T.  & L.  pulleys,  500  R.P.M.) 

14  — Driving  pulleys  on  counter 

15  — A-frame  for  motor  drive 

16  — Motor  details 

17  — Production  required 

18  — Paint  (standard  is  green) 

19  — Are  any  galvanized  connections  wanted? 


344 


Notes  on  Specifications 

2 & 3 — Various  Models  of  Openers  are  supplied: 

(a)  No.  7 Opener,  20"  dia.  beater;  built  30"  or  40"  wide 

( b ) No.  9 “ 30"  “ cylinder;  “ 30"  “ 40"  “ 

(c)  No.  10  “ 40"  “ ” “ “ 40"  “ 45"  “ 

(d)  Opener  with  apron  delivery:  built  40"  wide,  with  one  or 

two  beaters,  20"  and  10"  in  diameter. 

4 — Opener  can  be  arranged  to  deliver  to  vertical  openers,  cleaning  trunk 

or  pipe  lines. 

5 — Automatic  feeder  is  our  Standard  No.  5 type.  We  supply  34"  feeder 

for  30"  openers,  38"  feeder  for  40"  openers,  and  43"  feeder  for  45" 
openers. 

0 — Standard  feed  regulators  and  aprons  can  be  applied  if  required. 
These  are  advisable  when  there  is  direct  connection  between 
openers  and  breaker  lappers,  as  their  use  will  result  in  more  even 
laps  on  breakers. 

7 — Apron  is  regularly  built  in  0'  0"  sections,  and  we  prefer  to  furnish 

multiples  of  this  length.  We  have  patterns  for  4'  10"  sections. 

8 — Standard  openers  have  self-contained  countershaft  with  T.  & L. 

pulleys.  We  also  supply  A-frame  and  support  for  motor  drive,  or 
will  omit  countershaft  entirely  if  drive  direct  from  counter  on 
ceiling  is  preferred. 

9 — Beaters  for  No.  7 may  be  any  of  our  Standard  type;  3-blade  porcupine 

cylinder,  or  carding.  The  No.  9 is  fitted  with  porcupine  cylinder 
30"  in  diameter.  The  No.  10  opener  has  a porcupine  cylinder  40" 
in  diameter. 

11  — Regular  equipment  includes  self-aligning  bearings. 

12  — Grids  are  of  our  Standard  adjustable  type.  The  20"  beaters  have 

9 bar  grids,  the  4 top  bars  being  adjustable.  The  grids  for  the 
30"  cylinders  have  15  bars,  the  6 top  bars  being  adjustable.- 

13  — See  Item  8. 

11  — Countershaft  runs  at  500  R.P.M.  and  is  fitted  with  18"  X 5"  T.  & L. 
pulleys.  Based  on  this  speed  we  supply  proper  pulleys  for  driving 
feeder  or  any  attached  machine. 

15  — Our  A-frames  are  fitted  to  receive  any  make  of  motor.  Motors 
should  be  ordered  without  adjusting  bases. 

10  — Always  furnish  print  showing  exact  dimensions  of  motor  base  with 
location  of  bolt  holes.  Also,  state  full  load  speed  of  motors  and 
size  of  pulley.  We  recommend  the  use  of  8J4"  dia.  by  4A2"  face 
pulley  for  Standard  motors. 

17  — The  production  is  limited  only  by  the  capacity  of  the  automatic 
feeder,  but  should  always  be  specified  so  that  opener  can  be  fitted 
with  proper  feed  pulleys. 

19  — We  prefer  to  furnish  all  galvanized  work  directly  connected  with  our 
machines  in  order  to  insure  proper  fit.  Specially  designed  mouth- 
pieces are  required  in  combinations  including  vertical  openers. 
Details  of  all  pipe  work  will  be  covered  in  detail  on  each  inquiry 
or  order. 


345 


Specifications 

LAPPERS 

1 — Breaker  Lappers  wanted 

2 — Intermediate  Lappers  wanted 

3 — Finisher  Lappers  wanted 

4 — Width  of  laps  to  be  made  on  Breaker Intermediate 

Finisher 

5 — Number  of  beaters.  Breaker.  . .Intermediate.  . .Finisher. 

6 — Automatic  Feeder,  No.  5 

7 — Hopper  Filling  Regulator 

8 — Length  of  feed  apron  for  Regulator 

9 — Evener  Motion 

10  — Apron  to  double  4 laps 

11  — Screen  Section  F eed 

12  — Gauge  Box  Section  Feed 

13  — Exhaust  Opener  Feed 

14  — Type  of  beater.  Breaker.  Intermediate.  . . Finisher 

15  — Speed  of  beater.  Breaker  .Intermediate.  . .Finisher 

16  — Type  of  Bearings.  (Ball  bearings  standard) 

17  — Type  of  Grids.  .(Patent.  Adjustable  standard) 

18  — Countershafts  attached.  (18"  X 5"  T.  &:  L.  pulleys) 

19  — A-frame  support  for  Motor 

20  — Production  required  for  10  hours 

21  — Weight  of  laps  to  be  made:  Breaker Intermediate 

Finisher 

22  — Weight  of  laps  to  be  doubled  on : Intermediate . . . Finisher. 

23  — Beater  Pulley  (Shops  will  figure) 

24  — Feed  Pulley  “ “ “ 

25  — Fan  Pulleys  “ “ “ 

26  — Draft  Gears  “ “ “ 

27  — Knock-off  Gears  (state  length  of  lap  wanted) 

28  — Paint 

29  — Is  Dust  Pipe  wanted? 


340 


Notes  on  Lapper  Specifications 

4 — Machines  are  regularly  built  for  40",  41' 2"  or  44",  45",  4(4"  and  47" 
laps,  these  machines  being  41?4",  43J4",  46%"  and  between 

frame  sides  respectively.  Other  widths  of  laps  are  obtained  by 
cheeking  calender.  In  cheeking  to  narrower  widths  it  is  necessary 
to  use  plain  calender  rolls,  the  benefit  of  the  llanges  being  lost. 
IV  e can  supply  the  arrangement  common  to  many  English  systems 
of  narrowing  from  44"  laps  on  the  Breaker  to  40"  on  the  Finisher 
if  desired. 

7 — The  hopper  feed  regulator  is  strongly  recommended Aon  all  1 -beater 

and  4-beater  breakers  with  Feeders,  as  much  more  even  laps  can 
be  obtained  with  its  use.  It  cannot  be  used  in  connection  with 
machines  fed  by  the  automatic  distributor. 

8 — Feed  table  is  regularly  built  in  sections  6'  6"  long.  Specify  some 

multiple  of  this  if  possible.  There  is  practically  no  limit  to  the 
length  that  can  be  used,  as  we  have  applied  a very  powerful  worm- 
gear  drive  capable  of  carrying  a heavy  load. 

1)  — All  Intermediates  and  Finishers  are  fitted  with  Eveners.  The  use  of 
this  mechanism  on  breakers  is  restricted  to  machines  running  long 
staple  on  a two-process  system  and  to  the  40"  cylinder  machine. 
( See  pages  52  and  60.) 

10  — Standard  aprons  are  for  doubling  4 laps,  41"  centers.  We  can  furnish 
5-lap  rails  if  recpiired. 

11 — The  screen  section  feed  is  rarely  used  except  to  match  up  existing 
installations. 

14  — The  gauge  box  is  used  in  connection  with  cleaning  trunk  where 
openers  are  located  on  different  floors. 

13  — The  exhaust  opener  is  used  for  large  production,  having  a capacity 

up  to  6000  lbs.  per  10  hours.  It  is  connected  directly  with  Opening 
room  equipment  by  means  of  pipe  line. 

14  & 15  — The  type  and  speed  of  beater  depend  on  local  conditions.  We 

will  be  glad  to  discuss  individual  cases  if  clients  are  uncertain  as 
to  the  proper  speeds  and  beaters  for  their  work. 

18  — Countershafts  with  18"  by  5"  pulleys  running  500  R.P.M.  are  standard. 

Will  be  omitted  if  direct  ceiling  drive  is  preferred. 

40  to  44  — Always  give  full  information  as  to  weights,  production,  etc.; 

we  will  figure  pulleys  and  gears  from  data  furnished. 

47  — All  machines  are  equipped  with  a lap  counting  device  in  connection 
with  knock-off  gears. 

48 — -Standard  paint  is  green.  Will  paint  black  if  specified.  No  striping 
is  used. 

49  — We  supply  high-grade  galvanized  fittings  and  recommend  that  these 
be  ordered  with  the  machines. 


347 


Picking  Machinery 

NOTES  ON  OPERATING 

Proper  mixing  is  essential  to  the  producing  of  a high-grade  product,  and 
carelessness  at  this  stage  will  result  in  uneven,  weak  and  fuzzy  yarn.  The 
overseer  of  the  Opening  room  should  see  that  bales  are  properly  delivered 
to  the  Hale  Breakers  and  that  layers  from  different  bales  are  fed  to  the 
machines  to  insure  proper  mixing. 

Bale  breakers  should  not  be  overworked  and  settings  should  be  close 
enough  to  thoroughly  open  up  the  stock. 

Do  not  feed  strap  iron,  hooks,  broom  handles  or  other  foreign  matter  to 
the  machines.  A little  care  in  feeding  will  save  unnecessary  repairs. 

If  Vertical  Openers  are  connected  directly  to  Bale  Breakers  a feed  regu- 
lator should  be  used,  as  this  insures  a steady,  even  feed  and  insures  best 
results  from  the  opener. 

Vertical  Openers  should  be  cleaned  out  frequently,  at  least  twice  a day. 
If  stock  is  allowed  to  accumulate  it  blocks  the  grids  and  prevents  cleaning. 

Conveying  pipe  should  be  examined  frequently  to  see  that  there  are  no 
leaks  and  no  accumulations  of  sand  and  lint.  Pipe  running  out  cf  doors 
should  be  covered  with  canvas  and  painted. 

Condensers  when  properly  adjusted  require  little  attention  other  than 
oiling.  Leather  packing  around  screens  must  be  renewed  when  worn. 

Distributors  require  little  attention  other  than  oiling  and  cleaning.  The 
automatic  operating  mechanism  should  be  kept  free  from  dirt  and  all  bear- 
ings kept  well  oiled. 

Automatic  Feeders.  If  fed  by  hand,  care  should  be  taken  to  keep  stock 
at  an  even  level.  If  filled  up  full  and  then  allowed  to  run  nearly  empty, 
there  will  be  a variation  in  weight  of  laps  produced. 

Breaker  Lappers  with  automatic  feeders.  The  weight  of  lap  is  governed 
by  the  amount  of  stock  delivered  by  feeders,  and  any  desired  change  in 
weight  of  laps  is  made  by  setting  stripping  [roll  in  feeder  and  changing 
speed  of  lifting  apron.  When  properly  adjusted  no  attention  is  necessary 
other  than  to  keep  hoppers  properly  filled.  If  laps  run  heavy  on  one  side 
and  light  on  other  adjust  dampers  in  air  flue,  closing  on  the  side  where  lap 
is  heavy.  If  heavy  on  both  sides  and  light  in  middle  too  strong  a draft  is 
indicated. 

Waste  should  be  removed  from  under  beaters  twice  a day  and  grids 
brushed.  Dirt  should  be  removed  from  under  grate  bars  every  two  hours. 

Screens,  draw-rolls  and  feed-rolls  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned  every 
other  day  and  whole  machine  thoroughly  cleaned  every  two  weeks. 

Blade  beaters  to  do  effective  work  must  be  kept  sharp.  All  blade  beaters 
are  reversible  and  both  sides  can  be  worn  down  before  sharpening. 

The  thoroughly  opened  condition  of  stock  as  it  passes  through  pickers 
makes  it  especially  susceptible  to  the  absorption  of  moisture.  If  picker 
room  is  not  properly  humidified  a considerable  variation  in  lap  weights 
during  a day's  run  may  be  entirely  due  to  changes  in  humidity  of  the  air. 


34S 


Miscellaneous  Information 

CAPACITY  OF  COTTON  BINS.  Cotton  thoroughly  opened  up  and 
delivered  to  bins,  weighs  approximately  2 lbs.  per  cubic  foot. 

Length  X width  X height  X 2 = Capacity  of  bin. 

DUST  ROOM.  For  best  results  in  picking  and  to  prevent  lint  sucking 
up  through  dust  chimney,  the  dust  room  should  be  equal  in  area  to  the 
space  occupied  by  the  pickers  delivering  into  it  (i.  e.,  full  size  of  picker 
room)  and  at  least  5'  deep. 

DUST  CHIMNEY.  Dust  chimney  must  be  of  sufficient  area  to  pre- 
vent back  drafts.  We  recommend  figuring  on  the  basis  of  5 sq.  ft.  per  fan, 
i.  e.,  a dust  room  with  five  fans  delivering  into  it  should  have  a chimney 
25  sq.  ft.  in  area.  Opening  from  dust  room  to  chimney  must  be  of  the 
same  area. 

SETTING  OF  BEATERS.  The  setting  of  beaters  varies  with  stock, 
and  fixed  rules  cannot  be  given.  We  recommend  in  starting  up  machines 
on  ordinary  stock,  settings  approximately  as  follows: 


Blade  beaters  in  breaker  lappers xg"  to  Y% 

Blade  beaters  in  intermediates  and  finishers  . . . to 

Carding  beaters J/g"  to  Ys 

Buckley  cylinders YL"  to  Yi 


ERECTING  MACHINERY.  The  erection  and  setting  of  pickers, 
waste  machinery,  and  conveying  systems  is  of  the  utmost  importance,  and 
should  not  be  attempted  by  men  unfamiliar  with  the  operation  of  the 
machines.  We  strongly'  urge  that  all  installations  be  started  up  by  erectors 
from  our  shop. 


TABLE  OF  LAP  WEIGHTS 


Nearest  Equivalents 

English  System  French  or  Continental  System 


Ounce  per 
Yard 

Grains 

Equiv.  Hank 

Grams  per 
Meter 

Hank 

10 

4375 

.00190 

310 

.00161 

li 

4812 

.00173 

331 

.00151 

12 

5250 

.00158 

362 

.00138 

13 

5687 

.00146 

393 

.00127 

14 

6124 

.00136 

424 

.00118 

15 

6562 

.00127 

455 

.00109 

16 

7000 

.00119 

486 

.00103 

17 

7437 

.00111 

517 

.00096 

18 

7875 

.00105 

548 

.00091 

19 

8312 

.00099 

579 

.00085 

20 

~ 8750 

.00094 

610 

.00081 

349 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA  LAPPERS 

Power  — Floor  Space  — Production 

Note:  The  over-all  width  of  40",  41T2"  and  42"  machines  is  6' 
45"  and  40}^"  machines  is  6'  IT 
“ 50"  machine  is  7'  4" 


Production  J 
per  ten  hours 

11  1 111  1 
»0  w JO  w w w w ^ CO  TO  w „ 

1 § ‘ | ‘ * * | ' %%'  ill” 

CO  CO  CO  O*  -?  5 - 

Length 

i \ff*  \0> 

r4\  to  *0  QHCOC^CbiCCO  CO  — CO  co  *o 

CO  rH  H 

b g!  i 2 2 b 2 2 3 b 3 § 8 2 5 3 § 

Approximate 

Power 

e-  „ „ , 

TO  TO  TO 

x s x c.  :«<;<.  -:s 

o o i>©i>oo©*i>©*©*  © »o  © i>  © 

:::oi.  :::::::  s ■§  : 

t~  7.  ■ : : : : : : i : = : : : r 

' : : | S c t : : : -S 

: : : 2 1 : : S : *:  ® | i i .£  ' 

: sll  . : : |=  o : : :* 

: : o — ^ ~ : : =-*  w 5 ■xs  - g : © ==' 

3s  s | il,  *:  j- 

^ o o<rt  g-  s - V 53  • = - - 

^ ^ O -t->  . ^ PP  .C  jz  O £ -5.0  - 

< * 1’  1*  if  1:3  | 

|T=  |]  = j!  T J'  • 1 J-3  j 

I g ?i  Jj  1 1 ^ .Il  1 1 

|:  : |:  !:  : |:  1H:  j: 

-tol  — oi<  — ot  — ^ — rst 

350 


SHIPPING  WEIGHTS  OF  LAPPERS 

(Approximate  — for  Estimating  Tonnage) 


Machine 

Net 

Local 

Export 

Cu. 

Ft. 

Ocean 

Tons 

40"  1 Btr.  Breaker  and  Feeder 

9,660 

10,450 

13,300 

390 

11 

45"  1 “ 

10,400 

11,400 

14,260 

410 

11.5 

40"  2 “ 

12,750 

13,900 

18,200 

554 

15 

45"  2 “ 

13,820 

15,025 

19,500 

580 

16 

40"  1 “ (40"  C v 1 .)  Brkr.  and  Fdr. 

11,250 

12,200 

15,350 

435 

12 

45"  1 “ 

12,350 

13,400 

16,850 

480 

13 

40"  2 “ (40"  and  10")  Brkr.  and  Fdr. 

14,450 

15,630 

20,260 

600 

16 

45"  2 “ 

15,750 

17,000 

22,075 

650 

17.5 

40"  1 “ Gauge  Box  Breaker 

8.900 

9,350 

12,600 

325 

10 

45"  1 “ 

9,450 

9,960 

12,950 

342 

11 

40"  2 “ 

12,120 

12,800 

17,500 

490 

13.5 

45"  2 “ 

12,875 

13,600 

18,200 

510 

14 

40"  1 “ Screen  Section  Breakej' 

9,050 

9,400 

12,700 

340 

11 

45"  1 “ 

9,610 

9,975 

13,575 

360 

10 

40"  2 “ 

12,250 

12,825 

17,530 

504 

14 

45"  2 “ 

13,000 

13,600 

18,800 

530 

15 

40"  1 “ Brkr.  with  Exhaust  Opener 

11,550 

11,975 

15,500 

460 

13 

45"  1 “ “ “ 

12,260 

12,750 

16.300 

480 

13 

40"  2 “ 

14,750 

15,400 

20,400 

624 

17 

45"  2 “ 

15,675 

16.375 

21,500 

650 

17.5 

40"  China  Combination  Machine 

16,725 

17,700 

22,700 

675 

18 

45" 

17,700 

23,875 

23,875 

685 

19 

40"  1 Btr.  Brkr.  with  F verier  and  Fdr. 

10,100 

11,100 

13,850 

400 

11 

45"  1 “ “ “ “ “ “ 

10.900 

11,950 

14,800 

420 

11.5 

40"  1 “ Finisher 

8,600 

9,300 

11,300 

300 

10 

45"  1 “ 

9,225 

10,100 

12,600 

330 

11 

40"  2 “ 

11,800 

12,675 

16.200 

440 

12 

45"  2 “ 

12,700 

13,650 

17,800 

475 

13 

40"  1 “ Comb.  Brkr.  and  Finisher 

10,850 

11,650 

14,250 

370 

10.5 

4 5"  1 “ “ “ “ “ 

11,900 

12,800 

16,400 

440 

12 

40"  2 “ 

14,000 

14,900 

19,150 

510 

14 

45"  2 

15,400 

16,500 

21,600 

560 

15 

351 


Draft 


FXJR  convenience  in  figuring,  a draft  constant  is  used,  arrived 
at  by  figuring  the  gears  on  machine.  The  standard  draft 
on  a No.  5 Model  Finisher  with  spiral  side  shaft  drive  is  obtained 
from  the  following  formula: 


9"  18  14  17  C 

-X-X  — X — X-X 
37  73  67  C'  10 


78  48  12 

X — X — X — = 3.73  Constant 
14  16  2" 

E 


B 

•Mr 

3 

F D 
A = Diameter  calender  roll 
B = Approximate  mean  diameter  of  cone 
C'  = Change  gear  on  cross  shaft 
C = Change  gear  on  side  shaft 
D = Triple  worm 
E = Diameter  feed  roll 
F = Diameter  evener  drum 


After  determining  the  constant,  the  following  formulae  are 
available: 


Constant 


Draft 

Sum  of  draft  gears 


= Gear  Ratio 


= Gear  on  Side  Shaft 


1 + Ratio 

Sum  of  Draft  Gears  = 55 


Given  weight  of  laps  to  be  doubled  and  made,  gears  can  be 
determined  by  the  following  formulae: 


Oz.  made  X 3.73 
Oz.  doubled  X 4 


Example: 


12  oz.  X 3.73 
14  oz.  X 4 


.792 


OQ  . f 

, ■ ■ = 30  T in  driven  gear  C 55  — 30  = 25  T in  driver  C 

1.792 


Note:  For  ready  reference , refer  to  draft-gear  table  which  shows  the  gears  required  to  gi re  any 
desired  results.  Owing  to  variations  in  amount  of  waste  and  other  circumstances,  figured  drafts 
are  not  accurate,  but  any  necessary  changes  are  made  by  adjusting  the  evener,  thereby  running 
the  cone  belt  on  a slightly  different  diameter,  which  changes  the  speed  of  the  feed  rolls  as  required. 
In  figuring  the  draft  table,  allowance  has  been  made  to  cover  estimated  waste.  (See following 
pages.) 


352 


INTERMEDIATE  AND  FINISHER  PICKER 

DRAFT  GEAR  TABLE 

OUNCES  PER  YARD  ON  APRON  DOUBLING  FOUR  LAPS 


For  Spiral  Side  Shaft  Drive 


9 

10 

li 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

9 

2 9 
2 6 

#8 

2 6 
2 9 

To 

2 4 

3 1 

2 3 

3 2 

it 

2 1 
34 

Driver  on  Cross  Shatt 

Driven  on  Side  Shaft 

10 

2 9 
2 6 

2 9 
2 6 

2 8 
2 7 

T8 

To 

2 3 

3 2 

2 3 

3 2 

Irf 

3 3 

2 1 
3 4 

2 1 
3 4 

11 

3 0 
2 5 

2 9 
2 6 

2 9 
2 6 

2 8 
2 7 

TT 

2 6 
2 9 

2 5 

3 0 

2 4 

3 1 

2 3 

3 2 

2 2 
ft 

2 2 
"3~§ 

2 1 
3 4 

12 

3 1 
2 -A 

3 0 
2 5 

2 9 
2 6 

2 8 
2 7 

2 7 
2 8 

2 6 
2 9 

2 5 

3 0 

2 5 

3 0 

2 4 

3 1 

2 3 

3 2 

Tf 

13 

3 1 
2 4 

3 0 
2 5 

2 9 
2 6 

2 8 
2 7 

2 7 
T8 

2 6 
2 9 

2 5 

3 0 

2 5 

3 0 

2 4 

3 1 

2 3 

3 2 

14 

3 2 
2 3 

3 1 
2 4 

3 0 
2 5 

2 9 
2 6 

2.8. 

T8 

2 6 
2 9 

2 6 
2 9 

2 6 
2 9 

TO 

2 4 

3 1 

15 

3 2 
2 3 

3 1 
2 4 

3 0 
2 5 

2 9 
2 6 

2 8 

2 7 

T8 

2 6 
2 9 

Tir 

16 

3 2 
2 3 

3 1 
2 4 

3 0 
2 5 

2 9 
2 6 

2 8 
2 7 

2 7 
T8 

#T 

2 6 
2 9 

17 

3 2 
2 3 

3 1 
2 4 

3.0. 

2 5 

2 9 
2 6 

2 S 

2 7 
TT 

T8 

18 

3 2 
2 3 

3 1 
2 4 

3 0 
2 5 

3 0 
2 5 

2 9 
2 6 

2 8 

T8 

For  ’90  Pat.  Lappers  Bevel  Gear  Drive 


e. 


9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

9 

33 

30 

27 

25 

23 

21 

20 

10 

37 

33 

30 

27 

25 

24 

22 

21 

11 

40 

36 

33 

30 

28 

26 

24 

23 

21 

20 

12 

44 

40 

36 

33 

30 

28 

26 

25 

23 

22 

21 

13 

47 

43 

39 

36 

33 

31 

29 

27 

25 

24 

24 

22 

14 

46 

42 

38 

35 

33 

31 

29 

27  . 

26 

24 

23 

15 

49 

45 

• 

41 

38 

35 

33 

31 

29 

27 

26 

25 

16 

48 

44 

41 

38 

35 

33 

31 

29 

28 

26 

17 

47 

43 

40 

37 

35 

33 

31 

29 

28 

18 

46 

42 

40 

37 

35 

33 

31 

30 

t = Teeth  in  Draft  Gear 
d = Draft  of  Fin.  or  Int. 


132 

~d~ 


= t 


353 


Production 

See  tables  on  following  pages 

r I^HE  production  from  a Lapper  varies  with  the  speed  of  delivery 
rolls  and  the  weight  of  lap  delivered. 

The  following  formula  is  used  in  determining  a production  con- 
stant when  17  T and  67  T calender  gears  are  used: 


S X <1 
24 


X 17  X U X 18  X 9X  314  X W X 540* 
X67X73X37X  36  X Id  X °40 


s X d X tv 

38 


Where  S = R.P.M.  of  beater  d = diameter  of  feed  pulley 

W = ounces  per  yard  of  lap 

* 546  = minutes  per  10  hours  less  9%  allowance  for  stops. 

S X <1  X W 


38 

Example: 


= production  per  day. 
13  X 1500  X 6 


38 


= 30S0  lbs.  per  day. 


To  find  the  diameter  of  feed  pulley,  the  formula  is  reversed  as  follows: 
Pounds  per  day  X 38 


Example: 


S X w 

3080  X 38 
1500  X 13 


feed  pulley. 
= 6". 


When  14  T and  76  T calender  gears  are  used  the  formula  becomes: 

S X d W j 
— = production  per  day. 

For  Breaker  Lapper  with  40"  diameter  cylinder  the  formula  becomes: 
S X d X W 

— = production  per  day. 


354 


LAPPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 


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1501 


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SOO  l'2(i:i  1 121  157!)  1658  1737  1816  18!)5  11)712053  2132  221  I 2290  230!);2H8  25 26126 05  2683  2763  2842 .3 1 58 
1000  1580  1780  1 070  2070  2170  2270  2370  2 160  2560  2660  2760  2860  2960:3060 3160  3260  3360 3450  3550 3940 
1200  1890  21 30  2370  2 190  20 10  2730  28  10  2900  30803200  3320  3 110  3500  308037903910  1030  1150  12604740 

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LAPPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Beats  per  Inch 


r I 'HE  number  of  beats  or  blows  delivered  by  beater  on  one  inch 
of  cotton  is  determined  by  the  relative  speeds  of  beater  and 
feed  rolls. 

As  rolls  are  driven  by  the  beater,  a change  in  beater  speed  will 
not  affect  the  beats  per  inch  unless  corresponding  change  is  made 
in  the  feed  pulley.  On  a finisher  lapper  the  varying  factors  are 
production  and  draft,  i.  e.,  feed  pulley  and  draft  change  gears. 

The  following  formulae  for  figuring  beats  per  inch  on  No.  5 model 
pickers  are  obtained  by  figuring  through  pulleys  and  gearing. 


Breaker  with  H}/^"  Feed  rolls,  draft  being  constant: 


2-Blade  Beater: 


Beats  per  inch 


Breaker  with  H1//  Feed  rolls,  draft  being  constant: 


2-Blade  Beater: 


114 


= Beats  per  inch 


3-Blade  Beater: 


Dia.  of  feed  pulley 
171 


U ia.  of  feed  pulley 


Intermediate  or  Finisher,  draft  variable: 


2-Blade  Beater: 


272  X gear  on  side  shaft 


= Beats  per  inch 


3-Blade  Beater: 


Dia.  feed  pulley  X gear  on  cross  shaft 
409  X gear  on  side  shaft 


D ia.  feed  pulley  X gear  on  cross  shaft 


358 


4 O TVVO  BEATER  OPENER  WITH  F5  FEEDER 


AND  ONE  6-6  SECTION  APRON  FEED  REGULATOR 


AND  F5  FEEDER  WITH  6:6"APRON  FEED  REGULATOR  ATTACHED 


359 


36"0-7  OPENER  AND  34'F5  FEEDER  ATTACHED 


-i±±±3'-2^ 

-;f1 

!— <0-  5-7±*-» 
g. : sls'r.  i_ 

4< ii-t 

LA 

J- » 

360 


WASTE  MACHINERY 


Large -Capacity  Willow 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  4000  to  10,000  lbs.  per  day  of  stock  fed  in. 
This  varies  with  the  quality  of  the  stock  and  the  results  desired. 

Floor  Space:  7'  5"  X 10'  9}^". 

Driving:  18"  X 6"  T.  & L.  Pulleys,  320  to  350  R.P.M. 
Belting:  See  detailed  Belting  List. 


Local  Shipping  Weight 6250  lbs. 

Foreign  Shipping  Weight 8400  lbs. 

Net  Weight 5750  lbs. 

Cubic  Feet  when  Boxed 309 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship's  option 10 

Power  Required 10H.P. 


SPECIFICATIONS 

And  Data  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

1 — Number  of  machines 

2 — Automatic  feeder  attached 

3 — Width  of  feeder 

4 — Fan  for  exhausting  dust To  discharge 

5 — Grids  or  perforated  steel  under  cylinder 

6 — Countershaft  attached 

7 — - Separate  countershaft  for  feeder 

8 — Countershaft  pulleys 

9 — Stock  to  be  handled 

10  — Production  required 


Notes  on  Willow  Specifications 

2 & 3 — The  feeder  used  on  this  machine  is  of  the  standard  No.  5 pattern 
43"  wide  between  sides.  The  use  of  a feeder  is  strongly 
recommended,  as  it  thoroughly  opens  up  the  stock  and 
presents  it  to  the  machine  in  the  best  condition  for  cleaning. 
It  cannot  be  used  on  certain  stringy  stocks. 

4 — The  dust  fan  is  part  of  regular  equipment,  and  is  furnished 

unless  otherwise  specified.  It  can  be  arranged  to  discharge 
either  up  or  horizontally.  Direction  of  discharge  must  always 
be  specified. 

5 — Regular  equipment  includes  a perforated  steel  screen  under 

cylinder.  Steel  grid  bars  will  be  furnished  as  an  extra  if 
required.  The  grids  will  produce  better  cleaning,  but  will 
waste  more  stock  than  the  perforated  metal. 

0,  7 & 8 — Countershaft  is  part  of  Standard  equipment,  and  should  always 
be  supplied  owing  to  the  number  of  pulleys  required  for 
operating  machine.  Standard  pulleys  on  counter  are  18"  X 6" 
to  run  from  320  to  350  R.P.M.  See  plan  and  elevation  on 
page  36i  for  detail.  A separate  countershaft  is  recjuired  for 
driving  automatic  feeder,  this  being  supplied  as  regular 
equipment. 

9 & 10  — Always  give  accurate  description  of  stock  and  state  amount  to 
be  handled  per  10  hours. 

Notes  on  Operating 

XT' OH  motes  or  picker  droppings  operate  with  stop  set  at  6 for  best  results. 
-*■  Ordinary  run  of  this  class  of  waste  will  lose  from  60%  to  80%  in 
willowing. 

Overloading  machine  will  tend  to  curl  stock. 

Card  fly  can  be  run  with  stop  set  at  5 without  danger  of  curling.  Average 
loss  will  be  between  40%  and  60%. 

Card  strips  should  not  remain  in  cylinder  longer  than  is  necessary  to 
clean  them.  If  run  too  long  will  have  a tendency  to  curl.  Loss  will  run 
from  5%  to  20%. 


363 


304 


Wii.how  with  Automatic  Fmomou 


Delivery  Roll 


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365 


Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 


Production:  1000  to  3000  lbs.  cleaned  stock. 

Floor  Space:  With  hand  feed,  7'  9"  X 4'  6" 

With  Automatic  Feeder,  12'  9"  X 8'  6" 

Driving:  Overhead  countershaft  with  16"  X 4"  T.  & L.  Pulleys,  .500  R.P.M. 


Belting:  See  detailed  Belting  List. 

With  With  Add  for 

Hand  Thread  Automatic 

Feed  Shaft  Feeder 

Local  Shipping  Weight  (lbs.) 2525  2625  2550 

Foreign  Shipping  Weight  (lbs.)  . . . 3200  3400  3400 

Net  Weight  (lbs.) 2210  2300  2250 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed 95  103  118 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship’s  option  ....  2.25  2.75  3 

Power  Required Apprcx.  5 H.P. 


SPECIFICATIONS 

And  Data  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

1 — Number  of  machines 

2 — Right  or  left  hand 

(Facing  feet  side  of  machine,  is  hopper  on  right-  or  left-hand  side?) 

3 — Automatic  feeder  attached 

4 — Hand-feeding  hopper 

5 — Grids  under  beaters 

6 — Perforated  metal  under  beaters 

7 — Type  of  perforated  metal 

8 — Type  of  bearings  (standard  are  self-aligning) 

9 — Is  thread  collecting  shaft  wanted? 

10  — Overhead  countershaft 

11  — Countershaft  pulleys 

12  — Condenser  attached 

13  — Pipe  from  condenser  (5"  diam.) 


366 


Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner 

NOTES  ON  SPECIFICATIONS 

2 — Machines  are  built  with  feed  at  the  right  unless  otherwise  specified. 

3 — Automatic  feeder  is  of  standard  No.  5 model  with  countershaft 

running  through  frame  near  floor  from  which  doffer  and  aprons  are 
driven.  Step  cone  pulleys  are  provided  on  countershaft  and  lifting 
apron  to  permit  change  of  speeds  when  handling  various  grades  of 
stock.  For  handling  stringy  stock  that  would  tend  to  wind  up  on 
stripping  roll,  we  apply  a stripping  comb  of  the  Sargent  type,  the 
action  of  which  is  similar  to  the  combs  used  in  wool  feeders. 

4 — Where  production  is  small  and  feeder  not  considered  essential  we 

provide  a wooden  box  or  hopper  fitting  over  the  feed  opening, 
making  it  much  easier  for  the  operative  to  tend  machine. 

5 — We  furnish  3 setting's  of  grids:  one  with  49  bars,  one  with  63  bars, 

and  one  with  77  bars.  The  63-bar  set  is  supplied  unless  otherwise 
specified.  Grids  will  clean  more  thoroughly  than  perforated  metal, 
but  waste  more  stock.  The  class  of  stock  to  be  run  and  the  amount 
of  cleaning  wanted  are  determining  factors  in  deciding  type  of 
grids  to  be  used. 

6  & 7 — Perforated  metal  screen  is  usually  supplied  for  the  ordinary  mill 
run  of  soft  waste  and  gives  excellent  results.  It  is  always  used  in 
machines  fitted  with  thread  extracting  shaft.  Size  of  perforations 
in  standard  screen  are  We  can  supply  finer  screens  for 

special  purposes,  perforations  %"  X Vk"  • 

8 — Standard  bearings  are  of  the  self-aligning  type. 

9 — The  thread  collecting  shaft  is  added  when  scavenger  roll  waste  is  to 

be  run  through  machine.  Manner  of  applying  roll  is  illustrated  by 
lower  cut  on  page  92. 

10  & 11  — Overhead  countershaft  is  necessary  and  is  supplied  as  part  of 
regular  equipment.  Tight  and  loose  receiving  pulleys  are  16" 
diameter.  4"  face  to  run  approximately  500  R.P.M.  Pulley  driving 
beaters  are  18"X4"  and  beater  pulleys  are  8"X  3j4\and  7"X,3/'2,/, 
giving  the  front  beater  a speed  of  1125  R.P.M.  and  back  beater  a 
speed  of  1285  R.P.M.  Countershaft  is  provided  with  3"  pulley  for 
driving  condenser  and  3 }/£'  pulley  for  driving  feeder. 

12  & 13  — All  machines  fitted  with  condenser  unless  it  is  desired  to  connect 
outlet  directly  with  conveyor  pipe.  Condenser  has  fan  for  ex- 
hausting air  and  dust,  which  discharges  to  5"  galvanized  pipe 
running  through  floor  to  dust  room.  This  pipe  is  not  included  with 
machine,  and  will  not  be  shipped  unless  so  specified  on  order. 

14  — Paint  is  our  standard  green  as  used  on  pickers. 


367 


Thread  Extractor 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  Approximately  400  pounds  per  10  hours. 

Floor  Space:  4'  8"  X 4'  6". 

Driving:  Overhead  countershaft  included  with  standard  equipment. 
Pulleys:  8"  X HVi'  T.  & L.,  680  R.P.M. 

Belting:  See  detailed  Belting  List. 


Local  Shipping  Weight 950  lbs. 

Foreign  Shipping  Weight 1650  lbs. 

Net  Weight 900  lbs. 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed 60 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship's  option 1J4 

Power  Required 2 H.P. 


SPECIFICATIONS 

r I ''HIS  machine  is  a standard  unit,  furnished  complete  with 
condenser  and  countershaft.  It  must  be  fed  by  hand,  no 
satisfactory  automatic  feeder  having  been  designed.  Countershaft 
is  fitted  with  8"  X 2J^"  T.  & L.  pulleys  to  run  680  R.P.M.  An  18" 
pulley  on  countershaft  drives  to  o"  and  L}A,"  beater  pulleys,  giving 
a speed  of  2448  R.P.M.  to  the  front  and  2720  R.P.M.  to  the  back 
beater.  Condenser  has  18"  pulley  driven  from  bare  countershaft 
(1*"  diam.). 

Thread  bar  has  corrugated  surface  designed  to  catch  and  hold 
the  spun  ends  as  they  are  separated  from  the  loose  fibres  by  the 
beaters.  This  bar  must  be  stripped  frequently  in  order  to  have  it 
effective. 


36S 


Roving  Waste  Openers  and  Hard  Waste 
Machines 

SPECIFICATIONS 

1 — Stock  to  be  handled 

2 — Number  of  machines 

3 — Number  of  cylinders 

4 — Speed 

5 — Style  of  cylinder  bearings 

6 — Size  of  pins  in  cylinders 

7 — Single  or  double  feed  rolls 

8 — Reverse  motion  for  double  rolls 

9 — Automatic  feeder  attached 

10  — Apron  feed  (7  ft.  or  4 ft.  long) 

11  — Apron  for  doubling  laps 

12  — Elevated  apron  delivery 

13  — Calender  delivery  (3-roll  type) 

14  — Soaping  attachment 

15  — Feed  plates  in  how  many  sections Serial  numbers 

10  — Countershaft  attached 

17  — Countershaft  pulleys 

18  — A-frame  motor  support 

19  — Motor  details 

(Mill  to  furnish  all  data,  including  print  showing  motor  base) 

20  — Production  wanted  in  10-hour  run 

21  — Are  cleaning  grids  wanted  under  cylinders? 

22  — Cylinder  pulleys 

23  — Fan  driving  pulleys 

24  — Fan  receiving  pulleys 

25  — Feed  pulleys 

26  — Is  dust  pipe  wanted? 

27  — Paint 

Specifications  made  out  by Approved  at  mill  by 


369 


W-3  Waste  Openers 

NOTES  ON  SPECIFICATION 

1 — It  is  important  to  describe  exactly  the  kind  of  stock  to  be  handled, 
as  this  determines  the  number  of  cylinders,  size  of  pins  and  pro- 
duction. If  possible  send  samples  of  stock. 

3 — Table  on  page  372  gives  an  approximate  idea  of  the  number  of  cylinders 

required  on  different  stocks. 

4 — Best  results  are  obtained  on  practically  all  classes  of  stock  with  a 

cylinder  speed  of  1000  R.P.M.,  and  machines  are  equipped  ac- 
cordingly unless  otherwise  specified. 

5 — Self-aligning  bearings  are  standard  equipment.  Ball  bearings  will  be 

furnished  if  desired. 

6 — Size  of  pins  is  governed  by  class  of  stock.  Standard  lags  are  graded 

No.  0,  1 and  2,  a flat  sharp-pointed  pin  being  used. 

7 — A single  pair  of  feed  rolls  is  regular  equipment  on  one-  and  two- 

section  machines,  the  double  rolls  carrying  an  extra  charge.  Three- 
to  six-section  machines  are  regularly  equipped  with  double  rolls. 
We  recommend  the  use  of  double  rolls  on  one-section  machines,  as 
these  insure  a more  thorough  picking  of  the  roving. 

8 — The  reverse  motion  should  be  specified  on  all  machines  handling  hard 

waste.  This  permits  the  operator  to  reverse  the  rotation  of  the  rolls 
if  any  foreign  matter  or  hard  bunches  of  thread  are  fed  in. 

9 — The  automatic  feeder  with  Sargent  type  stripping  comb  can  be  used 

on  coarse  roving.  It  is  generally  preferable  to  feed  by  hand,  the 
stock  to  be  thoroughly  looked  over  by  the  operative  as  it  is  spread 
on  the  apron. 

10  — Feed  aprons  are  furnished  with  either  4'  or  7'  rails.  With  the  7'  rails, 

machine  requires  less  attention  as  more  stock  can  be  spread  on 
apron.  The  4'  is  sometimes  necessary  when  space  is  limited.  It  is 
also  common  practice  to  use  the  4'  rails,  and  attach  a long  sorting 
apron  of  slats  or  wire  through  which  any  press  of  iron  or  other  heavy 
material  will  drop,  when  sorting,  for  best  results. 

11  — In  handling  hard  twisted  seine  twine  and  similar  stock,  a two-process 

system  is  sometimes  necessary,  stock  being  formed  into  laps  on  the 
breaking-up  machine  and  doubled  on  apron  of  the  second  machine. 
We  can  furnish  lap  rails  for  doubling  three  or  more  laps. 

12  — Standard  equipment  includes  the  elevated  delivery  apron.  Stock  can 

be  rolled  into  a loose  lap  or  deliver  continuously  into  trucks  or  on  to 
floor. 

13  — The  3-roll  calender  is  applied  if  product  is  wanted  in  lap  form.  This 

is  described  on  page  105. 

14  — Soaping  attachment  can  be  attached  to  either  calender  or  apron 

delivery.  A stiff  bristle  brush  throws  the  soap  solution  on  to  the 
stock.  See  page  109  for  description. 

370 


NOTES  ON  SPECIFICATION  ( Continued ) 

15  — Feed  plates  are  supplied  as  standard  equipment  in  the  last  section  of 
three-  and  four-section  machines  and  in  the  last  two  sections  of 
five-  and  six-section  machines.  If  specified  in  additional  sections 
there  is  an  extra  charge.  These  plates  permit  very  close  settings 
and  give  excellent  results. 

l(i  — One  countershaft  is  furnished  on  machines  from  one  to  four  sections 
and  two  on  five-  and  six-section  machines.  Pulleys  are  18"  X 5" 
T.  & L.  on  one-  and  two-section  machines,  20"  X 5"  T.  & L.  on 
three-  to  six-section.  Countershafts  should  run  500  R.P.M.,  the 
drawing  pulleys  being  arranged  for  this  speed. 

17  — Driving  pulleys  are  28"  in  diameter  for  4"  belt,  calling  for  a 14"  pulley 

on  cylinder  shafts.  It  is  not  advisable  to  use  smaller  pulley  than 
this. 

18  — A-frames  for  individual  motors  can  be  supplied.  There  are  various 

methods  of  applying  motor  drive  as  described  on  page  373.  In  the 
case  of  five-section  and  six-section  machines,  we  recommend  the  use 
of  a motor  mounted  on  ceiling,  driving  to  regular  countershafts  on 
machine.  Power  requirements  vary  with  class  of  stock  but  a 30 
or  35  H.  P.  motor  answers  ordinary  requirements. 

10  — If  motors  are  to  be  mounted  on  A-frame,  always  send  print  showing 
dimensions  of  base  and  location  of  bolt  holes. 

20  — State  number  of  pounds  of  stock  to  be  handled  in  10  hours. 

21  — As  this  machine  is  not  intended  as  a cleaner,  solid  sheet  iron  under 

cylinders  is  regular  equipment.  If  stock  requiring  cleaning  is  run, 
we  can  supply  bar  grids  under  cylinder. 

22  to  25  — These  pulleys  will  be  figured  by  Shops. 

26  — Mouths,  elbows  and  dampers  are  required  and  should  be  ordered  with 

the  machine.  If  machines  are  not  located  directly  over  dust  room 
a suitable  dust-conveying  pipe  must  be  provided.  Sketch  showing 
relative  location  of  machine  and  dust  room  should  be  supplied  by 
mill  for  laying  out  this  work. 

27  — Standard  paint  is  green. 

SETTING  OF  WASTE  MACHINE  CYLINDERS 


1st  section to 

2d  “ -fo"  to  -£2'' 

3d  “ A' to-  *' 

4th  “ with  feed  rolls yj"  to  ft" 

4th  “ with  feed  plate 015"  to  .020" 

5th  “ with  feed  rolls to  A* 

5th  “ with  feed  plate 015"  to  .020" 

6th  “ with  feed  rolls 015"  to  .020" 

6th  “ with  feed  plate - .010"  to  .015" 


371 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA  — W-3  WASTE  MACHINES 


372 


Motor  Drive 


APPLIED  TO  W-3  WASTE  MACHINES 

THE  A-frames  or  supports  used  on  our  waste  machines  are  of  the 
standard  Picker  type,  designed  to  receive  motor  girts  and  plates. 
Detail  of  this  construction  is  covered  on  page  71. 

Several  variations  in  method  of  attaching  motors  are  in  common  use.  A 
brief  description  of  some  of  these  follows.  It  is  also  frequently  advisable 
to  omit  A-frames  and  drive  direct  to  cylinder  from  motor  mounted  on  ceiling. 

Methods  of  Driving 


One-Section  Machine  a. 

Two-Section  Machine  a. 


Tiiree-Section  Machine  a. 


Four-Section  Machine  a. 

Five-Section  Machine  a. 


5 to  7 Y2  H.P.  motor,  single  pulley,  on 
A-frame. 

10  to  15  II. P.  motor  extended  shaft,  2 
pulleys  on  A-frame. 

10  to  15  H.P.  motor,  single  pulley  driving 
first  cylinder,  second  cylinder  driven 
from  first. 

15  to  20  H.P.  motor,  extended  shaft,  one 
flanged  double-faced  pulley  and  one 
single  pulley. 

One  10  to  15  H.P.  motor  with  extended 
shaft  driving  two  cylinders;  one  5 or 
7}/2  H.P.  motor  driving  third  cylinder. 
Two  10  to  15  H.P.  motors  on  2 A-frames, 
extended  shafts  with  two  pulleys  each. 
One  10  to  15  H.P.  motor  with  extended 
shaft  driving  first  two  cylinders;  one 
15  H.P.  motor  with  extended  shaft, 
driving  three  cylinders.  For  some 
classes  of  work  i.5  H.P.  and  20  H.P. 
motors  may  be  required. 

AEsingle  30  or  35  H.  P.  motor  on  ceiling, 
driving  to  jack  shaft  and  standard  coun- 
tershafts, is  recommended  for  this  ma- 
chine. 

Two  10  H.P.  motors  with  extended  shafts 
driving  last  four  cylinders;  one  15  H.P. 
motor  with  extended  shaft  driving  first 
two  cylinders. 

Pulleys 

We  supply  cylinder  pulleys  12",  14",  16"  and  18"  in  diameter,  with 
5"  face.  Motor  pulleys  should  be  figured  to  produce  a speed  of  1000  R.P.M., 
using  the  above  sizes  on  cylinders.  Cylinder  pulleys  smaller  than  12" 
diameter  should  be  avoided. 

Motor  Speed,  Full  Load  Motor  Pulley  Ctlinder  Pulley 
1740  R.P.M.  8}4"  X 5"  14"  X 5" 

1450  R.P.M.  8 }f'  X 5"  12"  X 5" 


Six-Section  Machine 


1 

! 1 8 x5  I 
Il8  x5  I 

, l"  ' / l"  • 

tn 

rp-  ■■ 

1 

1 

7 7'-3"j=  4 -0  APRON 

3 — 0 ^ | 4 ~ y 2 I. 

17  "xl  3" 

O 1 0'  - 2"i  = 7'-0"APRON  ' 

i 

1 

500  R.P.M. 

L— E 

r=^  q 

3" -7"  = 4-0 

A PRO 

N 

16  -6  ' = 7'-0"APRON 

One-Section  W-3  Waste  Opener 


374 


Waste  Machinery  Plans 

\\TE  are  showing  plan  and  elevation  of  a one-section  machine 
T only,  this  being  typical  of  other  sizes.  Following  data  cover 
machines  of  more  than  one  section: 


Two-section  with  elevated  rails 
Two-section  with  calender 
Three-section  with  elevated  rails 
Three-section  with  calender 
Four-section  with  elevated  rails 
Four-section  with  calender 
Five-section  with  elevated  rails 
Five-section  with  calender 
Six-section  with  elevated  rails 
Six-section  witli  calender 


Length 

OVER  ALL 

with  7 ft.  apron 

with  4 ft.  apron 

22'  6" 

19'  7" 

t© 

00 

18'  9" 

to 

00 

05 

25'  7" 

27'  8" 

24'  9" 

34'  6" 

31'  7" 

33'  8" 

30'  9" 

- 40'  0" 

37'  7" 

39'  8" 

30'  9" 

40'  O'' 

43'  7" 

00 

42'  9" 

Note:  Distance  between  fan  hole  centers  is  6'  0". 


COUNTERSHAFTS 


Two-section  machine  has 

one  countershaft  mounted  on  1st  section 

Three-  “ 

“ “ “ “ 2d  “ 

Four-  “ 

two  countershafts  mounted  on  1st  and  4th 

Five-  “ 

“ 1st  “ 4th 

Six- 

“ 1st  “ 4th 

sects. 


375 


English  Shoddy  Picker 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  Varies  according  to  stock.  Approx.  500  to  1800  lbs.  per  day. 
Driving:  17"  X 10"  pulley  standard.  .300  to  700  R.P.M. 

Belting:  Variable  length  10"  double  belt. 

Floor  Space:  See  plan  on  page  377 . 

Local  Shipping  Weight  3075  lbs. 

Foreign  “ “ 5080  “ 

Net  Weight  3416  “ 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed  205 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship’s  option:  5j^  tons. 

Power  Required:  12  to  30  H P.  according  to  stock  run. 


SPECIFICATIONS 

And  Data  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

1 — Type  of  machine 

2 — Feed  control  lever  on  right  side  facing  feed 

3 — Feed  control  lever  on  left  side  facing  feed 

4 — Number  and  size  of  pins  in  cylinder 

5 — Patent  3-ply  lags  or  solid  lags 

6 — - Size  of  pulley  on  cylinder 

7 — Single  or  double  pulley  drive 

8 — Fan  for  removing  stock 

9 — Adjustable  base 

10  — Galvanized-iron  mouth  to  deliver  stock 

11  — Type  of  bitting  cylinder 

12  — Type  of  bearings 

13  — Feed  box  at  end  of  apron 


377 


Plan  and  Elevation  Butterworth  Shoddy  Picker 


37S 


Butterworth  Shoddy  Picker 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  Approximately  100  to  700  lbs.  per  day  on  soft  rags. 
Driving:  Receiving  pulleys  12"  X 6"  T.  & L.,  850  to  900  R.P.M. 
Belting:  Varying  length  6"  double. 

Floor  Space:  See  plan  on  page  378. 

Local  Shipping  Weight  2030  lbs. 

Foreign  “ “ 3000  “ 

Net  Weight  2000  “ 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed  125 

Ocean  Tonnage,  ship’s  option:  4 tons. 

Power  Required:  10  to  20  H.P.  according  to  stock  run. 


Details  Required  for  Entering  Orders 

State  whether  patent  3-ply  or  solid  lags  are  wanted. . . . 

Size  of  pins ’. Number  of  pins 

Other  details  are  standard. 


379 


Belting  List 

Figured  with  standard  pulleys.  No  allowance  for  splicing 


Item  No. 

Sing 

e 

Light  Double 

1M" 

2" 

I'A" 

3" 

3" 

4' 

1 

No.  4 Bale  Breaker  and  Feed 
Regulator. 

Main  line  to  countershaft  . . 
Countershaft  to  lifting  apron  . 

to  pin  cylinder  . 
to  doffer  . . . 
Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 
Doffer  to  stripping  roll . . . . 
Bottom  apron  to  feed  reg. 
pullev  

12'  0" 

11'  4'' 

19'  6" 
11'  6" 

17'  8" 
14'  9" 

Var. 

Total 

12'  0" 

11'  4" 

31'  0" 

32'5" 

Var. 

2 

No.  5 Feeder  with  self-contained 
countershaft  and  Feed  Reg. 
Main  line  to  countershaft  . . 
Countershaft  to  lifting  apron  . 

to  doffer  . . . 
Doffer  to  combing  roll  . . . 
Lifting  apron  to  bottonTapron 
Top  lifting  apron  to  feed  reg. 
pulley  

12'  0" 
6'  2" 

16'  9" 

Var. 
10'  11" 

12'  6" 

Total 

34'  11" 

10'  11"+ 

12'  6" 

3 

Lattice  Feed  Table. 

Var. 

4 

Vertical  Opener  with  No.  4 Bale 
Breaker  with  Feed  Reg. 
Totals  forwarded  from  Item  1 
Countershaft  to  vertical  cyl- 
inder   

12'  0" 

11'  4" 

31'  6" 

32'  3" 

Var. 
34'  6" 

Total 

12'  0" 

11'  4" 

31'  6" 

32'  3" 

34'  6"+ 

4a 

Add  for  screen  section  and  apron 
delivery. 

Doffer  to  screen  section  . . . 
Fan  to  delivery  pulleys  . . . 

10'  3" 

19'  0" 

Total 

10'  3" 

! O 
co 

31'  6" 

32'  3" 

34'  6"+ 

5 

If  Vertical  Opener  equipped  with 
counter  on  screen  section. 
Cylinder  to  countershaft  . . 
Counter  to  face  

9'  2" 

10'  3" 

Total 

19'  5" 

6 

Vertical  Opener  with  No.  5 
Feeder. 

Overhead  counter  to  feeder 
Overhead  counter  to  vertical 

opener  

Feeder  counter  to  lifting  apron 
“ to  doffer  . . . 

Doffer  to  combing  roll  . . . 
Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

12'  0" 
6'  2" 

Var. 

10'  il' 

12'  6" 

Var. 

Total 

18'  2" 

10'  11" 

12'  6" 

Var. 

7 

Condenser. 

Var. 

8 

Distributors. 

i ■■ 

Var. 

3 SO 


Belting  List  — Continued 

Figured  with  standard  pulleys.  No  allowance  for  splicing 


Item  No. 

Single 

Light 

Double 

1M" 

2" 

2 Vi' 

4" 

9 

No.  5 Feeders,  arranged  tandem. 

Lifting  apron  to  lifting  apron 

Doffer  to  doffer 

Other  belts  standard,  2 sets 

Total 

20'  ’ 8" 
12'  4'' 

20'  4" 

25'  ' 0" 

33'  0" 

20'  4" 

25'  0" 

10 

No.  7 Opener  with  feeder. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Countershaft  to  beater 

to  doffer  of  feeder 

Beater  to  cross  shaft 

Cross  shaft  to  feed  rolls  

“ “ to  feeder  apron 

Doffer  to  combing  roll 

Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

Total 

9'  2" 
7'  10" 
6'  5" 
r 9" 
6'  2" 

12'  6" 

Var. 
15'  3" 

37'  4" 

12'  6" 

15'  3''  + 

11 

No.  9 Opener  with  feeder. 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Countershaft  to  beater 

to  doffer  of  feeder 

Beater  to  cross  shaft 

Cross  shaft  to  feed  rolls 

“ “ to  feeder  apron 

Doffer  to  combing  roll 

Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

Total 

9'  ’ 2" 
8'  9" 
6'  5" 
7'  9" 
6'  2'' 

12'  6" 

Var. 
15'  5" 

38'  3" 

12'  6" 

15'  5"  + 

12 

2-Beater  Opener  with  feeder,  pipe  delivery. 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Countershaft  to  1st  beater 

to  2nd  beater 

to  doffer 

Beater  to  fan 

Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

Doffer  to  combing  roll 

Total 

14'  ' 9" 

6'  ’ 2" 
20'  iT7' 

7'  ’ 5" 

12'  6" 

Var. 
15'  6" 
16'  0" 

7'  5" 

12'  6" 

31'  6"  + 

13 

No.  8 Opener  with  feeder. 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Countershaft  to  cylinder 

to  beater  

to  doffer 

Beater  to  fan 

Cylinder  to  feed  rolls 

Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

Doffer  to  combing  roll 

Total 

12'  0" 
14'  7" 
6'  ‘ 2'' 

10'  9" 

12'  6" 

Var. 
16'  0" 
22'  1" 

32'  9" 

10'  9" 

12'  6" 

38'  l'  + 

381 


Belting  List  — Continued. 


Figured  with  standard  pulleys.  No  allowance  for  splicing 


Item  No. 

Single 

Light 

Double 

im" 

2" 

2 VT 

4" 

14a 

i-Beater  Opener  with  apron  delivery. 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Countershaft  to  beater 

Beater  to  fan 

Beater  to  delivery  pulleys 

13'  6" 

V ' 5" 

Var. 
15'  6" 

Total 

13'  6" 

7'  5" 

15'  6" 

14b 

Add  for  2-Beater  Machine. 

Countershaft  to  2nd  beater 

Beater  to  fan 

V 5" 

16'  0" 

Total 

13'  6" 

14'  10" 

31'  6"  + 

15 

Breaker,  cylinder  opener  and  vertical  opener 
(China) 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Opener  countershaft  to  beater 

beater  to  cross  shaft 

cross  shaft  to  feed  rolls  

“ “ 44  to  feeder  apron 

“ countershaft  to  doffer 

pin  apron  to  bottom  apron 

“ doffer  to  combing  roll 

Breaker  to  vertical  opener  

“ countershaft  to  beater  

“ beater  to  screen  section  fan  .... 

“to  2nd  fan 

“ to  calender  (24"  pulley)  . . . 

V 10" 

6'  5" 
7'  9" 
9'  2" 

6'  2" 
14'  ' 7" 

10'  " 
7'  " 

12'  6" 

Var. 
15'  3’ 

30'  6" 
15'  6" 

Total 

51'  11" 

18'  2" 

12'  6" 

61'  3"  + 

16 

i-Beater  Breaker  with  screen  section,  ver- 
tical opener  and  feeder. 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Counter  to  vertical  opener 

44  to  beater 

Beater  to  screen  section  fan 

“ to  delivery  “ 44 

44  to  calender  pulleys 

Fan  shaft  to  feeder  cross  shaft 

Feeder  counter  to  lifting  apron 

44  to  doffer 

44  doffer  to  combing  roll 

44  lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron  .... 

14'  ' 7" 

12'  0" 
6'  2" 

10'  ’ 0" 
7'  5" 

21'  V 
10'  11" 

12  ' 6* 

Var. 
30'  6" 
15'  6" 

Total 

32'  9" 

50'  1" 

12'  6" 

46'  0”  + 

3S2 


Belting  List— Continued 

Figured  with  standard  pulleys.  No  allowance  for  splicing 


Item  No. 

Single 

Light 

Double 

2" 

4" 

17a 

i-Beater  Breaker  Condenser  to  gauge  box. 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Countershaft  to  beater 

to  condenser 

Beater  to  gauge  box  fan  

“ to  delivery  section  fan 

“ to  calender 

Total 

14'  ' 7" 

12'  ‘ 4" 
9'  5" 
7'  5" 

Var. 
15'  6" 

14'  7" 

29'  2" 

15'  6"  + 

17b 

For  2-Beater  Machine,  add 

Counter  to  2nd  beater 

Beater  to  fan 

Total 

,, 

.. 

1C'  0" 

14'  7" 

3G'  7" 

.. 

31'  6" 

18a 

i-Beater  Breaker,  screen  section. 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Counter  to  beater 

Beater  to  screen  section  fan 

to  delivery  fan 

“ to  calender 

14'"  7" 

10'  ' 9" 
7'  5" 

* ' 

Var. 
15'  6" 

Total 

14'  7" 

18'  2" 

15'  6"+ 

18b 

Add  for  2-Beater  Machine. 

Total 

7'  5" 

16'  O'' 

14'  7'' 

25'  7" 

31'  6" 

19a 

i-Beater  Breaker  with  No.  5 Feeder. 

Main  line  to  countershaft 

Countershaft  to  beater 

Beater  to  fan 

“ to  calender 

Counter  to  doffer 

Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

Doffer  to  combing  roll 

Total 

14'  ’ 7" 
14'  9" 

6'  * 2" 

7'  ’ 5" 

12'  C" 

Var. 
15'  6" 

35'  O'' 

7'  5" 

12'  6" 

15'  6"  + 

19b 

Add  for  2-3eater  Machine. 

Total 

7'  5" 

16'  0" 

35'  6" 

14'  10" 

12'  6" 

31'  6" 

20 

Breaker  — 2-Beater,  30"  Cylinder. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Counter  to  30"  cylinder 

“ to  2nd  beater 

Beater  to  1st  fan 

“ to  2nd  fan 

“ to  calender 

Counter  to  doffer 

Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

Doffer  to  combing  roll 

Total 

14'  ' 7" 
16'  6" 

6'  ‘ 2" 

9'  ’ 0" 
7'  5" 

12'  6" 

Var. 
16'  S" 
16'  0" 

37'  3'' 

16'  5" 

12'  6" 

32'  3" 

383 


Belting  List  — Continued 


Figured  with  standard  pulleys.  No  allowance  for  splicing 


Item  No. 

Single 

Light 

Double 

1%" 

2" 

23 4" 

4" 

21 

Breaker — 2-Beater,  41"  Cylinder. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Counter  to  41"  cylinder 

“ to  beater  

Beater  to  1st  fan 

“ to  2nd  fan 

“ to  calender 

Cylinder  to  doffer 

Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

Doffer  to  combing  roll 

Total 

14'  ’ 7" 
15'  0" 

6'  ’ 2" 

10;  ’ 9" 
7'  5" 

18'  2" 

12' C" 

Var. 
26'  6" 
15'  6" 

35'  9" 

12'  6" 

42'0"  + 

22a 

i-Beater  Finisher. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Countershaft  to  beater 

Beater  to  fan 

“ to  calender 

Total 

14'  7" 

7'  5" 

Var. 
15'  6" 

14'  7" 

7'  5" 

15'  6"+ 

22b 

2-Beater  Machine. 

Add  counter  to  beater 

beater  to  fan 

Total 

7'  5" 

16'  0" 

14'  7" 

14'  10" 

31'  6"  + 

23a 

Combination  Breaker  Finisher,  i-Beater. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Counter  to  beater 

Beater  to  fan 

“ to  calender 

Counter  to  doffer 

Lifting  apron  to  bottom  apron 

Doffer  to  combing  roll 

Total 

14'  7" 
28'  1" 

6'  ’ 2" 

7'  ’ 5" 

12'  V 

Var. 
15'  6" 

48'  10" 

7'  5" 

12'  6" 

15'  6"  + 

23b  |For  2-Beater  Machine,  add 

Total 

7'  5" 

16'  0" 

48'  10" 

14'  10" 

12'  6" 

ST  6"  + 

24 

Motor  Drive. 

8^"  diameter  motor  pulleys,  12"  beater  pul.  . 

Motor  to  1st  beater 

“ to  2nd  “ 

Beater  to  beater  12"  pulleys 

Gauge  box  fan  to  condenser 

Total 

17'  ’ 6" 

14' 7" 
15'  0’ 
13'  6" 

17'  6" 

43'  1" 

25 

Willow. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Counter  to  fan  

to  cylinder 

“ to  delivery  apron 

Cylinder  to  feed  apron 

“ to  “ delivery 

“ to  “ mechanism 

S'  2" 

10' "4" 
10'  8" 
6'  S" 
6'  5" 

Var. 

12'9* 

Total 

41'  10" 

12'  9" 

3S4 


Belting  List — Continued. 

Figured  with  standard  pulleys.  No  allowance  for  splicing 


Item  No. 

Single 

Light 

Double 

1M" 

2" 

234" 

4" 

26 

Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner. 

Countershaft  to  beaters 

to  feeder 

to  condenser  

Total 

Vox. 

Var. 

Var. 

27 

Thread  Extractor. 

Counter  to  beaters 

“ to  condenser 

Total 

Var. 

Var. 

28 

i-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Counter  to  cylinder 

Cylinder  to  fan 

•Cylinder  to  delivery  pulley,  24"  pulley  . . . 

Total 

14'  0" 

8'  ’ 4" 

Var. 
17'  3" 

14'  0" 

8'  4" 

17'  3"+ 

29 

2-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Counter  to  1st  cylinder 

“ to  2nd  cylinder  

Cylinder  to  1st  fan 

“ to  2nd  fan 

‘Cylinder  to  24"  delivery  pulley  

Total 

14'  ’ 0" 

8'  ’ 4" 
7'  8" 

Var. 
17'  3" 
18'  6" 

14'  0" 

16'  0" 

35'  9"  + 

30 

3-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine. 

Main  line  to  counter 

Counter  to  1st  and  2nd  cylinders  

“ to  3rd  cylinder 

Cylinder  to  1st  fan 

“ to  2nd  and  3rd  fans 

“ to  24"  delivery  pulley  

Total 

14'  0" 

8'  ’ 4" 
16'  0" 

Var. 

35'  9" 
25'  9" 

14'  0" 

24'  4" 

61'  6"  + 

31 

4-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine. 

Main  line  to  counter 

2 cylinders  from  1st  counter 

2 cylinders  from  2nd  counter 

Cylinder  to  1st  fan 

“ to  3 fans  @>  7'  8"  

•Cylinder  to  30"  delivery  pulley  

Total 

15'  ’ 4" 

8'  ’ 4" 
23'  0" 

Var. 
35'  9" 
35'  9" 

15'  4" 

31'  4" 

71' 6"  + 

32 

5-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine. 

Main  line  to  counter 

3 cylinders  from  one  counter  

2 cylinders  from  one  counter  

Cylinder  to  1st  fan 

“ to  4 fans  @ 7'  8"  

’Cylinder  to  delivery  apron 

Total 

15'  ' 4" 

8'  ' 4" 
30'  8" 

Var. 
61'  6" 
35'  9" 

15'  4" 

39'  0" 

97'  3" 

33 

6-Section  W-3  Waste  Machine. 

Main  line  to  counter 

6 cylinders  from  2 counters 

1 fan  from  1st  cylinder 

5 fans  from  Cylinders  @ 7'  8" 

•Cylinder  to  delivery 

Total 

15'  4" 

8'  ' 4" 
38'  4" 

Var. 
123'  0" 

15'  4'' 

46'  8" 

123'  0" 

•Note 

For  calender  delivery  substitute 

For  pipe  delivery  substitute 

16'  8'' 
14'  0" 

385 


CARDS 


Standard  Revolving  Flat  Cards 

SPECIFICATIONS 


1 — Number  wanted Right  hand 

2 — Width 

3 — Coders  (36"  X 9",  10"  or  12") 

4 — Cylinders  (50"  diam.  X 40"  or  45") 

5 — Cylinder  speed 

6 — Doffer  (27"  diam.  X 40"  or  45" 

7 — Doffer  speed 

8 — Harrow  pulley 

9 — Number  of  knife  bars  under  lickerin 

10  — Number  of  flats  (110) 

11  — Driving  pulleys  (20"  X 3"  T.  & L.) 

12  — Cylinder  clothing 

13  — Doffer  clothing 

14  — Flat  clothing 

15  — Weight  per  yard  of  lap  fed  (ounces) 

16  — Weight  per  yard  of  sliver  delivered  (grains) 

17  — Draft 

18  — Draft  gears 

19  — Production  wanted 

20  — Quality  of  cotton  used 

WASTE  CARDS 


Left  hand 


21  — -Number  of  Breaker  Cards Right  hand Left  hand. 

22  — Width 

23  — Coders  (36"  X 9",  10"  or  12") 

24  — Is  fancy  roll  wanted? 

25  — Is  mote  knife  roll  wanted? 

26  — Number  of  knife  bars  under  lickerin 

27  — Cylinder  speed 

28  — Doffer  speed 

29  — Is  belt  delivery  wanted? 

30  — Number  of  lap  winders  wanted 

31  — - Width  of  lap  winders 

32 — Number  of  Finisher  Cards Right  hand Left  hand  . 

33  — Width 

34  — • Number  of  coders 

35  — - Size  of  cans  (30"  X 9"  standard) 

36  — Is  fancy  roll  wanted? 

37  — Is  mote  knife  roll  wanted? 

38  — Number  of  knife  bars  under  lickerin 

39  — Are  blank  screens  wanted  under  lickerin  and  cylinder? 

40  — - Cylinder  speed 

41  — Doffer  speed 

42  — Is  tandem  lap  arrangement  wanted? 

43  — Weight  of  lap  on  Breaker  Card 

44  — Weight  of  sliver  delivered  from  Breaker  Card 

45  — • Number  of  doublings  on  lap  winder 

46  — Weight  of  slivers  from  Finisher  Card 

3S8 


Notes  on  Specifications 

1 — Hand  of  card  is  determined  when  facing  doffer  or  delivery  end 
and  noting  whether  driving  pulleys  are  on  the  right-  or  left- 
hand  side. 

2 — Cards  are  built  in  two  standard  widths:  to  receive  40"  or  45" 
laps. 

3 — Standard  coders  are  built  to  receive  cans  36"  high  X 0",  10"  or 
12"  in  diameter.  We  build  a 9"  coder  arranged  to  be  set  into 
floor  2"  for  the  benefit  of  mills  employing  help  of  short  stature. 
5 & 11  — Unless  otherwise  specified,  cards  are  shipped  with  20"  X 3" 
T.  & L.  pulleys,  cylinder  to  run  165  R.  I’  M. 

6 & 7 — Speed  of  doffer  governs  production  and  varies  from  5 to  16  turns. 

See  pages  1,00  and  1,01  for  change  gear  lists  and  production  tables. 

8 — Standard  barrow  pulley  is  18"  in  diameter.  We  can  supply  15" 

barrow  pulleys,  giving  correspondingly  higher  doffer  speed. 
See  tables  on  pages  1,02  and  1,03  for  doffer  speeds  and  change  gears. 

9 — Number  of  bars  used  depends  on  amount  of  cleaning  desired  at 

this  point.  Cards  are  equipped  with  two  knife  bars  unless 
otherwise  specified. 

12  & 14  — See  page  393  for  data  relative  to  card  clothing.  Counts  will  be 
supplied  to  meet  requirements. 

15  to  20  — Give  full  information  as  to  requirements,  so  that  proper  gears 
and  pulleys  can  be  supplied. 

24  & 36  — The  fancy  roll  makes  possible  the  carding  of  short  staple  or  waste 

that  cannot  be  run  on  a standard  card.  It  should  always 
be  specified  for  handling  waste.  See  page  11,1  for  further 
description. 

25  & 37  — See  pages  11,2  and  11,3  for  description  and  illustration  of  mote  knife 

roll  and  details  of  operation. 

26  & 38  — Three  knife  bars  are  used  in  connection  with  the  mote  knife  roll 

to  insure  the  removal  of  all  short  un-spinnable  fibres. 

27  & 28,  40  & 41  — The  normal  cylinder  speed  of  165  revolutions  usually 

gives  the  best  results  on  waste.  Under  certain  conditions, 
particularly  when  a small  amount  of  waste  is  wanted,  cylinder 
is  slowed  down  to  100  R.P.M.,  flats  are  slowed  down  corre- 
spondingly and  doffer  kept  at  normal  speed. 


389 


29  — Belt  delivery  is  advisable  in  handling  waste,  as  it  prevents  stock 

from  breaking  down  between  doffer  comb  and  calender  rolls. 
If  stock  contains  sufficient  good  stock  to  run  without  the 
apron  it  is  better  to  omit  it,  but  on  all-waste  or  greasy  stock 
it  is  necessary  for  economical  operation. 

30  — One  lap  winder  will  take  care  of  a production  of  4000  lbs. 

31  — The  20"  machine  makes  laps  wide  for  40"  cards,  the  22)/£" 

machine  making  laps  22"  wide  for  45"  cards. 

34  — The  4-coiler  head  is  the  most  satisfactory  for  ordinary  work. 

We  also  make  2-coiler  heads. 

35  — The  4-coiler  head  is  arranged  to  take  cans  30"  high  X 9"  di- 

ameter. The  2-coiler  arrangement  will  take  standard  36"  cans. 
39  — If  no  cleaning  is  wanted  on  the  Finisher  Card  we  put  blank  or 
solid  screens  under  lickerin  and  cylinder,  preventing  any  waste 
at  these  points. 

42  — We  supply  a tandem  feed  with  4-lap  rolls  for  taking  four  of  the 
narrow  laps  from  Lap  Winder  (see  page  11^6) . This  supplies 
an  extra  doubling,  making  more  even  slivers.  Back  laps  are 
put  on  reversed,  so  that  they  unwind  from  the  top. 

44  — Best  results  are  usually  obtained  running  from  70  to  90  grain 

sliver;  it  is  well  to  keep  sliver  as  light  as  will  run  well  in  order 
to  reduce  draft  on  Finisher  Card. 

45  — Lap  Winder  is  regularly  built  for  doubling  40  or  42  ends. 

46  — Finisher  slivers  vary  to  meet  requirements.  Make  as  heavy  as 

possible,  but  do  not  exceed  2.50  draft  on  slubber. 


Revolving  Flat  Cards 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

Production:  See  production  tables. 

Floor  Space:  See  Card  Plans. 

40"  Card 


Local  Shipping  Weight 7200  lbs. 

Foreign  Shipping  Weight 8650  lbs. 

Net  Weight 6540  lbs. 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed 280 

Ocean  Tonnage  (ship’s  option) 8 

Power  Required Approx.  1 H.P. 


390 


45"Card 

7800  lbs. 
8900  lbs. 
7140  lbs. 
300 
9 

1 H.P. 


Card  Stripper 

SPECIFICATIONS 

1 — Number  of  Cards  to  be  stripped 

2 — Make  and  hand  of  Cards 

3 — Width  of  Cards Diam.  of  Doffer 

4 — Size  of  Condenser 

5 — Size  of  Fan 

6 — Motor  or  belt  driven  fan 

7 — Electric  current,  if  used 

8 — Disposition  of  dust  from  fan 

9 — Remarks 


NOTES  ON  SPECIFICATIONS 

2 — (When  facing  doffer,  if  main  driving  pulleys  are  at  the  right,  the  card 
is  right  hand;  if  at  the  left,  the  card  is  left  hand.)  Give  year  built. 

4 — Made  in  three  sizes:  No.  1,-No.  2,  No.  3.  See  page  392. 

5 — Fans  used  are  B.  F.  Sturtevant,  No.  6,  No.  7,  No.  8,  Monogram  or 

Universal  type.  Hand  and  discharge  governed  by  local  conditions. 

6 — If  fan  is  belt  driven,  mill  is  to  deliver  the  power  to  fan;  if  fan  is  motor 

driven,  mill  is  to  bring  wires  to  motor  and  connect  same. 

7 — If  motor  driven,  give  volts,  cycles  and  phase. 

8 — Where  is  fan  expected  to  exhaust?  Dust  chamber  or  cyclone  separator. 

9 — It  is  to  be  understood  that  mill  is  to  erect  platform  for  condenser  unit 

to  our  specifications  and  drawings. 

Mill  to  assist  in  erection  of  pipes  that  are  outside  of  buildings,  and  fur- 
nish hangers  or  supports  for  them. 


391 


392 


CARD  CLOTHING  DATA 


English  Counts 

Points  per  Sq.  Ft. 

Amer.  No.  of  Wire 

60s 

43,200 

28 

70s 

50,400 

30 

80s 

57,600 

31 

90s 

64,800 

32 

100s 

72,000 

33 

110s 

79,200 

34 

120s 

86,400 

35 

130s 

93,600 

36 

FOLLOWING  COUNTS  ARE  ORDINARILY  USED 


Cylinders 

Doffers 

Flats  i 

For  Coarse  Yarns  . . 
Medium  Yarns  . . . 

90s  to  100s 
100s  to  110s 

100s  to  110s 
1 10s  to  1 20s 

90s  to  110s 
100s  to  120s 

Belt  and  Band  List 

Main  belt 3"  wide 

Belt  driving  lickerin 8'  7"  long,  1 wide 

Belt  driving  doffer 13'  1"  long,  1%"  wide 

Belt  driving  flats 6'  1"  long,  1 %"  to  wide 

Band  driving  comb  binder  pulley 8'  4"  long,  diameter 

Band  driving  comb  shaft T 10"  long,  diameter 

The  lengths  of  belts  and  bands  given  in  the  above  list  are  necessarily 
approximate,  as  they  vary  with  the  diameters  of  the  pulleys  used.  No 
allowance  is  made  for  splicing. 

Extras  Required 

STRIPPING  roll  for  stripping  doffer  and  cylinder,  covered  with 
hardened  and  tempered  steel  wire. 

Burnishing  roll. 

Drum  grinding  roll,  seven  inches  in  diameter,  covered  with  emery 
fillet  for  grinding  flats. 

Traverse  grinding  roll,  covered  with  emery  fillet  for  grinding  cylin- 
ders and  doffers. 

Emery  fillet  for  recovering  grinders. 

W ire  fillet  for  stripping  roils. 

Wire  fillet  for  burnishing  rolls. 

Medium  fine  emery  for  all  grinding  rollers  is  recommended. 

One  set  of  grinders  should  be  supplied  for  every  20  cards. 

393 


Care  of  Cards 


'T'HE  Revolving  Flat  Card  is  a carefully  designed  and  well  built 
*■  machine,  capable  of  fine  adjustment,  but  it  too  often  happens 
that  for  want  of  proper  care  and  attention,  full  advantage  is  not 
taken  of  its  construction.  Too  much  attention  cannot  be  given  to 
good  grinding,  setting,  stripping,  and  cleaning.  Clean  cards  and  a 
clean  card  room  indicate  good  spinning  and  weaving,  and  it  is  false 
economy  to  employ  cheap,  incompetent  help  on  cards.  Poor  work 
from  the  cards  cannot  he  improved  in  the  subsequent  processes  of 
drawing  and  spinning.  The  best  results  are  largely  due  to  the 
methods  adopted  by  good  carders  and  grinders. 

Accuracy,  or  the  obtaining  and  maintaining  of  true  surfaces, 
being  the  first  consideration  in  building  and  working  revolving 
flat  cards,  it  is  obvious  that  this  most  important  feature  ought  to 
receive  as  much  attention  in  the  mill  as  in  the  shop  in  order  to  get 
the  best  results  in  carding.  The  grinding  rolls,  therefore,  play  a 
very  important  part  in  the  economy  of  a card  room,  a much  more 
important  part,  in  fact,  than  is  often  attributed  to  them.  In  the 
first  place  the  grinding  rolls  must,  themselves,  run  true  from  end 
to  end,  otherwise  the  surfaces  ground  by  them  can  not  be  true. 
The  surface  ground  takes  its  form  from  the  surface  which  grinds. 
Keep  grinding  rolls  true  and  in  good  condition.  All  cylinders  and 
doffers  ought  to  be  ground  for  a short  time  every  twenty  days. 
Thus,  if  there  are  forty  cards  in  a room,  it  is  best  to  grind  two 
cards  per  day,  one  forenoon  and  one  afternoon,  giving  from  one  to 
two  hours, to  a card.  Grind  flats  about  half  as  often  as  cylinders 
and  doffers.  With  careful  grinding,  it  is  not  necessary  to  reset  the 
flats  more  than  once  for  three  of  four  times  grinding.  I se  traverse 
grinders  only  on  cylinders  and  doffers,  and  drum  grinders  on  flats. 

Keep  cards  clean. 

The  frequency  of  stripping  depends  much  on  the  grade  of  cotton 
used,  and  the  amount  of  cotton  put  through  per  day.  A heavy 
production  on  low-grade  stock  requires  more  frequent  stripping  of 
cylinder  and  doffer  than  a light  production  when  working  clean 
laps.  Three  or  four  times  a day  on  lower  grades  and  twice  on  high 
grades  is  about  the  rule. 


394 


Setting  or  Gauging 

TAON’T  Use  “Home-made  Gauges.” 

^ The  Saco-Lowell  Shops  supply  with  their  cards,  without  extra 
charge,  a complete  set  of  card  gauges,  specially  made  of  steel,  for 
all  purposes  on  the  card.  All  gauges  are  ground  to  micrometer, 
and  the  thickness  is  marked  in  thousandths  of  an  inch  on  each 
respective  blade. 


Settings 

rT'HE  “three-leaf”  gauges  are  ror,  riDo,  and  iJuo  of  an  inch 
1 thick,  respectively.  The  following  settings  have  been  found  by 
long  experience  to  be  about  right  for  obtaining  a good  average  of 
work  without  risk  of  facing  the  wire  on  fairly  heavy  production. 


Doffer  from  cylinder,  foVo"  to  TffW,- 

Flats  from  cylinder,  to  t o' o d ", 

may  be  set  ratio"  on  light  work 
with  cards  on  a solid  floor. 


Lickerin  from  cylinder,  r()70il"  to 

_J  ff," 

1 o off  • 

Feed  plate  from  lickerin,  3 to 

_J  T " 

1 0 0 0 ■ 

Lickerin  knives  from  lickerin,  top 
knife  -fffffff,,>  bottom  knife 


Lickerin  screen,  the  blank  part  from 
lickerin  xwott",  the  nose  ■ 
Cylinder  screen  from  cylinder, 

lickerin  end  j-f  g-j". 

Cylinder  screen  from  cylinder, 
middle  TMo"- 


Cylinder  screen  from  cylinder,  doffer 
end  A". 

Doffer  comb  from  doffer,  to 

T o"  0 0 • 

Back  knife  plate,  from  cylinder, 
i ! o ,/,>  top  and  bottom. 

FVont  knife  plate,  lower  edge  from 
cylinder,  rf?)(T". 

Front  knife  plate,  top  edge  or 
stripping  plate  jf-j/.  This 
plate  is  adjustable,  as  previously 
described,  to  regulate  to  some 
extent  the  weight  of  strippings 
to  be  taken  out  by  the  flats. 
The  closer  this  plate  is  set  to  the 
cylinder,  the  lighter  the  strip- 
pings, and  vice  versa,  to  a limited 
degree. 


395 


396 


—Length  of  Card — 10/3K*~ 
— Length  Over  18*  Lap — !(/  G' 


Floor  Flan  op  4 5"  Card 


Diagram  of  Gearing  for  9"  Coiler 

rpHE  9"  coiler  has  been  largely  used  for  work  where  a low  coiler 
A is  required.  Post  sets  into  floor  approximately  two  inches 
to  line  up  with  gear  on  calender  roll. 

A regular  9"  coiler  designed  to  set  on  top  of  floor  is  supplied  for 
domestic  use. 


398 


12-inch  Coiler  10-inch  Coiler 

Diagrams  of  Gearing  for  12"  and  10"  Coilers 


Draft  Table  for  Revolving  Flat  Card 
with  27"  Doffer 

THIS  draft  table  is  figured  from  the  feed  roll  on  the  card  to  the 
calender  rolls  in  a 10"  coder.  The  gearing  is  changed  slightly 
for  a 9"  or  12"  coiler,  but  not  enough  to  change  the  draft  materially. 

The  draft  change  gears  (small  bevel  on  side  shaft)  are  from  11  to 
25  teeth  inclusive. 

The  following  example  shows  how  the  draft  is  figured,  using  a 
20-tooth  change  gear. 


COILER  CALENDER  ROLLS,  DIAMETER  2" 


Feed  roll,  bevel  gear 120  teeth 

Gear  on  side  shaft,  doffer  end 40  teeth 

Doffer  gear 214  teeth 

Gear  on  card  calender  roll 27  teeth 

FEED  ROLL,  DIAMETER  2.25" 

Change  bevel  gear 20  teeth 

Gear  on  doffer  pulley 45  teeth 

Card  calender  roll  gear 21  teeth 

Gear  on  coiler  upright  shaft 17  teeth 


2 X 120  X 40  X 214  X 27 
2.25  X 20  X 45  X 21  X 17 


76.73  draft 


DRAFT  TABLE 


Change 

Bevel 

Gear 

Draft  between 
Feed  Roll 
and  Calender 
Rolls  in  Coiler 

Change 

Bevel 

Gear 

Draft  between 
Feed  Roll 
and  Calender 
Rolls  in  Coiler 

Change 

Bevel 

Geab 

Draft  between 
Feed  Roll 
and  Calender 
Rolls  in  Coiler 

ii 

139.51 

16 

95.91 

21 

73.07 

12 

127.89 

17 

90.27 

22 

69.75 

13 

118.04 

18 

85.26 

23 

66.72 

14 

109. Cl 

19 

80.77 

24 

63.94 

15 

102.30 

20 

76.73 

25 

61.38 

400 


REVOLVING  FLAT  CARD 


3 

o 

X 


>> 

cS 

Q 

<L> 

e 

O 


o 

Im 

a> 

*d 

d 

*3 

O 


U 


d 

T3 


Revolu- 
tions 
of  L11" 
D OFFER 
PER 

Minute 

o 

zfl 

>■ 

z 

o 

CO 

z 

z 

aj 

00 

a5 

§ 

2 

t-t^occ:oOr-^S5ooco4,S*H§t2xocSo§^'^^ 

aj 

Ob’fHQOiO^CJOiOOt fHQOJO^^OWOl f 

-3 

SSSoogoo^llsslll-SslllsS 

o 

aj 

;2  ^ x ^ ^ x ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ~ p 1'  ^ ^ ^ ” c 

00 

aj 

WOO^OO»OHOO^O^«fliOQlOO»QH^^OO« 
cot'COcccjooH^^ww’fic^cM'X  r:  c:  — 

»0 

aj 

3oi>Sx§:§o^pH§^c'555*^*Hc'5t>i>occ:c: 

aj 

Tfi  -i  ^ x x r.  5 5 - 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Tv  * ^ i-  x x 

a5 

ea 

^«a^C5«3Hl>QtOO^©»OHO^OOM®«5  0®Q) 

»;;  c co  i>  i>  cc  ci  c c o h r-  ^ -f  -t  *ci;:  c t' t'  x 

o 

. 

P3 

•fO^HOQt^MOO^.O^CCHM^^noO’Jpi!: 



00 

aj 

a 

aj 

C3 

§S§§gg§S§§S|SSS|«|5|S§5 

aj 

XC01>i^I>0<l>(^t'HCHCHi0Ci.'jOi0Q'!fi05-f' 

aj 

»0*flC5gC5OTXCgtjOJO^OO»20^0C«002^; 

aj 

MQOOil>HV50'fQOO^(3<OHdffl«fOO^l-HioC 

S*  g^B 
g Ir 1 1 1 

\c^  \^  \oa  \OJ  \C^  \CN>  \C^  \0*  \03  \>1  \rr 

401 


Revolutions  per  Minute  of 
27"  Doffer 


THE  doffer  change  gears  are  from  20  to  35  teeth  inclusive. 

The  following  example  shows  how  the  revolutions  per  minute 
of  the  doffer  are  figured,  using  a 20-tooth  change  gear  and  3%" 


pulley. 

Revolutions  per  minute  of  main  cylinder 165 

Pulley  on  cylinder  shaft,  diameter 18" 

Pulley  on  lickerin  (drives  doffer),  diameter  3%"  = 15/4" 

Doffer  change  gear 20  teeth 

Pulley  on  lickerin  (driven),  diameter  = 26/4" 

Barrow  pulley,  diameter 18" 

Doffer  gear 214  teeth 

Change 

Gear 


165  X 18  X 15  X 20 
26  >T  18  “X~"  214 


8.89  R.  P.  M. 


TABLE  GIVING  REVOLUTIONS  PER  MINUTE  OF  27-INCH 
DOFFER  WITH  CYLINDER  AT  165  REVOLUTIONS  PER 
MINUTE  AND  DIFFERENT  SIZE  PULLEYS  ON  LICKERIN 


Change 

Gear 

Inch 

Pulley 

2 \i  Inch 
Pulley 

2 % Inch 
Pulley 

394  Inch 
Pulley 

4 14  Inch 
Pulley 

Change 

Gear 

20 

4.15 

5.33 

6.52 

8.89 

20 

21 

4.35 

5.60 

6.85 

9.34 

21 

22 

4.56 

5.87 

7.17 

9.78 

22 

23 

4.77 

6.13 

7.50 

10.23 

23 

24 

4.98 

6.40 

7.82 

10.67 

12.09 

24 

25 

5.18 

6.67 

8.15 

11.12 

12.60 

25 

26 

5.39 

6.93 

8.48 

11.56 

13.10 

26 

27 

5.60 

7.20 

8.80 

12.01 

13.61 

27 

28 

5.81 

7.47 

9.13 

12.45 

14.11 

28 

29 

6.01 

7.73 

9.45 

12.89 

14.61 

29 

30 

6.22 

8.00 

9.78 

13.34 

15.12 

30 

31 

10.11 

13.78 

15.62 

31 

32 

10.43 

14.23 

16.13 

32 

33 

10.76 

14.67 

16.63 

33 

34 

11.09 

15.12 

17.14 

34 

35 

11.41 

15.56 

17.64 

35 

Note.  — Special  gearing  to  reduce  the  doffer  speed  to  one  third  of  speed  given  in  table 
will  be  supplied  on  request. 


402 


Revolutions  per  Minute  of  27"  Doffer, 
using  15"  Barrow  Pulley 


THE  doffer  change  gears  are  from  20  to  3o  teeth  inclusive. 

The  following  example  shows  how  the  revolutions  per  minute 
of  the  doffer  are  figured,  using  a 20-tooth  change  gear  and  334" 
pulley. 


Revolutions  per  minute  of  main  cylinder  .... 

Pulley  on  cylinder  shaft,  diameter 

Pulley  on  lickerin  (drives  doffer),  diameter  3^4"  = 

Doffer  change  gear 

Pulley  on  lickerin  (driven),  diameter  6J4"  = ■ ■ 

Barrow  pulley,  diameter 

Doffer  gear 

Change 

Gear 


165 

18" 

15/4" 

20  teeth 
26/4" 

15" 

214  teeth 


165  X 18  X 15  X 20 
26  X 15  X 214 


10.67  R.P.M. 


TABLE  GIVING  REVOLUTIONS  PER  MINUTE  OF  27-INCH 
DOFFER  WITH  CYLINDER  AT  165  REVOLUTIONS  PER 
MINUTE  AND  DIFFERENT  SIZE  PULLEYS  ON  LICKERIN 


Change 

Gear 

1 z/i  Inch 
Pulley 

1)4,  Inch 
Pulley 

%%  Inch 
Pulley 

3%  Inch 
Pulley 

4^  Inch 
Pulley 

Change 

Gear 

20 

4.98 

6.40 

7.82 

10.67 

12.10 

20 

21 

5.23 

6.72 

8.21 

11.21 

12.70 

21 

22 

5.48 

7.04 

8.61 

11.74 

13.31 

22 

23 

5.73 

7.36 

9.00 

12.27 

13.91 

23 

24 

5.98 

7.68 

9.39 

12.81 

14.52 

24 

25 

6.23 

8.00 

9.79 

13.34 

15.12 

25 

26 

6.48 

8.32 

10.17 

13.88 

15.73 

26 

27 

6.73 

8.64 

10.56 

14.41 

16.33 

27 

28 

6.97 

8.96 

10.96 

14.94 

16.94 

28 

29 

9.28 

11.35 

15.48 

17.54 

29 

30 

9.60 

11.74 

16.01 

18.15 

30 

31 

12. 13 

16.54 

31 

32 

12.52 

17.08 

32 

33 

12.91 

17.61 

33 

34 

13.30 

18.14 

34 

35 

13.70 

18.68 

35 

403 


Floor  Plan  of  20"  Lap  Winder 


404 


12-0 


405 


0 L It 


2*  CAL  ROLL 


5 72  CALENDER  RCLLS 


6>2  CALENDAR  ROLLS 


12  CALENDER  ROLL 
(BACK) 


12  CALENDER  ROLL 
1FRONT) 


Diagram  of  Gkaris 


406 


r Lap  Winder 


407 


40S 


WEIGHT  OF  LAPS  FOR  FINISHER  CARDS 
(Composed  of  Two  Laps  as  Made  on  Lap  Winder) 


400 


Cubic  Feet  when  Packed 1G4 

Ocean  Tonnage 4 

Power  Required 2 II. 


DRAWING  FRAMES 


Drawing  Frame 

SPECIFICATIONS 

1 — Total  number  of  deliveries  wanted 

2 — Number  of  deliveries  per  head 

3 — Number  of  heads  per  frame 

4 — Hand  of  frame 

5 — Space  or  gauge 

6 — Top  rolls  metallic  or  leather  covered 

7 — Diameter  of  rolls 

8 — Kind  of  clearers  wanted 

9 — Traverse  motion 

10  — Back  lifting  rolls 

1 1 — Coilers  for  36"  X 9",  10"  or  12"  cans 

12  — Number  of  doublings  into  one 

13  — Weight  in  grains  per  yard  of  sliver  fed: 

1st  process 2d  process 3d  process 

14  — Weight  in  grains  per  yard  of  sliver  delivered: 

1st  process 2d  process 3d  process 

15  — Draft: 

1st  process 2d  process 3d  process 

16  — Belt  from  above  or  below 

17  — Size  of  main  driving  pulleys 

18  — Revolutions  of  front  roll  to  one  of  driving  pulley . . . 

19  — Style  of  frame  No.  1 or  No.  2 

20  — Stop  motion  for  full  cans 

21  — Is  hank  clock  wanted? 

22  — Paint 

23  — Quality  of  cotton  and  length  of  staple  


412 


Notes  on  Drawing  Frame  Specifications 

2 — Frames  are  built  with  four,  five,  six  or  seven  deliveries  per  head, 
extra  charge  being  made  for  the  four-  five-  and  seven-delivery 
types.  If  eight-delivery  heads  are  required,  we  use  two  4-delivery 
heads,  close  coupled. 

3 — State  definitely  the  exact  arrangement  wanted.  Heads  can  be  arranged 

straight,  that  is,  all  coilers  on  the  same  side  of  frame,  or  zigzag, 
every  other  head  being  reversed. 

4 — Hand  is  determined  by  noting  whether  main  driving  pulley  is  on  the 

right-  or  left-hand  end  when  facing  coilers. 

5 — Standard  frames  are  16"  space.  We  can  supply  18"  space  frames  in 

the  four-  and  five-delivery  heads. 

6 — Metallic  top  rolls  are  economical  from  the  viewpoint  of  repairs  and 

give  an  increased  production  over  leather  rolls.  See  page  175  for 
details  of  metallic  rolls.  All  leather  rolls  are  furnished  covered  with 
high  grade  cloth  and  skins. 

7 — Standard  rolls  for  medium  staple  are  furnished  1^"  front  and  back 

with  two  middle  lines  \x/%  • For  shorter  staples  we  furnish  various 
combinations,  the  two  most  common  arrangements  being  1 J4" 
front,  l3^"  back  with  lj^"  middle  or  lfg"  front  and  back  with  1" 
middle. 

9  — Traverse  motion  can  be  applied  ,to  frames  using  leather  rolls,  reducing 
the  wear  of  rolls  to  a minimum. 

10  — For  handling  weak  slivers,  we  can  apply  a gear  driven  back  lifting 

roll  to  reduce  strain  on  slivers  when  drawing  from  cans. 

11  — Standard  coilers  are  for  cans  36"  high,  either  9",  10"  or  12"  in  diameter. 

We  can  supply  a coder  arranged  to  set  into  floor  two  inches  to  accom- 
modate short  operatives. 

12  — Standard  frames  are  arranged  for  doubling  six  ends. 

13  to  1.5  — Give  "full  data  of  requirements  to  insure  proper  gearing  being 

furnished. 

16  — State  whether  belted  from  above  or  below. 

17  — Main  driving  pulleys  furnished  from  3"  to  6"  face  depending  on  num- 

ber of  heads  in  frame.  We  regularly  supply  3"  face  pulleys  up  to 
12  deliveries,  4"  for  24  deliveries  and  correspondingly  wider  face 
for  longer  frames. 

18  — All  frames  supplied  with  12"  dia.  pulley  on  front  roll.  Can  supply 

16"  on  bottom  shaft  (ratio  1.3)  or  12"  with  ratio  of  1.00.  The  latter 
is  preferable  with  high-speed  shafting  or  motor  drive. 

19  — • No.  1 frame  has  extreme  spread  of  rolls  5 J4"  for  use  on  staple  up  to 

1J4".  No.  2 frame  has  6"  roll  spread  for  staples  from  l^g"  to  134". 

20  — We  supply  a target  stop  motion  for  full  cans  as  described  on  page  172. 

21  — Hank  clocks  can  be  applied  alone  or  in  combination  with  the  full  can 

target  stop  motion. 

22  — Paint  is  standard  green  unless  otherwise  specified. 


413 


Drawing  Frames 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 


Local  Shipping  Weight  . 
Foreign  Shipping  Weight 

Net  Weight  

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed 
Ocean  Tonnage  .... 
Power  Required  .... 
Belting: 


4  Del.  Head 

PER  DEL. 

. 635  lbs. 

. 700  lbs. 

. 580  lbs. 
14.4 
.45 


5  Del.  Head 

PER  DEL. 

620  lbs. 
680  lbs. 
565  lbs. 
14.7 
.44 


6  Del.  Head 
per  DEL. 

610  lbs. 
660  lbs. 


550  lbs. 

15 

.42 


1 H.P.  for  4 or  5 dels. 

16"  Pullet  12"  Pullet  10"  Pullet 


2"  Single 


9'  4"  8'  1034"  8'  6 V2" 


Instructions  for  Setting  Coiler 


Oo  Oo  Oo 


Plumb  down  from  the  front  of  the  coiler  plates,  draw  a line  on 

THE  FLOOR  AND  SET  THE  FRONT  OF  THE  COILER  BASE  TO  THIS  LINE  FOR 

10"  cans.  Set  the  base  forward  of  this  line  34"  approximatelt  for 
12"  CANS  OR  BACK  34 " FOR  9"  CANS. 


414 


Approximate  Net  Weight  of  Roll  Weighting 
used  on  Drawing  Frames 


Metallic  Rolls  — All  Sizes  (18,  16,  16,  11  Lb.  Wts.)  Per  Delivery  PIS  Lbs. 
Leather  Rolls  — All  Sizes  (20,  20,  18,  16  Lb.  Wts.)  Per  Delivery  148  Lbs. 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  CARD  OR  DRAWING  SLIVERS 


Grains 

per 

Yard 

Hank 

Grains 

per 

Yard 

Hank 

Grains 

per 

Yard 

Hank 

Grains 

per 

Yard 

Hank 

30 

.278 

48 

.174 

66 

.126 

84 

.099 

31 

.269 

49 

.170 

67 

.124 

85 

.098 

32 

.260 

50 

.167 

68 

.122 

86 

.097 

33 

.252 

51 

.163 

69 

.121 

87 

.096 

34 

.245 

52 

.160 

70 

.119 

88 

.095 

35 

.238 

53 

.157 

71 

.117 

89 

.094 

36 

.232 

54 

.154 

72 

. 116 

90 

.093 

37 

.225 

55 

.151 

73 

.114 

91 

.092 

38 

.219 

56 

.149 

74 

.113 

92 

.091 

39 

.214 

57 

.146 

75 

.111 

93 

.090 

40 

.208 

58 

.144 

76 

.110 

94 

.089 

41 

.203 

59 

.141 

77 

.108 

95 

.088 

42 

.198 

60 

.139 

78 

.107 

96 

.087 

43 

.194 

61 

.137 

79 

.105 

97 

.086 

44 

.189 

62 

.134 

80 

.104 

98 

.085 

45 

.185 

63 

.132 

81 

.103 

99 

.084 

46 

.181 

64 

.130 

82 

.102 

100 

.083 

47 

.177 

65 

.128 

83 

.100 

8.333  -r-  Weight  in  grains  of  1 yard  sliver  = Hank. 
8.333  -i-  Hank  = Weight  in  grains  of  1 yard  sliver. 
100  -T-  Weight  in  grains  of  12  yards  sliver  = Hank. 


415 


Care  of  Drawing  Frames 

THE  fact  that  our  drawing  frame  is  one  of  the  simplest  machines 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  yarn  does  not  relieve  the 
operator  from  giving  it  a reasonable  amount  of  care.  A good 
drawing  frame  tender  can  save  as  much  yarn  from  being  spoiled  as 
any  machine  operator  in  the  mill. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  see  that  all  stop  motions  are  in  good 
working  order  so  as  to  avoid  singles  or  doubles.  See  that  the  stop 
motion  acts  before  the  tall  end  of  the  broken  sliver  enters  the 
back  roll.  The  operator  should  make  an  even  piecing  when  putting 
up  an  end  at  the  back.  Spoons  should  be  well  balanced,  and  with 
our  steel  spoons  the  best  results  are  obtained  by  having  the  mouth 
closed  in  so  that  it  gives  a slight  friction  on  the  sides  of  the  sliver. 
Cans  should  be  doffed  when  target  full  can  stop  motion  knocks-off 
(see  page  172).  There  is  a safety  stop  motion  on  each  delivery 
which  acts  when  the  can  gets  too  full  by  pushing  the  tube  gear  out 
of  place,  but  should  not  be  used  for  doffing  the  cans,  as  it  puts  an 
added  strain  on  the  gears,  plates,  etc.,  and  soils  the  sliver  in  the  can. 
All  metallic  and  fluted  rolls  should  be  scoured  as  often  as  required. 
At  the  same  time  clean  the  roll  stands,  gearing  bearings,  etc.,  and 
replace  all  defective  leather  and  steel  rolls. 

For  leather  top  rolls  a varnish  that  will  preserve  the  leather  and 
keep  it  from  cracking  or  crumbling  under  mill  conditions  should  be 
used.  Keep  gears  in  good  condition,  rolls  well  oiled  and  clean  to 
avoid  cut  work.  When  it  is  necessary  to  recover  top  rolls  see  that 
arbor  centers  are  clean  or  the  rolls  are  liable  to  run  out  when  finished 
and  running  on  their  own  bearings.  When  leather  top  rolls  are 
stopped  for  any  length  of  time  it  is  advisable  to  lift  the  weight  from 
the  rolls  by  the  weight  relief  provided  for  that  purpose.  In  setting 
rolls,  gauges  should  be  used  to  keep  the  rolls  parallel.  The  spread 
of  the  rolls  should  be  governed  by  the  length  of  staple,  speed  of  rolls 
and  the  amount  of  cotton  being  drawn.  Rolls  should  be  spread 
more  for  a large  amount  of  cotton  passing  through  than  for  a small 
amount. 

High  speed  and  long  draft  require  wider  spread  than  low  speed 
and  short  draft.  It  is  not  advisable  to  run  high  speed  and  long 
draft  at  the  same  time.  Cleavers  should  be  kept  clean  to  keep  fly 
from  getting  into  the  work.  Weights  should  be  heavy  enough  to 
keep  rolls  from  jumping,  but  not  so  heavy  as  to  cause  extra  friction 
on  bearings. 


416 


Draft 

LEATHER  TOP  ROLLS 


THE  draft  is  figured  from  the  back  fluted  roll  to  calender  rolls. 

The  gear  on  front  fluted  roll  acting  only  as  a carrier  or  inter- 
mediate gear.  Draft  between  front  roll  and  calender  rolls  is  1.034. 

The  following  example,  using  a 40T  draft  gear,  shows  how  draft 
is  figured  for  leather  covered  rolls. 


BOTTOM  CALENDER  ROLL,  D AMETER  2"  = y" 


Calender  roll  compound,  change  gear 32  teeth 

Crown  gear 100  teeth 

Gear  on  back  roll 60  teeth 


BACK  FLUTED  ROLL.  DIAMETER  = 

Gear  on  calender  roll  

Compound  gear 

Draft  change  gear 


16  X 32  X 100  X 60 
11  X 24  X 45  X 40 


6.46  draft 


Change 

Gear 


24  teeth 
45  teeth 
40  teeth 


Metallic  Top  Rolls 


DUE  to  the  meshing  of  the  flutes,  the  effective  circumference  of 
metallic  rolls  as  compared  with  ordinary  rolls  is  approxi- 
mately 33%  larger,  that  is,  a 1%"  back  roll  has  an  effective  diameter 
of  DAo".  A corresponding  increase  in  speed  of  calender  rolls  is 
necessary  in  order  to  take  up  the  extra  length  of  sliver  delivered  by 
the  front  roll. 

The  following  example  shows  a convenient  and  approximately 
correct  method  of  figuring  draft  on  metallic  rolls,  using  a 38  T 
draft  gear  and  taking  1 A"  as  the  effective  diameter  of  the  back 

roll. 

BOTTOM  CALENDER  ROLL,  DIAMETER  2"  = f°" 


Calender  roll  compound,  change  gear 

Crown  gear 

Gear  on  back  roll . 

BACK  ROLL  138",  EFFECTIVE  DIAMETER  lTy  = 

Gear  on  calender  roll  

Compound  gear 

Draft  change  gear 


42  teeth 
100  teeth 
60  teeth 


24  teeth 
45  teeth 
38  teeth 


20  X 42  X 100  X 60 
19  X 24  X 45  X 38 


= 6.46  draft 


Change 

Gear 


417 


DRAFT  TABLE  FOR  DRAWING  FRAME 


41S 


DRAFT  TABLE  FOR  DRAWING  FRAME 


419 


Production  of  Drawing  Frames 

THE  production  of  drawing  frames  is  usually  based  on  the  front  roll 
speed,  this  speed  oeing  easily  determined.  There  is  however  a slight 
draft  between  the  front  rolls  and  calender  rolls  (1.034)  which  should  be 
considered  in  these  figures.  The  following  formula  is  used  for  100  % 10- 
hour  production: 

R.P.M.  of  front  R.  X Cir.  X 1.034  (draft)  X 600  (min.  per  10  hrs.) 
30240  (inches  per  hank)  X hank  of  sliver 


As  an  aid  in  figuring,  the  fixed  elements  of  the  above  formula  can  be  re- 
duced to  the  following  constants  for  10-hour  production. 

(Note  that  the  circumference  of  metallic  rolls  is  considered  One-third 
greater  than  that  of  plain  rolls  of  the  same  diameter.) 


.0886  constant 

.117 

.0804 

.106 

.073 

.005  “ 


for  \'Y%  roll  (leather)  — 4.320  circum. 

“ “ “ (metallic)  — 5.749  “ 

“ 114"  “ (leather)  — 3.927 

“ “ “ (metallic)  — 5.215  “ 

“ lVg"  “ (leather)  — 3.534 

“ “ “ (metallic)  — 4.712  “ 


The  formula  now  becomes: 


R.P.M.  of  front  roll  X Constant 
Hank  of  sliver 


100%  10-hour  production. 


The  amount  of  production  per  frame  will  vary  with  the  number  of  de- 
liveries per  head,  due  to  increased  loss  from  stoppage  as  the  number  of  de- 
liveries per  head  increase. 

Tables  on  following  pages  are  based  on  4-delivery  frames  with  allowance 
of  20%  figured  for  changing  cans,  cleaning,  oiling  and  stopping.  This  allow- 
ance is  increased  to  25%  for  5-delivery  heads  and  to  30%  for  6-delivery. 

Example:  Take  frame  with  \\4"  leather  rolls,  making  50  grain  sliver 
(.167  hank)  front  roll  speed  300  R.P.M. 

= 145  — less  20%  for  4-del.  frame  =116 
■10‘  “ 25%  “ 5 “ “ = 109 

“ 30%  “ 6 “ “ = 87 


See  page  £15  for  table  covering  the  numbering  of  card  and  drawing  sliver. 


420 


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421 


DRAWING  FRAME,  METALLIC  ROLLS 
Production  per  Delivery  for  One  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


422 


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423 


DRAWING  FRAME,  METALLIC  ROLLS 
Production  per  Delivery  for  One  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


424 


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425 


DRAWING  FRAME,  METALLIC  ROLLS 
Production  per  Delivery  for  One  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


35 


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426 


Floor  Plans  of  Drawing  Frames 


Floor  Plan  of  Drawing  Frame 
Three  Heads  of  Four  Deliveries  Each,  12"  Cans 

T^ORMULA  to  find  total  length  of  frame  in  inches  for  any 
number  of  heads  above  one:  — (Total  number  of  deliveries 
X 16")  + (Number  of  heads  X 23")  + 6"  for  end  supports  and  pulley 
= total  length  of  frame.  A frame  of  3 heads,  4 deliveries  each,  as 
shown. 


Total  number  of  deliveries 
Number  of  heads  . . . . 
Pulley 


12"  X 16" 
3"  X 23" 
6" 


192" 

69" 

<r 

267"  = 22'  3" 


Note. — Main  driving  pulleys  are  from  3"  to  6"  face  according  to  the  number «of  deliveries 
in  the  frame. 


427 


“20  M 


Floor  Plan  of  Drawing  Frame 
One  Head  of  Six  Deliveries,  10"  Cans 

Total  Length  of  Single  Frames 


4 delivery  frame 7'  9" 

5 delivery  frame 9'  1" 

6 delivery  frame 10'  5" 


Drawing  Frame  — Method  of  Driving  Tube  Gears 


428 


4ux.f- 


16"Diam. 


Drawing  Frame — Diagram  of  Rolls  and  Gearing 
Front  Roll  1%*,  Middle  Rolls  \ Back  Roll  1%" 


Tension  Gears  8-Pitch 


Example: 

1G  X 32  X 24  X 100  X 60 
11  X 24  X 45  X 24  X 40  ' 

Change 

Gear 


6.46  draft 


Fo  Leathe1  Roll* 
Fcr  Metall'c  RoUs 


) Can 
! Can 


429 


Diagram  of  Rolls  and  Gearing 
Front  Roll  Middle  Rolls  1 y8".  Back  Roll  1 Ys” 

Tension  Gears  12-Pitch 


Example: 


16  X 48  X 36  X 100  X 60  = 
11  X 36  X 68  X 24  X 40 

Change 

Gear 


6.41  draft 


430 


Diagram  of  Rolls  and  Gearing 
Front  Roll  l}4".  Middle  Rolls  1 Back  Roll  \%" 
Tension  Gears  12-Pitch 


Example: 


16  X 50  X 33  X 100  X 60 
11  X 36  X 71  X 24  X 40 


5.87  draft 


Change 

Gear 


431 


Diagram  of  Rolls  and  Gearing 
Front  Roll  IV8",  Middle  Rolls  1",  Back  Roll 
Tension  Gears  12-Pitek 


Example: 


16  X 52  X 30  X 100  X 60 
10  X 36  X 74  X 24  X 40 


5.85  draft 


Change 

Gear 


432 


Diagram  op  Rolls  and  Gearing 
Front  Roll  1 Middle  Rolls  1",  Back  Roll  l1// 
Tension  Gears  12-Pitck 


Example: 


WX  58  X 30  X 100  X M _ „ 
3 X 36  X 74  X 74  X 40 

Change 

Gear 


433 


EVENER  DRAWING  FRAMES 


Evener  Drawing  Frames 

MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 


Local  Shipping  Weight  . . . . 
Foreign  Shipping  Weight  . . . 

Net  Weight 

Cubic  Feet  when  Packed  . . . 

Ocean  Tonnage  

Pelting  (with  standard  10"  Pulley) 
Power  Required 


Peb  Deliyeby 

925  lbs. 

1200  lbs. 

800  lbs. 

30 

. . Approx.  % 
....  8'  8}i"  of  1"  Belt 
1 H.P.  per  3 or  4 deliveries 


SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  EVENER  DRAWING  FRAMES 

1 — Total  number  of  deliveries 

2 — Number  of  deliveries  per  frame 

3 — Driving  pulley  to  be  at  right-  or  left-hand  end  when  facing  coder?  . . . 

4 — Coders  of  size  to  take  36"  by  9",  10"  or  12"  diameter  cans? 

5 — Metallic  or  leather-covered  top  rolls? 

6 — How  many  doublings? 

7 — • Weight  of  each  sliver  per  yard  at  back 

8 — Weight  of  sliver  per  yard  at  front 

9 — Draft 

10  — Belt  from  above  or  below? 

11  — Size  of  main  pulleys:  16"  by  2"  to  4"  as  required. 

12  — Revolutions  of  front  roll  to  one  of  driving  pulley,  2. 

13  — Other  particulars 

14  — Quality  of  cotton  and  length  of  staple 


436 


437 


Diagram  of  Gearing,  Evener  Drawing  Frame 


43S 


Draft  Table  for  Evener  Drawing  Frame 

This  table  is  figured  for  leather-covered,  top  rolls,  but  by  using  a gear 
two  or  three  teeth  less,  is  as  nearly  correct  as  can  be  figured  for  metallic 
rolls. 


Change 

Geah 

50-tooth 
Gear  on 
Back  Roll 

60-tooth 
Gear  on 
Back  Roll 

Change 

Gear 

50-tgoth 
Gear  on 
Back  Roll 

60-tooth 
Gear  on 
Back  Roll 

Draft 

Draft 

Draft 

Draft 

so 

7.18 

8.62 

46 

4.68 

5.62 

31 

6.95 

8.34 

47 

4.58 

5.50 

32 

6.73 

8.08 

48 

4.49 

5.39 

S3 

6.53 

7.84 

49 

4.40 

5.28 

34 

6.34 

7.61 

50 

4.31 

5.17 

35 

6.16 

7.39 

51 

■ 4.22 

5.07 

36 

5.98 

7.18 

52 

4.14 

4.97 

37 

5.82 

6.99 

53 

4.06 

4.88 

38 

5.67 

6.80 

54 

3.99 

4.79 

39 

5.52 

6.63 

55 

3.92 

4.70 

40 

5.39 

6.46 

56 

3.85 

4.62 

41 

5.25 

6.31 

57 

3.78 

4.54 

42 

5.13 

6.15 

58 

3.71 

4.46 

43 

5.01 

6.01 

59 

3.65 

4.38 

44 

4.90 

5.87 

60 

3.59 

4.31 

45 

4.79 

5.75 

The  draft  is  figured  from  the  back  fluted  roll  to  the  calender  rolls.  The 
gear  on  front  fluted  roll  acting  only  as  an  intermediate  is  not  counted. 

Draft  between  front  roll  and  calender  rolls,  1.034. 

The  following  example,  using  a 40-tooth  draft  change  gear,  shows  how 
the  draft  is  figured  for  leather-covered  top  rolls. 

Bottom  Calender  Roll,  Diameter  2"  = 1g6" 


Calender  roll  compound,  change  gear 32  teeth 

Crown  gear 100  teeth 

Gear  on  back  roll 60  teeth 


439 


Back  Fluted  Roll,  Diameter  i §"  = y " 


Gear  on  calender  roll 24  teeth 

Compound  gear 45  teeth 

Draft  change  gear 40  teeth 


18  X 32  X 100  X 60 
11  X 24  X 45  X 40 


Change 

Gear 


6.46  draft 


Metallic  Rolls 

The  increase  in  product  from  the  latest  style  metallic  rolls,  working  at 
standard  speed,  is  due  to  the  meshing  of  the  flutes.  The  amount  of  in- 
crease is  as  if  the  diameter  of  ordinary  rolls  had  been  enlarged  from  1 
to  1 which  at  same  speed  would  increase  the  length  of  sliver  deliv- 

ered by  about  33  per  cent  without  changing  the  draft.  Thus  a corre- 
sponding increase  in  speed  of  calender  rolls  is  necessary  in  order  to  take 
up  the  extra  length  of  sliver  delivered  by  front  roll.  It  is  convenient 
therefore  to  assume  that  the  effective  diameter  of  the  metalhc  roll 

is  li9u  • 

The  following  example  shows  a convenient  and  approximately  correct 
method  of  figuring  draft  of  Metallic  Rolls,  using  a 38-tooth  draft  gear  and 
taking  or  as  the  effective  diameter  of  the  back  roll. 


Bottom  Calender  Roll,  Diameter  2 " = f f" 


Calender  roll  compound,  change  gear 42  teeth 

Crown  gear 100  teeth 

Gear  on  back  roll 60  teeth 


Back  Roll  if",  Effective  Diameter  iTV'=  Jf" 

Gear  on  calender  roll 24  teeth 

Compound  gear  45  teeth 

Draft  change  gear 38  teeth 


20  X 42  X 100  X 60  _ 
19  X 24  X 43  X 38  ~ 

Change 

Gear 


6.46  draft 


440 


441 


EVENER  DRAWING  FRAMES  — METALLIC  ROLLS 
Production  at  Calender  Rolls  for  One  Day  of  Ten  Hours 
1^"  front  roll 

Ten  per  cent  deducted  for  cleaning,  oiling,  and  stopping 


442 


ROVING  FRAMES 


Roving  Frame  Specifications 


FRAMES 


FRAME  1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 


j Slubber 
1 Intermediate 
1 Fine  Frames 
! Jack  Frames 


Spindles  each Bobbins 


Number  of  frames 

Spindles  per  frame 

Number  right-hand  frames 

Number  left-hand  frames 

Traverse 

Diameter  of  full  bobbin 

Space 

Diameter  of  spindle 

Sample  spindle,  bolster,  bobbin  gear  and  bobbin  to  be  sent  bv 

Mill  

Are  self-oiling  spindle  steps  wanted 

Bobbin  troughs 

Front  roll  underclearer  diameter 

Underclearer  held  by  spring Wt 

Sliver  lifting  roll  for  slubber,  wood  or  brass 

Separator  plates  for  slubber 

Frames  painted  GREEN. 

C.  I.  Weights  furnished  by 

Over-all  length  of  frame 


STEEL  21  Diameter  of  front  roll 

ROLLS  22  Diameter  of  middle  roll 

23  Diameter  of  back  roll 

24  Case-hardened  front  roll 

25  C.  H.  middle  and  back  rolls 

26  C.  H.  necks  and  squares,  middle  and  back  rolls 

27  Metallic  steel  rolls  (Bottom  and  Top) 

TOP  31  Front  top  roll  type 

ROLLS  32  Front  top  roll  diam.  before  covering When  covered 

33  Front  top  roll  to  be  furnished  covered  or  uncovered 

34  Middle  top  roll  type 

35  Middle  top  roll  diameter  before  covering  When  covered. . . . 

36  Middle  top  roll  to  be  furnished  covered  or  uncovered 

37  Back  top  roll  type 

38  Back  top  roll  diameter  before  covering  When  covered  . 

39  Back  top  roll  to  be  furnished  covered  or  uncovered 

40  Standard  weighted  top  roll 

41  Self-weighted  middle  and  back  top  rolls 


446 


DRAFT  51 
TWIST  52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 
00 


Hank  roving  frames  will  be  started  on 
Hank  roving  or  grain  sliver  at  back.  . . 

Staple  cotton 

Roll  draft  wanted 

Twist  multiplier  used 

Twist  per  Inch 

Draft  gears  wanted 

Twist  gears  wanted 

Tension  gears  wanted 

Lay  gears  wanted 


CREEL  71 

72 

73 

74 


Type  of  creel 

What  space  in  creel 

Creel  to  be  arranged  for  how  many  rows  of  bobbins 
Size  full  bobbin  in  creel 


BELT  81  Pulley  diameter  (16"  std.) 

DRIVE  82  Pulley  faee  (254"  for  2)4"  belt  std.) 

83  Straight  or  quarter  turn  drive 

84  Belted  from  above  or  below 


MOTOR  91 
DRIVE  92 
93 


94 

95 


Method  of  attaching  motor Chain 

Horse  power  and  make  of  motor 

Type  and  make  of  switch 

Current Volt Phase  Cycle 

Motor  switch  and  chain  to  be  furnished  by  Saco-Lowell  Shops. 


Explanation  and  Notes  on  Specifications 

2 — Jacks  and  Fine  Frames  — Frames  from  4 l/i"  to  6"  space  are  furnished 
in  multiples  of  8 spindles  ranging  from  64  spindles  to  216  spindles  — 
Intermediates  and  Slubbers  from  7"  to  lO1^"  space  are  built  in 
multiples  of  4 spindles  ranging  from  36  spindle  slubbers  to  132  spindle 
intermediates. 

3 & 4 — Specify  which  side  driving  pulleys  are  on,  standing  facing  the  spindles. 

5 & 6 — Specify  length  and  diameter  of  full  bobbins.  Dimensions  of  standard 
bobbins  are  shown  by  tables  on  page  454.  The  amount  of  roving 
on  bobbins  is  shown  by  tables  on  pages  479  to  493. 

7 — Spindles  are  arranged  in  two  parallel  rows.  The  space  of  the  frame 
is  the  length  of  rail  occupied  by  two  bobbins.  It  is  governed  by  the 
length  of  the  steel  roll  and  is  always  one-half  the  length  of  the  roll  on 
coarse  frames  having  4 spindles  per  roll,  and  one-quarter  of  the 
length  of  roll  on  fine  frames  having  8 spindles  per  roll.  The  space  of 
standard  frames  is  shown  on  table  of  lengths,  pages  456  and  457. 

Standard  lengths  of  steel  roll  sections  are  shown  in  tables  of  frame 
lengths  on  pages  456  and  457.  It  will  be  noted  that  there  is  a 


447 


variation  in  roll  lengths  for  the  same  diameter  bobbins,  for  example, 
4 1 2 " diameter  bobbins  can  be  built  on  frames  with  16",  15",  14"  or 
13"  roll  sections.  The  determining  factors  in  selecting  roll  lengths 
are  size  of  bobbins  in  creel  and  length  of  frame  wanted. 

8 • — Standard  spindle  diameters  are  shown  by  following  table.  Special 
sizes  can  be  furnished  to  meet  special  requirements. 


Bobbins  on  Frame 

Diameter  of 

Length  and  Dia.  of  Bolsters 

Length 
and  Width 

Inches 

Spindles 

Inches 

Inches 

Inches 

1 2 X 6 

A 

13%  X 1A 

85  X 2 

11  X 5% 

7 8 

13  x 134 

85  X 2 

10  X 5% 

% 

10%  x 1% 

72  X 2 

10  X 5 

% 

10%  X 1% 

72  X 2 

io  x 4% 

U 

10%  X 1% 

72  X 2 

9 X iV2 

% 

10%  X 1% 

72  X 2 

8X4 

M 

9%  X 1% 

64  X 2 

8X3M 

% 

9%  X 1% 

65  X 2 

7X3  34 

11 

16 

8%  X 1 

61  X 2 

7X3 

11 

16 

8%  X 1 

62  X 2 

6X3 

5A 

7 A x 1 

62  X 2 

6X2% 

9 

16 

7%  X % 

62  X 2 

9 — If  necessary  to  use  bobbins  other  than  our  standard  send  sample 
spindle,  bolster,  bobbin  and  bobbin  gear. 

11  — Bobbin  trough  for  receiving  empty  bobbins  can  be  applied  to  back 
bottom  creel  rail.  These  are  supplied  of  wood  or  of  steel  as  required. 

12  & 13  — Standard  equipment  includes  a wood  strip  clearer  on  slubbers,  no 
underclearers  on  intermediates  or  fine  frames.  If  required  we  can 
supply  revolving  underclearers  on  all  sizes  of  frames,  these  clearers 
to  be  held  in  place  either  by  weights  or  by  springs.  Specify  method 
of  weighting  wanted. 

14  — Standard  equipment  includes  wood  lifting  roll  driven  by  chain.  We 

can  supply  brass  lifting  rolls  if  required. 

15  — Separator  plates  are  frequently  applied  to  slubbers  and  consist  of 

sheet  steel  plates  with  slots,  located  just  in  front  of  the  roller  beam  on 
an  angle,  their  object  being  to  separate  the  slivers  and  prevent  broken 
ends  from  coming  in  contact  with  the  next  sliver.  These  plates  can 
be  dropped  down  out  of  the  way  when  doffing. 

16  — Frames  will  be  painted  dark  gloss  green  unless  otherwise  specified. 


448 


17  — Specify  whether  cast  iron  weights  are  to  be  shipped  with  frames  or 

furnished  by  mill.  When  supplied  by  mill  we  furnish  detailed  draw- 
ings for  getting  out  patterns,  or  will  furnish  wood  patterns  if  wanted. 

18  — See  tables  of  frame  lengths  on  pages  456  and  457. 


We  furnish  a variety  of  steel  rolls  to  meet  all  conditions. 

Standard 

sizes  for  ordinary  staple  cotton  are: 

Slubbers Front  1A-" 

Middle  1" 

Back  1" 

Intermediates 

1 A" 

“ 1" 

“ 1" 

Intermediates “ 

i Vs" 

“ 1" 

“ 1" 

F'ine “ 

l Vs" 

“ 1" 

“ 1" 

For  Short  Staple  Y."  to  . “ 

l" 

“ Vs" 

“ 1" 

We  have  adopted  frames  with  4 or  8 spindles  per  roll,  the  objection 
to  6 spindles  per  roll  being  due  to  necessity  of  weighting  the  2 middle 
bosses  directly  in  center  of  bottom  roll,  putting  an  excessive  strain 
on  the  bottom  roll  and  tending  to  cause  unnecessary  wear  of  rolls  and 
bearings. 

24-26  — - We  strongly  recommend  that  front  rolls  be  case-hardened  throughout 
and  that  middle  and  back  rolls  be  case-hardened  in  the  necks  and 
squares. 

27  — We  are  prepared  to  furnish  fluted  metallic  top  and  bottom  rolls  for 
slubbers  if  required. 

31^41  — Standard  equipment  of  top  rolls  includes  shell  front  roll,  solid  middle 
and  back,  leather  covered.  With  this  arrangement  we  supply  5% 
spare  rolls  with  frames.  We  can  also  supply  the  self-weighted  arrange- 
ment wherein  shell  front  rolls  leather  covered  and  dead  weighted 
are  used,  the  middle  and  back  rolls  being  smooth  cast  iron  without 
covering  and  without  weighting.  Standard  sizes  for  all  three  lines 
are  1 rVj " diameter  covered  for  medium  and  long  staple,  xf"  diameter 
covered  for  short  staple.  These  rolls  before  covering  are  xt"  and  xf" 
diameter  respectively.  With  the  self-weighted  arrangement  diameter 
of  rolls  will  vary  according  to  grade  and  staple  of  cotton  being  used, 
and  will  be  determined  to  meet  conditions  in  each  case.  Ball-bear- 
ing top  rolls  of  the  shell  type  will  be  supplied  for  the  front  line  or  for 
all  three  lines  if  required.  A list  of  standard  roll  weighting  is  shown 
by  table  on  page  201. 

51-60 — -State  hank  roving  in  creel  or  weight  of  drawing  sliver;  also  state 
hank  roving  to  be  made.  Shops  will  figure  draft  and  necessary 
gearing.  We  furnish  three  changes  of  gearing,  one  tooth  each  side 
of  the  figured  gears.  Our  twist  tables,  pages  472  and  473,  are  based 
on  the  twist  formula  of  Square  Root  of  Hank  Roving  X .80  to  1.30. 
Revolutions  of  spindles  to  one  of  main  shaft  are  Slubber  2.21,  Inter- 
mediate 2.30,  Fine  and  Jack  3.07.  Standard  twist  as  based  on  the 


449 


above  formulae  will  be  furnished  unless  otherwise  specified.  Three 
twist  change  gears  are  supplied. 

Standard  combinations  of  twist  and  lay  gears  are  shown  in  produc- 
tion tables,  pages  479  to  493.  Three  changes  are  supplied. 


71  74  —Creels  are  unusually  rigid  with  posts  of  %"  steel  bolted  directly  to 
top  of  samsons.  Ends  and  couplings  have  double  posts. 

Vertical  adjustment  is  provided  to  accommodate  different  lengths 
of  bobbin,  but  sample  skewers  should  be  furnished  if  possible  so  that 
creels  can  be  properly  adjusted  before  leaving  the  Shops.  Skewers 
run  in  porcelain  steps.  With  4 spindles  per  roll  and  rolls  16"  or  less 
in  length  we  furnish  space  for  four  rows  of  bobbins  in  creel;  with 
4 spindles  per  roll  and  rolls  longer  than  16",  3 rows  are  furnished.  ; 
With  8 spindles  per  roll,  4 rows  of  bobbins  are  supplied.  For  space  ! 
in  creels  see  table  below.  We  are  also  prepared  to  supply  the  J 
Birkenhead  type  of  creel  for  roving  frames.  See  page  198.  Special 
low  drop  back  creels  for  short  operatives  will  be  furnished  if  specified. 
Always  specify  size  of  full  bobbins  to  be  used  in  creel,  and  if  different 
from  our  standard,  send  sample  skewer. 


SPACE  IN  CREELS 


On  Intermediates 

On  Intermediates.Fly  Frames  or  Jacks 

Length 
of  Rolls 
Inches 

3 Lines  of 
Bobbins 
Inches 

4 Lines  of 
B obbins 
Inches 

Length 
of  Rolls 
Inches 

4 Lines  of 
Bobbins 
Inches 

3 Lines  of 
Bobbins 
Inches 

20  M 

19 

18 

16 

15 

14 

7H 
7 /4s 

6M 

6 

5% 

5H 

8 

7J/2 

7 

24 

21 

19 

18 

17 

16 

6 

5M 

m 

i'A 

4/4 

4 

Space  in  Creel  = Length  of  Roll  + (3  or  4 Rows)  y (Number  of  Spindles  per  Roll  X 2) 


81-84  — Driving  pulleys  are  16"  by  Z'y%"  for  2 14"  belt  unless  otherwise  spec-i' 
fied.  While  a narrower  belt  will  operate  any  ordinary  length  of 
frame,  it  is  advisable  to  use  owing  to  the  strain  of  frequent 

starting.  A belt  of  this  width  will  stretch  less  and  be  of  longer  life. 
■Loose  pulley  runs  on  sleeve  independent  of  main  shaft  and  is  self- 
oiled.  Out-bearings  of  pulleys  are  supported  by  rigid  bracket,  the 
middle  section  of  which  is  readily  taken  out  when  necessary  to  remove 
pulleys.  Standard  speeds  are  shown  by  production  tables  on  pages 
479  to  493. 

91-95  — Motors  are  connected  to  main  shaft  of  roving  frames  by  means 
of  silent  chain.  We  prefer  to  secure  all  motor  equipment,  but 
mill  has  privilege  of  specifying  make  of  motor,  subject  to  our 
approval.  Details  of  current,  that  is,  voltage,  cycle  and  phase,  to  be 
specified  by  mill. 

Power  Requirements:  Approximate  number  of  spindles  per  1 H.  P. 

Slubbers — 40  to  45.  Ints.  — 55  to  60.  Fine  — 70  to  85.  Jacks  — 100. 


450 


When  Ordering  Hank  Clocks  Please  Give 
Following  Information 

TOTAL  number  of  Clocks  in  order No.  of  Right 

Hands No.  of  Left.  Hands 

Diameter  of  Front  Roll Kind  of  Machine  Clocks 

wanted  for 

Maker’s  Name 

Shipping  Directions,  Freight Express 

Give  dimensions  as  per  Diagram  below. 

A B C D E 

F G H-l or  H-* I 

J K L M N O 


POSITION  POSITION 


451 


Care  of  Roving  Frames 

nnO  obtain  best  results  as  to  quality  and  quantity  of  product, 
Roving  Frames  require  careful  attention.  They  must  be  kept 
clean  and  should  be  gone  over  frequently  by  the  mill  mechanic  to 
see  that  all  parts  are  in  proper  condition,  that  all  bearings  are 
being  properly  oiled  and  that  cone  belts  have  not  worn  or  stretched. 
All  gearing  should  be  frequently  examined,  particularly  that  oper- 
ating the  building  motion,  and  any  worn  gears  replaced. 

When  frames  are  erected  they  are  carefully  lined  up  and  leveled. 
They  should  be  gone  over  periodically  to  keep  them  in  this  condition. 

Oiling 


STEEL  ROLLS 

SOLID  TOP  ROLL  BEARINGS 

SADDLES 

SPINDLES 

BOLSTERS  AND  BEARINGS 


• Should  be  oiled  daily. 

J 


SHELL  TOP  ROLLS  and  ARBORS.  Clean  and  oil  once  a week. 

SPINDLE  STEPS.  The  ordinary  spindle  step  should  be  cleaned  and 
oiled  every  two  to  three  weeks.  The  self-oiling  type  should  run  about  a 
month. 


GEARING  and  SHAFTING.  Oil  the  compound  and  horse  head  gearing, 
main  shaft,  cone  shaft  and  jack  shaft,  twice  a day.  In  oiling  the  compound, 
it  should  be  turned  around  until  all  four  oil  holes  are  on  top,  otherwise  one 
or  more  of  them  may  be  overlooked. 


LIFTER  CHAIN  PULLEYS,  LIFTER  RACKS,  BOBBIN  RAIL 
SLIDES.  Grease  thoroughly  once  a month. 


Cleaning 

CREELS.  Brush  off  twice  a day. 

ROLLS,  ROLLER  BEAM  and  CLEARERS.  Take  particular  care  to 
keep  these  parts  clean.  Top  clearers  must  be  picked  frequently  and  ex- 

452 


amiued  to  see  that  they  rest  firmly  and  evenly  on  the  top  rolls.  Top  roll 
bearings  should  be  picked  every  day. 

STEEL  ROLLS  should  be  taken  out  several  times  a year,  cleaned  and 
polished. 

UNDERCLE ARERS  should  rest  firmly  against  the  steel  rolls  in  order 
to  collect  the  fluff,  and  should  be  picked  frequently. 

HEAD  END  GEARING.  Clean  thoroughly  at  least  once  a week. 

SPINDLE  AND  BOBBIN  GEARS  and  SHAFTS.  Clean  every  four  to 
six  weeks. 

FLYERS.  On  medium  counts,  wipe  off  flyers  at  every  doff.  On  fine 
counts,  where  bobbins  are  more  than  a day  in  filling,  fluff  should  be  wiped 
off  once  or  twice  a day  or  oftener  if  necessary.  Care  must  be  taken  that  the 
flyer  let-on  (the  part  fitting  on  top  of  spindle)  is  kept  clean,  also  that  the 
slot  in  top  of  spindle  is  clean,  so  that  pin  in  flyer  will  fit  accurately  in  slot 
on  spindle. 

Miscellaneous  Suggestions 

STEEL  ROLLS.  If  steel  rolls  become  rough  and  show  a tendency  to 
catch  fibre,  polish  with  whiting  or  sawdust  and  oil.  Fill  the  flutes  with 
paste  and  use  a piece  of  card  clothing  for  polishing.  Rub  clothing  length- 
wise of  the  flutes  and  go  over  every  inch  of  the  roll  thoroughly.  Clean  the 
flutes  after  scouring. 

Rolls  should  be  set  carefully  to  conform  to  the  length  of  staple  used.  In 
changing  draft  gears  care  must  be  taken  in  setting  so  that  gears  will  mesh 
properly  and  not  cause  vibration  in  the  back  and  middle  rolls,  as  such  vibra- 
tion will  cause  breaks  and  weak  places  in  the  roving. 

TOP  ROLLS.  Examine  leather  on  top  rolls  frequently  and  either  re-cover 
or  true  up  any  worn  or  uneven  rolls. 

Place  top  rolls  in  machine  with  star  below  the  lap  so  that  the  lap  on  the 
roll  will  revolve  with  the  direction  of  the  sliver. 

TRAVERSE  MOTION  should  be  carefully  adjusted  to  give  proper 
length  of  traverse  and  to  prevent  excessive  dwell  at  end  of  stroke. 

BOBBINS.  It  is  important  that  bobbins  be  made  to  the  dimensions 
shown  on  our  charts  in  order  to  insure  proper  fit.  See  page  204  for  stand- 
ard bobbin  gauges. 


45.3 


TABLE  OF  DIMENSIONS  FOR  SKEWERS 


Pi 

X 

(M 

<N 

X 

- 

i-tto 

i-to 

F-to 

o 

X 

2 

£ 

<M 

£ 

g 

£ 

GO 

I> 

X 

IX 

X 

LQ 

£ 

X1 

to  \ 

c 

J® 

o 

sis 

~*fci 

SIS 

•>?|o 

■*!« 

SIS 

Size 

of  Frame 

12  X 6 

to 

X 

iO 

XXX 

c o o 

X 

X 

^ CO 

XX 

GO  GO 

XX 

1^ 

CO 

X 

Ol 

X 

454 


TABLE  OF  DIMENSIONS  FOR  ROVING  BOBBINS 


455 


OVERALL  LENGTH  OF  ROVING  FRAMES 


456 


OVERALL  LENGTH  OF  ROVING  FRAMES  — • Continued 


457 


* With  12"  diameter  Roving  Cans  6'  1".  t With  12"  diameter  Roving  Cans  5'  1 

Rule  for  finding  Overall  length,  including  outside  bearing: 

Total  Number  of  Spindles  -f • 4 for  12  X 6 to  9 X 4 3^2  X Length  of  Roll -f-  34". 

Total  Number  of  Spindles  -j-  8 for  8 X 4 to  6 X 2 % X Length  of  Roll-j-  34". 

For  Plan  and  Elevation  of  Machines  see  pages  4G0  to  404  inclusive. 


METRIC  EQUIVALENTS  OF  ROVING  FRAME 
LENGTHS 


Ft. 

In. 

Meters 

Ft. 

In. 

Meters 

Ft. 

In. 

Meters 

18 

2^ 

5.549 

26 

10 

8.179 

35 

3 'A 

10.757 

18 

5 

5.613 

26 

11 

8.204 

35 

4 

10.769 

18 

7 

5.664 

27 

4 

8.331 

35 

5 

10.795 

18 

8 

5.689 

27 

9 

8.458 

35 

6 

10.820 

18 

10 

5.740 

27 

10 

8.484 

35 

10 

10.922 

19 

1 

5.817 

28 

2 

8.585 

36 

1 

10.998 

19 

2 

5.842 

28 

4 

8.636 

36 

2 

11.023 

19 

4 

5.893 

28 

5'A 

8.674 

36 

4 

11.074 

19 

10 

6.045 

28 

6 

8.686 

36 

5 

11.100 

19 

11 

6.070 

28 

10 

8.788 

36 

6 

11.125 

20 

2 

6.146 

29 

1 

8.864 

36 

7 

11.150 

20 

3 

6.172 

29 

6 

8.991 

36 

8 

11.176 

20 

4 

6.197 

29 

8 

9.042 

36 

10 

11.226 

20 

10 

6.350 

29 

9 

9.067 

37 

0 

11.277 

21 

3 

6.477 

29 

10 

9.093 

37 

4 

11.379 

21 

6 

6.553 

29 

11 

9.118 

37 

6 

11.430 

21 

7 

6.578 

30 

2 

9.194 

37 

8 

11.480 

21 

7^ 

6.591 

30 

4 

9.245 

37 

10 

11.531 

21 

10 

6.655 

30 

10 

9.398 

38 

3 

11.658 

22 

1 

6.731 

31 

0 

9.448 

38 

7 

11.760 

22 

4 

6.807 

31 

2 

9.499 

38 

8'A 

11.798 

22 

8 

6.908 

31 

4 

9.550 

38 

10 

11.836 

22 

10 

6.959 

31 

7 

9.626 

39 

0 

11.887 

23 

4 

7.112 

31 

10  K 

9.715 

39 

1 

11.912 

23 

5 

7.137 

32 

0 

9.753 

39 

3 

11.963 

23 

10 

7.264 

32 

l 

9.778 

39 

7 

12.065 

24 

1 

7.340 

32 

2 

9.804 

39 

8 

12.090 

24 

2 

7.366 

32 

7 

9.931 

40 

2 

12.243 

24 

6 

7.467 

32 

10 

10.007 

40 

4 

12.293 

24 

10 

7.569 

32 

11 

10.032 

40 

5 

12.319 

25 

0 

7.620 

33 

2 

10.109 

40 

10 

12.446 

25 

oy2 

7.633 

33 

6 

10.210 

41 

1 

12.522 

25 

4 

7.722 

33 

7 

10.235 

41 

4 

12.598 

25 

6 

7.772 

34 

0 

10.363 

41 

6 

12.649 

25 

7 

7.798 

34 

1 

10.388 

41 

7 

12.674 

26 

2 

7.975 

34 

3 

10.439 

42 

\y2 

12.840 

26 

7 

8.103 

34 

4 

10.465 

42 

10 

13.055 

26 

8 

8.128 

34 

6 

10.515 

43 

i 

13.132 

26 

9 

8.153 

34 

10 

10.617 

44 

i 

13.436 

458 


WEIGHT  OF  ROVING  FRAMES 


SLUBBERS 

Bobbin 

Gauge 

Roll 

12"  x 6" 

10J4" 

2034" 

11"  & 10"  x 534" 
9J4" 

19" 

10"  x 5" 
9" 
18" 

io"  x 4 y2° 
8" 

16" 

Base  Weight 

2800 

2700 

2600 

2240 

Add  for  Bal.  of  frame 
except  weights  per  sp. 

68 

64 

59 

58 

Add  weights  per  sp. 

27 

27 

27 

24 

Bobbin 

INTERMEDIATES  Gauge 
Roll 

10"  x 5" 
8" 
16" 

10"  x 434" 
8" 

16" 

9"x434" 
7 34" 
15" 

Base  Weight 

2240 

2240 

2000 

Bal.  of  frame  except 
weights  per  sp. 

58 

58 

57 

Weights  per  sp. 

24 

24 

24 

FINE  FRAMES 

Bobbin 

Gauge 

Roll 

8"  x 4" 
6" 
24" 

8"x3  34" 
534" 
21" 

7 x 334 

534" 

21" 

Base  Weight 

1850 

1700 

1700 

Bal.  of  frame  except 
weights  per  sp. 

41 

40 

40 

Weights  only 

22 

18 

18 

JACK  FRAMES 

Bobbin 

Gauge 

Roll 

7"  x 3" 
434" 
19" 

6"  x 3" 
434" 
18" 

6"  x 2 34" 
434" 
17" 

Base  Weight 

1700 

1700 

1650 

Bal.  of  frame  except 
weights  per  sp. 

35 

34 

34 

Weights  only  per  sp. 

15 

15 

15 

For  Local  Shipping  Weight,  add  to  net  weight  8%. 

For  Foreign  Shipping  Weights,  add  to  net  weight  of  machine  without  weights 
20%,  and  to  the  weight  of  WEIGHTS  10%. 

For  Total  Cubic  Feet,  divide  gross  weight  without  weights  by  56  and  di- 
vide weight  of  weights  by  150,  adding  results  to  get  total  cubic  feet. 
For  ocean  tonnage,  ship’s  option,  take  gross  weight  in  tons,  + 10%. 

For  ocean  tonnage  of  weights,  take  actual  weight  tons. 

Above  figures  are  not  guaranteed  to  give  absolutely  accurate  weights,  but 
are  furnished  as  an  aid  in  figuring  approximate  tonnage. 


459 


FLOOR  PLAN  AND  ELEVATION 


<u 

X! 

3 

m 

Si 

m 

X 


•o 

cj 

c« 

o 

X 

tM 


FLOOR  PLAN  AND  ELEVATION 


I 


461 


10  X 5 and  9 X 4!£  Slubber 


462 


10  X 5 and  9 X 4V6  Intermediate 


FLOOR  PLAN  AND  ELEVATION 


<0 

s 

ca 

l-H 

_>> 

E 


ro 

X 

00 

"C 

C 

ca 

X 

00 


463 


FLOOR  PLAN  AND  ELEVATION 


X 

^ 

00 

iO  W 

S V. 

CO 

X 

CO  ' 

GO 

lq 

CO 

-v—  ^ 

X 

« 00 

LQ 

r- 

GO 

10  CO 

0 

s « 

< £S 

X ,u 

464 


7 X 3V2  — 7X3  — 6X3  — 6X  2!4  Fly  Frame  and  Jack 


465 


12  x 6 and  11  x 5!4 


DIAGRAM  OF  GENERAL  GEARING 


466 


10x5  and  9 x 4V£>  Slubber 
10  x 5 and  9 x 4V£>  Intermediate 


46? 


8x4  Intermediate 
8x4  Fly  Frame 
8 x 3 'A-  Fly  Frame 


DIAGRAM  OF  GENERAL  GEARING 


468 


7 y 3Vz  Fly  Frame 


DIAGRAM  OF  GENERAL  GEARING 

22  Change  Gear  for  Break  Draft, 


o 


m 

X 

o 

| ^ 

X X 

i>  o 


Table  of  Draft  Constants 


For  Roving  Frames 


Size  Frame 

Dia.  Roll 

Formula 

SLUBBER 

12  X 6 

1V4" 

56  X 100  X 134" 
Ch.  X 33  X 1" 

= 

212  Draft  Constant 

12  X 6 
11  X 534 

1 3 /' 

A16 

56  X 100  X 1A" 

202  “ 

10  X 5 

9X4^ 

Ch.  X 33  X 1" 

10  X 5H 
9 X 43-2 

134" 

56  X 100  X 134" 
Ch.  X33  X 1" 

= 

191  “ 

40 

X 

o 

1" 

50  X 104  X 1" 

173  “ 

Ch.  X 30  X 1" 

INTERMEDIATE 

10  X 5 

1 34" 

56  X 100  X 134" 
Ch.  X 33  X 1" 

= 

212  “ 

10  X 5 

10  x 434 

9 X 434 

i*' 

56  X 100  X 1A" 
Ch.  X 33  X 1" 

= 

202  “ 

XX 

C5  CO 

13-4" 

56  X 100  X 134" 
Ch.  X 33  X 1" 

= 

191  “ 

8X4 

1" 

50  X 104  X 1" 

173 

Ch.  X 30  X 1" 

ELY  FRAME 

8X4 

1 1 4" 

56  X 100  X134" 

191  “ 

Ch.  X 33  X 1" 

8X4 
8 X 334 
7 X 334 

1" 

50  X 100  X 1" 

173  “ 

Ch.  X 30  X 1" 

JACK  FRAME 

7X3 

6X3 

6 x 234 

134" 

56  X 100  X 134" 
Ch.  X 33  X 1" 

= 

191  “ 

470 


Change  Gear  Table  for  Standard  Draft  Constants 


471 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 

For  Roving 


Size  Frame 

Dia.  Roll 

Formula 

SLUBBER 

12  X 6 

iM" 

132  X 46  X 50  X 55  X 1" 

= 50  Twist  Constant 

69  X Ch.  X 46  X 27  X 3.93'' 

12  X 6 

1 3 // 

1 16 

130  X 46  X 50  X 55  X 1" 

= 50  “ 

11  X 5 y2 

71  X Ch.  X 46  X 27  X 3.73" 

10  X 5V2 
10  X 5 
9 X 434 

l*' 

130  X 39  X 42  X 44  X 1" 

= 44 

71  X Ch.  X 35  X 23  X 3.73" 

10  X 5 

134" 

130  X 39  X 42  X 44  X 1" 

= 47  “ 

71  X Ch.  X 35  X 23  X 3.53" 

9 X 434 

i" 

126  X 39  X 42  X 44  X 1" 

- 48  “ 

75  X Ch.  X 35  X 23  X 3.14" 

INTERMEDIATE 

10  X 5 

134" 

132  X 39  X 42  X 44  X 1" 

= 44 

69  X Ch.  X 35  X 23  X 3.927" 

10  X 5 
10  X 434 

9 X 434 

iA' 

130  X 39  X 42  X 44  X 1" 

= 44 

71  X Ch.  X 35  X 23  X 3.73" 

9 X 434 

134" 

130  X 39  X 53  X 44  X 1" 

= 62  “ 

8X4 

71  X Ch.  X 33  X 23  X 3.53" 

8X4 

l" 

126  X 39  X 42  X 44  X 1" 

= 48  “ 

75  X Ch.  X 35  X 23  X 3.14" 

134" 

130  X 39  X 42  X 44  X 1" 

— 47  “ 

(( 

71  X Ch.  X 35  X 23  X 3.53" 

FLY  FRAME 

8X4 
8 X 334 
7 X 3J4 

134" 

130  X 48  X 47  X 53  X 44  X 1" 
71  X 29  X Ch.  X 33  X 23  X 3.53" 

= 124  “ 

“ 

8X4 

8 X 334 
7 X 334 

134" 

130  X 39  X 53  X 44  X 1" 

= 62  “ 

71  X Ch.  X 33  X 23  X 3.53" 

8X4 
8 X 334 

7 x 334 

1" 

126  X 48  X 47  X 53  X 44  X 1" 

= 128 

75  X 29  X Ch.  X 33  X 23  X 3.14" 

JACK  FRAME 

7X3 
6X3 
6 X 234 

1 34" 

130  X 48  X 47  X 53  X 44  X 1" 
71  X 29  X Ch.X  33  X 23  X 3.53" 

= 124 

“ 

472 


Roving 


Twist  Constants  \ 

00 

cs 

Twist 

X © X b X © © X © N-tr-XC  X © CD  X X >—  X © -S'  03  © 00  © -<J»  ©3  r-«  © b X ^ 03  — © 

x o'  o'  o'  ■—  -^  © © © © © © x x oq  co  n b;  b © © © © © x x x x x -P  ■*  co 

<N 

tt 

£ 

H 

1C  H CO  © b X © t f>  H®1QC»C  b 1-0  O'  O X XX  — © b iC«H©b  © tJ*  X — © X © 3-0 

03  0»  r-  — © © © © © © X X X X b b b b © © © © 1-0  X 1C  o »S  -t  ■?  -rf-  -rf>  CO  CO  X X 

CS3 

© 

(A 

'£ 

H 

X — © b X MSJCXb  X rf  X — © © b © X -i*  X 03  — © X X N © UC  ^ M 03  - S O ©Xb 

— — S © © © © © © © © © © © © XXXXX  X X X b b b b b b b b b b b b © © © 

o 

X 

w 

s 

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>-<  © X © X W03H©X  bCiO-fO)  •—'©©XX  b © X 'S-  X X 03  — © © ©Xbb  © © x ■*?« 

©XXXX  X X X b b b b b b b t>  o © © © © © © © © © © © © © x x X X X X X X 

00 

w 

£ 

H 

XXXXX  X b b b b b b b b X © © © © © © © © © © ©XXX  X X X X X X XXX 

c- 

to 

5 

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x — o'  — © x b © x x 03  — ©xx  t>  © x -f  -f  x o;  — © © © x b b © x x — x x o>  o>  — 

XXXXX  b b b b b t>  l>  t>  © © © © © © © © © © © X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

UI 

'i 

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© © b © X CO  0>  — © © X b © X X 03  — © © © X b © © X '*"f  X 03  0»  — — © © ©XX 

X b b b b b b b b © © © © © © ©©©©X  XXXXX  XXXXX  X X X X -f  ’J'  -f  -*■ 

ai  qiaax 

X © b X © © — O'  X — X © b X © © — O'  X — X©l>X©  © — O'  X -*  X © b X © ©--03 

XXXXX  © © © © © © © © © © b b b b b b b b b b XXXXX  XXXXX  © © © 

Twist  Constants  j 

oo 

C3 

CO 

■£ 

H 

X — X © © 03  CO  03  03  “ b-  CO  ©X©©©  © b X © O'  X X — — X O'  b — © — © O'  b 

b b © © © XXX  X — ’ X -*■  *■*«"  X -f*  XXXXX  x’  CO  CO  X x’  CO  03  03  03  O'’  03  03  O'  03  03  O'"  03  O' 

<N 

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b-  © © © X XXXXX  x'  X X X X XXXXX  XXXXX  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03  03 

03 

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H 

X X © © X 03  © X X X ©-"fb©  X O'  b O'  XX©  X—  X X — X X O'  © b fO>  © b X 

© X_  03  — © X b X X X X 03  — © © ©X  Xb  b © © X X X X X X CO  X X O'  O'  O'  O'  — 

© 

no 

£ 

H 

X CO  X © GO  b b X © O'  X © O'  b — © O'  b-  CO  © X O'  X X O'  ©©-?--©  ~ ^ X = 5 ©JX 

00 

M 

s 

H 

X © X X O'  2©  © © X b b C S 1C  XXXXX  X O'  03  O'  - — — © © © © © © © © ©©X 

o 

'£ 

H 

©r-<b-x^  X X © 00  — ' X 5>  b C»  X X X X b X — X X X © b X O'  © X © X O'  © © b 

£ 

H 

X - X O'  - © © X b © © X X ^ — X X O'  O'  O'  — — — — © ©“©©.©.  ©.©©XX  XXX 

ui  qiaax 

bX©©--  O'  X X X © bX©©--  O'  X X X © b X © © — ^ O'  X X X © b X ©©  — O'  CO  © 

473 


TWIST  TABLE 


Hank 

Roving 

Square 

Root 

TWIST  PER  INCH 

TWIST  MULTIPLIERS 

.70 

.80 

.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

.20 

.447 

.31 

.36 

.40 

.45 

.49 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.25 

.500 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.50 

.55 

.60 

.63 

.65 

.30 

.548 

.38 

.44 

.49 

.55 

.60 

.66 

.69 

.71 

.35 

.592 

.41 

.47 

.53 

.59 

.65 

.71 

.74 

.77 

.40 

.632 

.44 

.50 

.57 

.63 

.69 

.76 

.79 

.82 

.45 

.671 

.47 

.54 

.60 

.67 

.74 

.81 

.84 

.87 

.50 

.707 

.49 

.57 

.64 

.71 

.78 

.85 

.88 

.92 

.55 

.742 

.52 

.59 

.67 

.74 

.82 

.89 

.93 

.96 

.60 

.775 

.54 

.62 

.70 

.78 

.85 

.93 

.97 

1.01 

.65 

.806 

.56 

.64 

.73 

.81 

.89 

.97 

1.01 

1.05 

.70 

.837 

.59 

.67 

.75 

.84 

.92 

1.00 

1.05 

1.09 

.75 

.866 

.61 

.69 

.78 

.87 

.95 

1.04 

1.08 

1.13 

.80 

.894 

.63 

.72 

.80 

.89 

.98 

1.07 

1.12 

1.16 

.85 

.922 

.65 

.74 

.83 

.92 

1.01 

1.11 

1.15 

1.20 

.90 

.949 

.66 

.76 

.85 

.95 

1.04 

1.14 

1.19 

1.23 

.95 

.975 

.68 

.78 

.88 

.98 

1.07 

1.17 

1.22 

1.27 

1.00 

1.000 

.70 

.80  ' 

.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.05 

1.025 

.72 

.S2 

.92 

1.03 

1.13 

1.23 

1.23 

1.33 

1.10 

1.049 

.73 

.84 

.94 

1.05 

1.15 

1.26 

1.31 

1.36 

1.15 

1.073 

.75 

.86 

.97 

1.07 

1.18 

1.29 

1.34 

1.39 

1.20 

1.095 

.77 

.88 

.99 

1.10 

1.20 

1.31 

1.37 

1.42 

1.25 

1.118 

.78 

.89 

1.01 

1.12 

1.23 

1.34 

1.40 

1.45 

1.30 

1.140 

.80 

.91 

1.03 

1.14 

1.25 

1.37 

1.43 

1.48 

1.35 

1.162 

.81 

.93 

1.05 

1.16 

1.2S 

1.39 

1.45 

1.51 

1.40 

1.183 

.83 

.95 

1.06 

1.18 

1.30 

1.42 

1.48 

1.54 

1.45 

1.204 

.84 

.96 

1.08 

1.20 

1.32 

1.44 

1.51 

1.57 

1.50 

1.225 

.86 

.98 

1.10 

1.23 

1.35 

1.47 

1.53 

1.59 

1.55 

1.245 

.87 

1.00 

1.12 

1.25 

1.37 

1.49 

1.56 

1.62 

1.60 

1.265 

.89 

1.01 

1.14 

1.27 

1.39 

1.52 

1.5S 

1.64 

1.65 

1.285 

.90 

1.03 

1.16 

1.29 

1.41 

1.54 

1.61 

1.67 

1.70 

1.304 

.91 

1.04 

1.17 

1.30 

1.43 

1 .56 

1.63 

1.70 

1.75 

1.323 

.93 

1.06 

1.19 

1.32 

1.46 

1.59 

1.65 

1.72 

1.80 

1.342 

.94 

1.07 

1.21 

1.34 

1.4S 

1.61 

1.68 

1.74 

1.85 

1.360 

.95 

1.09 

1.22 

1.36 

1.50 

1.63 

1.70 

1.77 

1.90 

1.378 

.96 

1.10 

1.24 

1.38 

1.52 

1.65 

1.72 

1.79 

1.95 

1.397 

.98 

1.12 

1.26 

1.40 

1.54 

1.68 

1.75 

1.82 

2.00 

1.414 

.99 

1.13 

1.27 

1.41 

1.56 

1.70 

1.77 

1.84 

2.05 

1.432 

1.00 

1.15 

1.29 

1.43 

1.58 

1.72 

1.79 

1.86 

2.10 

1.449 

1.01 

1.16 

1.30 

1.45 

1.59 

1.74 

1.S1 

1.8S 

2.15 

1.467 

1.03 

1.17 

1.32 

1.47 

1.61 

1.76 

1.83 

1.91 

2.20 

1.483 

1.04 

1.19 

1.33 

1.48 

1.63 

1.7S 

1.85 

1.93 

2.25 

1.500 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

1.S8 

1.95 

2.30 

1.515 

1.06 

1.21 

1.36 

1.52 

1.67 

1.S2 

1.S9 

1.97 

2.35 

1.535 

1.07 

1.23 

1.38 

1.54 

1.69 

1.S4 

1.92 

2.00 

2.40 

1.549 

1.08 

1.24 

1.39 

1.55 

1.70 

1.86 

1.94 

2.01 

2.45 

1 .565 

1.10 

1.25 

1.41 

1.57 

1.72 

1.S8 

1.96 

2.03 

2.50 

1.583 

1.11 

1.27 

1.42 

1.58 

1.74 

1.90 

1.98 

2.06 

2.55 

1.597 

1.12 

1.28 

1.44 

1.60 

1.76 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.60 

1.611 

1.13 

1.29 

1.45 

1.61 

1.77 

1.93 

2.01 

2.09 

2.65 

1.630 

1.14 

1.30 

1.47 

1.63 

1.79 

1.96 

2.04 

2.12 

2.70 

1.643 

1.15 

1.31 

1.48 

1.64 

1.81 

1.97 

2.05 

2.14 

2.75 

1.658 

1.16 

1.33 

1.49 

1.66 

1.82 

1.99 

2.07 

2.16 

474 


TWIST  TABLE  — Continued 


Hank 

Roving 

Square 

Root 

TWIST  PER  INCH 

TWIST  MULTIPLIERS 

.80 

.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

2.80 

1.673 

1.34 

1.51 

1.67 

1.84 

2.01 

2.09 

2.17 

2.26 

2.85 

1.688 

1.35 

1.52 

1.69 

1.86 

2.03 

2.11 

2.19 

2.28 

2.90 

1.703 

1.36 

1.53 

1.70 

1.87 

2.04 

2.13 

2.21 

2.30 

2.95 

1.718 

1.37 

1.55 

1.72 

1.89 

2.06 

2.15 

2.23 

2.32 

3.00 

1.732 

1.39 

1.56 

1.73 

1.91 

2.08 

2.17 

2.25 

2.34 

3.05 

1.746 

1.40 

1.57 

1.75 

1.92 

2.10 

2.18 

2.27 

2.36 

3.10 

1.760 

1.41 

1.58 

1.76 

1.94 

2.11 

2.20 

2.29 

2.38 

3.15 

1.775 

1.42 

1.60 

1.78 

1.95 

2.13 

2.22 

2.31 

2.40 

3.20 

1.789 

1.43 

1.61 

1.79 

1.97 

2.15 

2.24 

2.33 

2.42 

3.25 

1.803 

1.44 

1.62 

1.80 

1.98 

2.16 

2.25 

2.34 

2.43 

3.30 

1.817 

1.45 

1.64 

1.82 

2.00 

2.18 

2.27 

2.36 

2.45 

3.35 

1.831 

1.46 

1.65 

1.83 

2.01 

2.20 

2.29 

2.38 

2.47 

3.40 

1.S44 

1.48 

1.66 

1.84 

2.02 

2.21 

2.31 

2.40 

2.49 

3.45 

1.857 

1.49 

1.67 

1.86 

2.04 

2.23 

2.32 

2.41 

2.51 

3.50 

1.870 

1.50 

1.68 

1.87 

2.06 

2.24 

2.34 

2.43 

2.52 

3.55 

1.884 

1.51 

1.70 

1.88 

2.07 

2.26 

2.36 

2.45 

2.54 

3.00 

1.897 

1.52 

1.71 

1.90 

2.09 

2.28 

2.37 

2.47 

2.56 

3.65 

1.910 

1.53 

1.72 

1.91 

2.10 

2.29 

2.39 

2.48 

2.58 

3.70 

1.924 

1.54 

1.73 

1.92 

2.12 

2.31 

2.41 

2.50 

2.60 

3.75 

1.936 

1.55 

1.74 

1.94 

2.13 

2.32 

2.42 

2.52 

2.61 

3.80 

1.950 

1.56 

1.76 

1.95 

2.15 

2.34 

2.44 

2.54 

2.63 

3.85 

1.963 

1.57 

1.77 

1.96 

2.16 

2.36 

2.45 

2.55 

2.65 

3.90 

1.975 

1.58 

1.78 

1.98 

2.17 

2.37 

2.47 

2.57 

2.67 

3.95 

1.987 

1.59 

1.79 

1.99 

2.19 

2.38 

2.48 

2.58 

2.68 

4.00 

2.000 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.70 

4.05 

2.012 

1.61 

1.S1 

2.01 

2.21 

2.41 

2.52 

2.62 

2.72 

4.10 

2.025 

1.62 

1.82 

2.03 

2.23 

2.43 

2.53 

2.63 

2.73 

4.15 

2.038 

1.63 

1.83 

2.04 

2.24 

2.45 

2.55 

2.65 

2.75 

4.20 

2.049 

1.64 

1.84 

2.05 

2.25 

2.46 

2.56 

2.66 

2.77 

4.25 

2.063 

1.65 

1.86 

2.06 

2.27 

2.48 

2.58 

2.68 

2.79 

4.30 

2.074 

1.66 

1.87 

2.07 

2.28 

2.49 

2.59 

2.70 

2.80 

4.35 

2.0S5 

1.67 

1.88 

2.09 

2.29 

2.50 

2.61 

2.71 

2.81 

4.40 

2.098 

1.68 

1.89 

2.10 

2.31 

2.52 

2.62 

2.73 

2.83 

4.45 

2.110 

1.69 

1.90 

2.11 

2.32 

2.53 

2.64 

2.74 

2.85 

4.50 

2.121 

1.70 

1.91 

2.12 

2.33 

2.55 

2.65 

2.76 

2.86 

4.55 

2.133 

1.71 

1.92 

2.13 

2.35 

2.56 

2.67 

2.77 

2.88 

4.60 

2.145 

1.72 

1.93 

2.15 

2.36 

2.57 

2.68 

2.79 

2.90 

4.65 

2.156 

1.72 

1.94 

2.16 

2.37 

2.59 

2.70 

2.80 

2.91 

4.70 

2.167 

1.73 

1.95 

2.17 

2.38 

2.60 

2.71 

2.82 

2.93 

4.75 

2.179 

1.74 

1.96 

2.18 

2.40 

2.61 

2.72 

2.83 

2.94 

4.80 

2.191 

1.75 

1.97 

2.19 

2.41 

2.63 

2.74 

2.85 

2.96 

4.85 

2.202 

1.76 

1.98 

2.20 

2.42 

2.64 

2.75 

2.86 

2.97 

4.90 

2.213 

1.77 

1.99 

2.21 

2.43 

2.66 

2.77 

2.88 

2.99 

4.95 

2.225 

1.78 

2.00 

2.23 

2.45 

2.67 

2.78 

2.89 

3.00 

5.00 

2.236 

1.79 

2.01 

2.24 

2.46 

2.68 

2.80 

2.91 

3.02 

5.05 

2.247 

1.80 

2.02 

2.25 

2.47 

2.70 

2.81 

2.92 

3.03 

5.10 

2.259 

1.81 

2.03 

2.26 

2.48 

2.71 

2.82 

2.94 

3.05 

5.15 

2.269 

1.82 

2.04 

2.27 

2.50 

2.72 

2.84 

2.95 

3.06 

5.20 

2.280 

1.82 

2.05 

2.28 

2.51 

2.74 

2.85 

2.96 

3.08 

5.25 

2.291 

1.S3 

2.06 

2.29 

2.52 

2.75 

2.86 

2.98 

3.09 

5 30 

2.302 

1.84 

2.07 

2.30 

2.53 

2.76 

2.88 

2.99 

3.11 

5.35 

2.313 

1.85 

2.08 

2.31 

2.54 

2.78 

2.89 

3.01 

3.12 

475 


TWIST  TABLE  — Continued 


Hank 

Roving 

Square 

Root 

TWIST  PER  INCH 

TWIST  MULTIPLIERS 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

1.40 

1.45 

5.40 

2.324 

2.32 

2.56 

2.79 

2.91 

3.02 

3.14 

3.25 

3.37 

5.45 

2.334 

2.33 

2.57 

2.80 

2.92 

3.03 

3.15 

3.27 

3.38 

5.50 

2.345 

2.35 

2.58 

2.81 

2.93 

3.05 

3.17 

3.28 

3.40 

5.55 

2.356 

2.36 

2.59 

2.83 

2.95 

3.06 

3.18 

3.30 

3.42 

5.60 

2.366 

2.37 

2.60 

2.84 

2.96 

3.08 

3.19 

3.31 

3.43 

5.65 

2.377 

2.38 

2.61 

2.85 

2.97 

3.09 

3.21 

3.33 

3.45 

5.70 

2.388 

2.39 

2.63 

2.87 

2.99 

3.10 

3.22 

3.34 

3.46 

5.75 

2.398 

2.40 

2.64 

2.88 

3.00 

3.12 

3.24 

3.36 

3.48 

5.80 

2.408 

2.41 

2.65 

2.89 

3.01 

3.13 

3.25 

3.37 

3.49 

5.85 

2.418 

2.42 

2.66 

2.90 

3.02 

3.14 

3.26 

3.39 

3.51 

5.90 

2.429 

2.43 

2.67 

2.91 

3.04 

3.16 

3.28 

3.40 

3.52 

5.95 

2.439 

2.44 

2.68 

2.93 

3.05 

3.17 

3.29 

3.41 

3.54 

6.00 

2.449 

2.45 

2.69 

2.94 

3.06 

3.18 

3.31 

3.43 

3.55 

6.10 

2.470 

2.47 

2.72 

2.96 

3.09 

3.21 

3.33 

3.46 

3.58 

6.15 

2.480 

2.48 

2.73 

2.98 

3.10 

3.22 

3.35 

3.47 

3.60 

6.25 

2.500 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3.13 

3.25 

3.38 

3.50 

3.63 

6.30 

2.510 

2.51 

2.76 

3.01 

3.14 

3.26 

3.39 

3.52 

3.64 

6.40 

2.530 

2.53 

2.78 

3.04 

3.16 

3.29 

3.42 

3.54 

3.67 

6.50 

2.550 

2.81 

3.06 

3.19 

3.32 

3.44 

3.57 

3.70 

6.60 

2.569 

2.57 

2.83 

3.08 

3.21 

3.34 

3.47 

3.60 

3.73 

6.70 

2.588 

2.59 

2.85 

3.11 

3.24 

3.36 

3.49 

3.62 

3.75 

6.75 

2.597 

2.60 

2.86 

3.12 

3.25 

3.38 

3.51 

3.64 

3.77 

6.80 

2.608 

2.61 

2.87 

3.13 

3.26 

3.39 

3.52 

3.65 

3.78 

6.90 

2.627 

2.63 

2.89 

3.15 

3.28 

3.42 

3.55 

3.6S 

3.81 

7.00 

2.646 

2.65 

2.91 

3.18 

3.31 

3.44 

3.58 

3.70 

3.S4 

7.10 

2.665 

2.67 

2.93 

3.20 

3.33 

3.46 

3.60 

3.73 

3.86 

7.15 

2.674 

2.67 

2.94 

3.21 

3.34 

3.4S 

3.61 

3.74 

3.S8 

7.25 

2.693 

2.69 

2.96 

3.23 

3.37 

3.50 

3.64 

3.77 

3.90 

7.30 

2.702 

2.70 

2.97 

3.24 

3.38 

3.51 

3.65 

3.78 

3.92 

7.40 

2.720 

2.72 

2.99 

3.26 

3.40 

3.53 

3.67 

3. SI 

3.94 

7.50 

2.739 

2.74 

3.01 

3.29 

3.42 

3.56 

3.70 

3.83 

3.97 

7.60 

2.759 

2.76 

3.03 

3.31 

3.44 

3.58 

3.72 

3.86 

4.00 

7.70 

2.775 

2.78 

3.05 

3.33 

3.47 

3.61 

3.75 

3.89 

4.02 

7.75 

2.784 

2.78 

3.06 

3.34 

3.48 

3.62 

3.76 

3.90 

4.04 

7.80 

2.793 

2.79 

3.07 

3.35 

3.49 

3.63 

3.77 

3.91 

4.05 

7.90 

2.811 

2.81 

3.09 

3.37 

3.51 

3.65 

3.79 

3.94 

4.08 

8.00 

2.82S 

2.83 

3.11 

3.39 

3.54 

3.68 

3.82 

3.96 

4.10 

8.25 

2.872 

2.87 

3.16 

3.45 

3.59 

3.73 

3.S8 

4.02 

4.16 

8.50 

2.915 

2.92 

3.21 

3.50 

3.64 

3.79 

3.94 

4. OS 

4.23 

8.75 

2.958 

2.96 

3.25 

3.55 

3.70 

3.S5 

4.00 

4.14 

4.29 

9.00 

3.000 

3.00 

3.30 

3.60 

3.75 

3.90 

4.05 

4.20 

4.35 

9.25 

3.041 

3.04 

3.35 

3.65 

3.80 

3.95 

4.11 

4.26 

4.41 

9.50 

3.082 

3.08 

3.39 

3.70 

3.S5 

4.00 

4.16 

4.31 

4.47 

9.75 

3.122 

3.12 

3.43 

3.75 

3.90 

4.06 

4.21 

4.37 

4.53 

10.00 

3.162 

3.16 

3.48 

3.79 

3.95 

4.11 

4.27 

4.43 

4.5S 

10.25 

3.202 

3.20 

3.52 

3.84 

4.00 

4.16 

4.32 

4.4S 

4.64 

10.50 

3.240 

3.24 

3.56 

3.S9 

4.05 

4.21 

4.37 

4.54 

4.71 

10.75 

3.278 

3.28 

3.61 

3.93 

4.10 

4.26 

4.43 

4.59 

4.75 

11.00 

3.316 

3.32 

3.65 

3.9S 

4.15 

4.31 

4.48 

4.64 

4. SI 

11.25 

3.355 

3.36 

3.69 

4.03 

4.19 

4.36 

4.53 

4.70 

4.86 

11.50 

3.391 

3.39 

3.73 

4.07 

4.24 

4.41 

4.5S 

4.75 

4.92 

11.75 

3.438 

3.43 

3.77 

4.11 

4.2S 

4.46 

4.63 

4. SO 

4.97 

476 


TWIST  TABLE  — Continued 


Hank 

Roving 

Square 

Root 

TWIST  PER  INCH 

TWIST  MULTIPLIERS 

1.10 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

1.40 

1.45 

1.50 

12.00 

3.464 

3.81 

4.16 

4.33 

4.50 

4.68 

4.85 

5.02 

5.20 

12.25 

3.500 

3.85 

4.20 

4.38 

4.55 

4.73 

4.90 

5.08 

5.25 

12.50 

3.535 

3.89 

4.24 

4.42 

4.60 

4.77 

4.95 

5.13 

5.30 

12.75 

3.570 

3.93 

4.28 

4.46 

4.64 

4.82 

5.00 

5.18 

5.36 

13.00 

3.605 

3.97 

4.33 

4.51 

4.69 

4.87 

5.05 

5.23 

5.41 

13.25 

3.640 

4.00 

4.37 

4.55 

4.73 

4.91 

5.10 

5.28 

5.46 

13.50 

3.674 

4.04 

4.41 

4.59 

4.78 

4.96 

5.14 

5.33 

5.51 

13.75 

3.709 

4.08 

4.45 

4.64 

4.82 

5.01 

5.19 

5.38 

5.56  . 

14.00 

3.745 

4.12 

4.49 

4.68 

4.88 

5.06 

5.24 

5.43 

5.62 

14.25 

3.774 

4.15 

4.53 

4.72 

4.91 

5.09 

5.28 

5.47 

5.66 

14.50 

3.810 

4.19 

4.57 

4.76 

4.95 

5.14 

5.33 

5.52 

5.72 

14.75 

3.841 

4.23 

4.61 

4.80 

4.99 

5.19 

5.38 

5.57 

5.76 

15.00 

3.873 

4.26 

4.65 

4.84 

5.03 

5.23 

5.42 

5.62 

5.81 

15.25 

3.905 

4.30 

4.69 

4.88 

5.08 

5.27 

5.47 

5.66 

5.86 

15.50 

3.937 

4.33 

4.73 

4.92 

5.12 

5.31 

5.51 

5.71 

5.91 

15.75 

3.969 

4.37 

4.76 

4.90 

5.16 

5.36 

5.56 

5.76 

5.95 

ie.00 

4.000 

4.40 

4.80 

5.00 

5.20 

5.40 

5.60 

5.80 

6.00 

16.25 

4.032 

4.44 

4.84 

5.04 

5.24 

5.44 

5.64 

5.85 

6.05 

16.50 

4.062 

4.47 

4.87 

5.08 

5.28 

5.48 

5.69 

5.89 

6.09 

16.75 

4.092 

4.50 

4.91 

5.12 

5.32 

5.52 

5.73 

5.93 

6.14 

17.00 

4.123 

4.54 

4.95 

5.15 

5.36 

5.57 

5.77 

5.9S 

6.18 

17.25 

4.152 

4.57 

4.98 

5.19 

5.40 

5.61 

5. SI 

6.02 

6.23 

17.50 

4.183 

4.60 

5.02 

5.23 

5.44 

5.65 

5.86 

6.07 

6.27 

17.75 

4.212 

4.03 

5.05 

5.27 

5.48 

5.69 

5.90 

6.11 

6.32 

18.00 

4.242 

4.67 

5.09 

5.30 

5.51 

5.73 

5.94 

6.15 

6.36 

18.25 

4.272 

4.70 

5.13 

5.34 

5.55 

5.78 

5.98 

6.19 

6.41 

18.50 

4.301 

4.73 

5.16 

5.38 

5.59 

5.81 

6.02 

6.24 

6.45 

18.75 

4.330 

4.76 

5.20 

5.41 

5.63 

5.85 

6.06 

6.28 

6.49 

19.00 

4.358 

4.79 

5.23 

5.45 

5.67 

5.88 

6.10 

6.32 

6.54 

19.25 

4.387 

4.82 

5.26 

5.48 

5.70 

5.92 

6.14 

6.36 

6.58 

19.50 

4.416 

4.86 

5.30 

5.52 

5.74 

5.96 

6.18 

6.40 

6.62 

19.75 

4.444 

4.89 

5.33 

5.56 

5.78 

6.00 

6.22 

6.44 

6.67 

20.00 

4.472 

4.92 

5.37 

5.59 

5.81 

6.04 

6.26 

6.48 

6.71 

20.25 

4.500 

4.95 

5.40 

5.63 

5.85 

6.08 

6.30 

6.53 

6.75 

20.50 

4.527 

4.98 

5.43 

5.66 

5.89 

6.11 

6.34 

6.56 

6.79 

20.75 

4.555 

5.01 

5.47 

5.69 

5.92 

6.15 

6.38 

6.60 

6.83 

21.00 

4.582 

5.04 

5.50 

5.73 

5.96 

6.19 

6.41 

6.64 

6.87 

21.25 

4.609 

5.07 

5.53 

5.76 

5.99 

0.22 

6.45 

6.68 

6.91 

21.50 

4.637 

5.10 

5.56 

5.80 

6.03 

6.26 

6.49 

6.72 

6.96 

21.75 

4.664 

5.13 

5.00 

5.83 

6.06 

6.30 

6.53 

6.76 

7.00 

22.00 

4.690 

5.16 

5.63 

5.86 

6.10 

6.33 

6.57 

6.80 

7.04 

22.25 

4.717 

5.19 

5.66 

5.90 

6.13 

6.37 

6.60 

6.84 

7.08 

22.50 

4.743 

5.22 

5.69 

5.93 

6.17 

6.40 

6.64 

6.88 

7.11 

22.75 

4.769 

5.25 

5.72 

5.96 

0.20 

6.44 

6.68 

6.92 

7.15 

23.00 

4.796 

5.28 

5.70 

6.00 

0.23 

0.47 

3.71 

6.95 

7.19 

23.25 

4.821 

5.30 

5.79 

6.03 

6.27 

6.51 

6.75 

6.99 

7.23 

23.50 

4.848 

5.33 

5.82 

6.06 

0.30 

6.54 

6.79 

7.03 

7.27 

23.75 

4.873 

5.36 

5.85 

6.09 

6.33 

6.58 

6.82 

7.07 

7.31 

24.00 

4.899 

5.39 

5.88 

6.12 

6.37 

0.61 

6.86 

7.10 

7.35 

24.25 

4.924 

5.42 

5.91 

6.16 

6.40 

6.64 

6.89 

7.14 

7-39 

24.50 

4.949 

5.44 

5.94 

6.19 

6.43 

6.68 

6.93 

7 18 

7.42 

25.00 

5.000 

5.50 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.25 

7.50 

477 


PRODUCTION  TABLES 


PRODUCTION  AND  SPEEDS.  The  widely  varying  condi- 
tions in  different  mills  in  the  character  of  the  product,  the  staple 
and  grade  of  cotton,  amount  of  twist,  and  length  of  frames  make 
it  difficult  to  publish  production  tables  to  meet  individual  condi- 
tions. However,  we  consider  higher  speeds  than  shown  in  the 
tables  inadvisable. 

PRODUCTION  TABLES.  Allowance  for  doffing,  breakage 
of  ends,  oiling,  cleaning,  etc.,  14  minutes  for  12  X 6 to  30  min- 
utes for  6 X 2J4  is  used. 

TWIST  MULTIPLIERS.  For  ordinary  American  cottons  use 
1.00  to  1.30,  according  to  hank  roving.  For  Staple  American, 
Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  cottons  .80  to  1.30  is  used. 

DYED  AND  BLEACHED  STOCK.  As  the  natural  gum  and 
spirality  to  a large  extent  is  destroyed  in  these  processes  about 
5 per  cent  extra  twist  should  be  used. 


HEAVY  TYPE  on  production  tables  indicates  range  of  roving 
generally  made  on  that  size  frame. 

THESE  TABLES,  together  with  table  showing  range  of  spin- 
dles per  frame,  are  adopted  for  the  convenience  of  users  of  our 
machinery  and  as  a guidance  to  those  contemplating  purchasing 
the  same. 


478 


12  X 6 SLUBBER 

20J4  INCH  ROLL.  10^  INCH  SPACE 

271  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  600  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  2.21  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

1 iV'  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.73,/  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
44  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

202  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
50  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
31  Tension  Constant  with  60-50  Gears.  37  Tension  Constant  with  55-55 
Gears 

18  Lay  Constant  with  38—17  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
60  55 

50  °r  55 

Lay 

Gear 

.26 

.50 

322 

13.30 

53.21 

61 

73 

40 

.30 

.55 

292 

13.37 

44.57 

56 

67 

36 

.36 

.59 

273 

13.42 

38.36 

51 

62 

34 

.40 

.63 

255 

13.46 

33.66 

48 

58 

32 

.46 

.67 

240 

13.25 

29.45 

45 

54 

30 

.60 

.71 

226 

13.09 

26.18 

43 

52 

29 

.66 

.74 

217 

12.96 

23.57 

41 

49 

28 

.60 

.78 

206 

12.52 

20.87 

39 

47 

27 

.65 

.81 

199 

12.33 

18.98 

38 

45 

26 

.70 

.84 

191 

12.16 

17.38 

36 

44 

25 

.75 

.87 

185 

11.90 

15.87 

35 

42 

24 

.80 

.90 

179 

11.56 

14.48 

34 

41 

23 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.00  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton  up 
to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  14  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  cleaning, 
etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  .80  X square  root  of  hank 
for  twist  is  generally  used,  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 

479 


11  X5V2  SLUBBER 
19  INCH  ROLL.  9 \i  INCH  SPACE 

294  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  650  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  2.21  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

liV'  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.73"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
32  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 
202  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
50  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
31  Tension  Constant  with  60-50  Gears.  37  Tension  Constant  with  55-55 
Gears 

18  Lay  Constant  with  38—17  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
60  55 

50  or  55 

Lay 

Gear 

.40 

.63 

277 

12.64 

31.60 

48 

58 

32 

.45 

.67 

260 

12.55 

27.90 

45 

54 

30 

.50 

.71 

245 

12.50 

25.00 

43 

52 

29 

.55 

.74 

235 

12.45 

22.64 

41 

49 

28 

.60 

.78 

223 

12.19 

20.32 

39 

47 

27 

.65 

.81 

215 

12.18 

18.75 

38 

45 

26 

.70 

.84 

207 

11.99 

17.14 

36 

44 

25 

.75 

.87 

200 

11.83 

15.78 

35 

42 

24 

.80 

.90 

194 

11.71 

14.64 

34 

41 

23 

.85 

.92 

189 

11.59 

13.64 

33 

40 

23 

.90 

.95 

1S3 

11.38 

12.64 

32 

38 

22 

.95 

.97 

ISO 

11.28 

11.88 

31 

37 

22 

1.00 

1.00 

174 

11.10 

11.10 

31 

37 

21 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.00  X square  root  ef  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton 
up  to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  15  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  dean- 
ing,  etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  .SO  X square  root  of  hank 
for  twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 

4S0 


10  X 54  SLUBBER 
18  INCH  ROLL.  9 INCH  SPACE 

304  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  700  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  2.30  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

1 /g " Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.73"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
29  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 
202  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
44  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
44  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  53  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears 

29  Lay  Constant  with  38-47  Gears.  43  Lay  Constant  with  30-55  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Tex  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
55  50 

— or  — 
do  60 

Lay  Gear 
38  30 

or  T- 
4/  5o 

.40 

.70 

268 

10.88 

27.19 

70 

84 

46 

68 

.45 

.74 

251 

11.10 

24.67 

66 

79 

43 

64 

.50 

.78 

238 

11.24 

22.47 

62 

75 

41 

61 

.55 

.82 

230 

11.23 

20.41 

59 

71 

39 

58 

.60 

.85 

221 

11.24 

18.74 

57 

68 

37 

55 

.65 

.89 

208 

11.22 

17.26 

55 

66 

36 

53 

.70 

.92 

204 

11.13 

15.90 

53 

63 

35 

51 

.75 

.95 

196 

11.06 

14.74 

51 

60 

33 

50 

.80 

.98 

192 

10.96 

13.70 

49 

59 

32 

48 

.85 

1.01 

187 

10.85 

12.76 

48 

58 

31 

47 

.90 

1.04 

179 

10.72 

11.91 

46 

56 

31 

45 

.95 

1.07 

175 

10.59 

11.15 

45 

54 

30 

44 

1.00 

1.10 

170 

10.46 

10.46 

44 

53 

29 

43 

1.05 

1.13 

166 

10.30 

9.81 

43 

51 

28 

42 

1.10 

1.15 

162 

10.23 

9.30 

42 

50 

28 

41 

1.15 

1.18 

158 

10.06 

8.75 

41 

49 

27 

40 

1.20 

1.20 

158 

9.96 

8.30 

40 

48 

26 

39 

1.25 

1.23 

153 

9.84 

7.87 

39 

47 

25 

38 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.10  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton  up 
to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  18  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  cleaning,  etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  .80  X square  root  of  hank  for 
twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 


481 


10  X 5 SLUBBER 
18  INCH  ROLL.  9 INCH  SPACE 

326  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  750  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  2.30  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

\ys"  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.73"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
26  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 
202  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
44  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
44  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  53  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears 

29  Lay  Constant  with  38-47  Gears.  43  Lay  Constant  with  30-55  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

T wist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
55  50 

c * or  cf\ 
5j  60 

Lay  Gear 
38  30 

or  n 
4/  DO 

.65 

.89 

226 

11.31 

17.40 

55 

66 

36 

53 

.70 

.92 

219 

11.37 

16.25 

53 

63 

35 

51 

.75 

.95 

212 

11.25 

15.00 

51 

60 

33 

50 

.80 

.98 

205 

11.31 

14.14 

49 

59 

32 

48 

.85 

1.01 

199 

11.20 

13.18 

48 

58 

31 

47 

.90 

1.04 

193 

11.09 

12.33 

46 

56 

31 

45 

.95 

1.07 

188 

10.90 

11.47 

45 

54 

30 

44 

1.00 

1.10 

183 

10.84 

10.84 

44 

53 

29 

43 

1.05 

1.13 

178 

10.67 

10.16 

43 

51 

28 

42 

1.10 

1.15 

175 

10.62 

9.65 

42 

50 

28 

41 

1.15 

1.18 

170 

10.49 

9.12 

41 

49 

27 

40 

1.20 

1.20 

167 

10.45 

8.71 

40 

48 

26 

39 

1.25 

1.23 

163 

10.26 

8.21 

39 

47 

25 

38 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.10  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton 
up  to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  18  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  clean- 
ing, etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  .80  X square  root  of  hank 
for  twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 


482 


9 X 4i  2 SLUBBER 
16  INCH  ROLL.  8 INCH  SPACE 

318  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  800  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  2.30  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

lj^"  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.73"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
20  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

202  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
44  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
44  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  53  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears 

29  Lay  Constant  with  38-47  Gears.  43  Lay  Constant  with  30-55  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 

“ or  ™ 
55  60 

Lay  Gear 
38  30 

— or  — 
47  55 

.80 

.98 

219 

10.91 

13.64 

49 

59 

32 

48 

.85 

1.01 

212 

10.80 

12.71 

48 

58 

31 

47 

.90 

1.04 

206 

10.89 

12.10 

46 

56 

31 

45 

.95 

1.07 

200 

10.79 

11.36 

45 

54 

30 

44 

1.00 

1.10 

195 

10.71 

10.71 

44 

53 

29 

43 

1.05 

1.13 

190 

10.65 

10.14 

43 

51 

28 

42 

1.10 

1.15 

186 

10.57 

9.61 

42 

50 

28 

41 

1.15 

1.18 

182 

10.52 

9.15 

41 

49 

27 

40 

1.20 

1.20 

179 

10.47 

8.73 

40 

48 

26 

39 

1.25 

1.23 

174 

10.30 

8.24 

39 

47 

26 

38 

1.30 

1.25 

172 

10.27 

7.90 

39 

46 

25 

38 

1.35 

1.28 

168 

10  13 

7.50 

38 

45 

25 

37 

1.40 

1.30 

165 

10.09 

7.21 

37 

45 

25 

36 

1.45 

1.32 

162 

10.06 

6.94 

37 

44 

24 

36 

1.50 

1.35 

159 

9.85 

6.57 

36 

43 

24 

35 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.10  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton  up 
to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  18  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  cleaning, 
etc. 


For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  .90  X square  root  of  hank 
for  twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 


483 


10  X 5 INTERMEDIATE 
16  INCH  ROLL.  8 INCH  SPACE 

348  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  800  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  2.30  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

lyu"  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.73"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
26  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 
202  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page471 
44  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page473 

44  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  53  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears 

29  Lay  Constant  with  38—47  Gears.  43  Lay  Constant  with  30-55  Gears 


Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 

Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

T wist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
55  50 

— or  — 
55  60 

Lay  Gear 
38  30 

ttz  or  — 
4/  DO 

.90 

1.04 

206 

11.70 

13.00 

46 

56 

31 

45 

.95 

1.07 

200 

11.58 

12.19 

45 

54 

30 

44 

1.00 

1.10 

195 

11.34 

11.34 

44 

53 

29 

43 

1.05 

1.13 

190 

11.25 

10.71 

43 

51 

28 

42 

1.10 

1.15 

186 

11.18 

10.16 

42 

50 

28 

41 

1.15 

1.18 

182 

11.10 

9.65 

41 

49 

27 

40 

1.20 

1.20 

179 

11.04 

9.20 

40 

48 

26 

39 

1.25 

1.23 

174 

10.  Vf 

8.71 

39 

47 

26 

38 

1.30 

1.25 

172 

10.73 

8.26 

39 

46 

25 

3S 

1.35 

1.28 

168 

10.62 

7.87 

38 

45 

25 

37 

1.40 

1.30 

165 

10.51 

7.51 

37 

44 

24 

36 

1.45 

1.32 

162 

10.40 

7.17 

36 

43 

24 

36 

1.60 

1.35 

159 

10.26 

6.84 

36 

43 

24 

35 

1.55 

1.37 

157 

10.15 

6.55 

35 

43 

23 

35 

1.60 

1.39 

154 

10.08 

6.30 

35 

42 

23 

34 

1.65 

1.41 

152 

10.00 

6.06 

34 

41 

23 

33 

1.70 

1.43 

150 

9.88 

5. SI 

34 

41 

22 

32 

1.75 

1.46 

147 

9.75 

5.57 

33 

41 

22 

32 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.10  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton 
up  to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  18  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  clean- 
ing, etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  .90  X square  root  of  hank  for 
twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 

484 


10X4.1  2 INTERMEDIATE 
15  INCH  ROLL.  74  INCH  SPACE 

370  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  850  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  2.30  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

1 A Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.73"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
23  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 
202  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
44  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
44  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  53  Tension  Constant  with  50-00 
Gears 

29  Lay  Constant  with  38-47  Gears.  43  Lay  Constant  with  30-55  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spixdi.e  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
55  50 

— or 
oo  60 

Lay  Gear 
38  30 

47  °r  55 

1.25 

1.34 

171 

10.40 

8.32 

39 

47 

26 

38 

1.30 

1.37 

166 

10.28 

7.91 

39 

46 

25 

38 

1.35 

1.39 

166 

10.20 

7.56 

38 

46 

25 

37 

1.40 

1.42 

161 

10.11 

7.22 

37 

45 

24 

36 

1.45 

1.45 

155 

9.96 

6.87 

36 

44 

24 

36 

1.50 

1.47 

155 

9.89 

6.59 

36 

43 

24 

35 

1.55 

1.50 

150 

9.76 

6.30 

35 

42 

23 

35 

1.60 

1.52 

150 

9.70 

6.06 

35 

42 

23 

34 

1.65 

1.54 

145 

9.62 

5.83 

34 

41 

23 

34 

1.70 

1.56 

145 

9.55 

5.62 

34 

41 

22 

33 

1.75 

1.59 

145 

9.42 

5.38 

33 

40 

22 

32 

1.80 

1.61 

140 

9.34 

5.19 

33 

39 

ii 

32 

1.85 

1.63 

140 

9.25 

5.00 

32 

39 

22 

32 

1.90 

1.65 

140 

9.20 

4.84 

32 

38 

31 

1.95 

1.68 

135 

9.07 

4.65 

31 

38 

31 

2.00 

1.70 

135 

8.98 

4.49 

31 

37 

30 

2.05 

1.72 

135 

8.92 

4.35 

31 

37 

30 

2.10 

1.74 

130 

8.84 

4.21 

30 

37 

30 

2.15 

1.76 

130 

8.75 

4.07 

30 

36 

29 

2.20 

1.78 

130 

8.69 

3.95 

30 

36 

29 

2.25 

1.80 

130 

8.64 

3.84 

29 

35 

28 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.20  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton  up  to 
1 inch,  with  allowance  of  18  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  cleaning,  etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  1.00  X square  root  of  hank  for 
twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 


4S5 


9X4^  INTERMEDIATE 
15  INCH  ROLL.  7 y2  INCH  SPACE 

391  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  900  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  2.30  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

1TV'  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.73"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
20  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

202  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
44  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page473 
44  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  53  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears 

29  Lay  Constant  with  38-47  Gears.  43  Lay  Constant  with  30-55  Gears 
Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 

Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
55  50 

55  or  60 

Lay  Gear 
38  30 

47  or  55 

1.40 

1.42 

170 

10.40 

7.43 

37 

44 

24 

36 

1.45 

1.45 

166 

10.26 

7.08 

36 

44 

24 

36 

1.50 

1.47 

164 

10.14 

6.76 

36 

43 

24 

35 

1.55 

1.50 

161 

10.01 

6.46 

35 

42 

23 

35 

1.60 

1.52 

159 

10.00 

6.25 

35 

42 

23 

34 

1.65 

1.54 

157 

9.90 

6.00 

34 

41 

23 

34 

1.70 

1.56 

155 

9.88 

5.81 

34 

41 

22 

33 

1.76 

1.59 

152 

9.71 

5.55 

33 

40 

22 

32 

1.80 

1.61 

150 

9.65 

5.36 

33 

39 

22 

32 

1.85 

1.63 

148 

9.58 

5.18 

32 

39 

22 

32 

1.90 

1.6.5 

146 

9.50 

5.00 

32 

38 

31 

2.00 

1.70 

142 

9.32 

4.66 

31 

37 

30 

2.05 

1.72 

140 

9.24 

4.51 

31 

37 

30 

2.10 

1.74 

139 

9.17 

4.37 

30 

37 

30 

2.15 

1.76 

137 

9.09 

4.23 

30 

36 

29 

2.20 

1.78 

135 

9.02 

4.10 

30 

36 

29 

2.25 

1.80 

134 

8.98 

3.99 

29 

35 

28 

2.30 

1.82 

132 

8.92 

3.88 

29 

35 

2S 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.20  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton 
up  to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  18  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  clean- 
ing, etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  1.00  X square  root  of  hank 
for  twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 

486 


8X4  INTERMEDIATE 
24  INCH  ROLL.  6 INCH  SPACE 

326  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  1000  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  3.07  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

\Y%  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.53"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
15  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

191  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
62  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
53  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  63  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears.  92  Tension  Constant  with  40-70  Gears 
45  Lay  Constant  with  25-60  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
55  50  40 

— or  — or  — 
55  60  70 

Lay 

Gear 

1.50 

1.47 

193 

10.17 

6.78 

43 

52 

36 

1.60 

1.52 

186 

10.11 

6.32 

42 

50 

73 

35 

1.70 

1.56 

182 

10.08 

5.93 

40 

48 

71 

34 

1.80 

1.61 

176 

9.92 

5.51 

39 

47 

69 

33 

1.90 

1.65 

172 

9.80 

5.16 

38 

46 

67 

32 

2.00 

1.70 

167 

9.70 

4.85 

37 

45 

65 

31 

2.10 

1.74 

163 

9.53 

4.54 

36 

44 

63 

31 

2.20 

1.78 

159 

9.44 

4.29 

35 

43 

63 

30 

2.30 

1.82 

156 

9.32 

4.05 

35 

42 

61 

29 

2.40 

1.86 

152 

9.19 

3.83 

34 

41 

59 

29 

2.50 

1.89 

150 

9.15 

3.66 

33 

40 

58 

28 

2.60 

1.94 

146 

8.97 

3.45 

33 

39 

57 

27 

2.70 

1.97 

144 

8.88 

3.29 

32 

38 

56 

27 

2.80 

2.01 

141 

8.76 

3.13 

32 

38 

55 

27 

2.90 

2.04 

139 

8.67 

2.99 

31 

37 

54 

26 

3.00 

2.08 

136 

8.55 

2.85 

31 

36 

53 

25 

3.10 

2.11 

134 

8.46 

2.73 

30 

36 

52 

25 

3.20 

2.15 

132 

8.35 

2.61 

30 

35 

51 

25 

3.30 

2.18 

130 

8.28 

2.51 

29 

35 

51 

24 

3.40 

2.21 

128 

8.16 

2.40 

29 

34 

50 

24 

3.50 

2.24 

126 

8.08 

2.31 

28 

34 

49 

24 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.20  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton 
up  to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  20  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,' clean- 
ing, etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  1.10  X square  root  of  hank 
for  twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 

487 


8X4  FLY  FRAME 
24  INCH  ROLL.  6 INCH  SPACE 


350  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  107.5  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  3.07  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

lbs"  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.53"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
15  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

191  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
62  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
53  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  63  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears.  113  Tension  Constant  with  35-75  Gears 
45  Lay  Constant  with  25-60  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
55  50  35 

— or  — or  — 
55  60  / 5 

Lay 

Gear 

2.30 

1.82 

167 

9.96 

4.33 

35 

42 

29 

2.40 

1.86 

164 

9.79 

4.08 

34 

41 

73 

29 

2.50 

1.90 

160 

9.70 

3.88 

33 

40 

71 

28 

2.60 

1.94 

157 

9.57 

3.68 

33 

39 

70 

28 

2.70 

1.97 

155 

9.50 

3.52 

32 

38 

69 

27 

2.80 

2.00 

152 

9.38 

3.35 

31 

38 

68 

27 

2.90 

2.05 

149 

9.22 

3.18 

31 

37 

66 

26 

3.00 

2.08 

146 

9.12 

3.04 

30 

36 

66 

26 

3.10 

2.11 

144 

9. OS 

2.93 

30 

36 

64 

25 

3.20 

2.15 

142 

8.96 

2.80 

30 

35 

63 

25 

3.30 

2.18 

140 

8.84 

2.68 

29 

35 

62 

24 

3.40 

2.21 

138 

8.77 

2.58 

29 

34 

61 

24 

3.50 

2.24 

136 

8.68 

2.48 

28 

34 

60 

24 

3.75 

2.32 

131 

8.43 

2.25 

27 

33 

58 

23 

4.00 

2.40 

127 

8.20 

2.05 

26 

32 

57 

22 

4.25 

2.48 

123 

7.99 

1.88 

1 25 

31 

55 

21 

4.50 

2.55 

119 

7. S3 

1.74 

25 

30 

54 

21 

4.75 

2.61 

116 

7.69 

1.62 

24 

29 

52 

20 

5.00 

2.68 

113 

7.50 

1.50 

24 

28 

51 

20 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.30  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton 
up  to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  20  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  clean- 
ing, etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  1.10  X square  root  of  hank 
for  twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 


48S 


8X3)4  FLY  FRAME 
21  INCH  ROLL.  5}{  INCH  SPACE 

358  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  1100  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  3.07  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

V/%  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.53"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
13  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

191  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
62  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
78  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  93  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears.  112  Tension  Constant  with  45-65  Gears 
57  Lay  Constant  with  20-60  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Sgiiare  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 
55  50  45 

— or  — or  — 
55  GO  65 

Lay 

Gear 

2.60 

2.10 

148 

8.81 

3.39 

48 

58 

70 

35 

2.70 

2.13 

146 

8.78 

3.25 

47 

57 

68 

35 

2.80 

2.17 

144 

8.65 

3.09 

46 

56 

67 

34 

2.90 

2.21 

141 

8.58 

2.96 

45 

55 

66 

34 

3.00 

2.25 

138 

8.46 

2.82 

45 

54 

65 

33 

3.10 

2.29 

136 

8.34 

2.69 

44 

53 

64 

32 

3.20 

2.33 

134 

8.26 

2.58 

43 

52 

63 

32 

3.30 

2.36 

132 

8.22 

2.49 

43 

51 

62 

31 

3.40 

2.39 

130 

8.13 

2.39 

42 

50 

61 

31 

3.50 

2.43 

128 

8.05 

2.30 

41 

50 

60 

31 

3.75 

2.52 

124 

7.88 

2.10 

40 

48 

58 

29 

4.00 

2.60 

120 

7.68 

1.92 

39 

46 

56 

28 

4.25 

2.68 

116 

7.48 

1.76 

38 

45 

54 

27 

4.50 

2.76 

113 

7.29 

1.62 

37 

44 

53 

27 

4.75 

2.83 

110 

7.17 

1.51 

36 

42 

51 

26 

5.00 

2.91 

107 

7.00 

1.40 

35 

42 

50 

26 

5.25 

2.98 

104 

6.82 

1.30 

34 

40 

49 

25 

5.50 

3.05 

102 

6.71 

1.22 

33 

39 

48 

24 

5.75 

3.12 

100 

6.61 

1.15 

32 

38 

47 

23 

6.00 

3.18 

98 

6.48 

1.08 

32 

38 

46 

23 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.‘20  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton 
up  to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  22  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  clean- 
ing, etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  lcIO  X square  root  of  hank 
for  twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Roll  Speeds  maintained. 


489 


7x3J/2  FLY  FRAME 
21  INCH  ROLL.  5%  INCH  SPACE 


391  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  1200  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  3.07  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

l/djf/  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.53"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
10  Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 
191  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
62  Twist  Constant  (Single  Gear),  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
124  Twist  Constant  (Double  Gear),  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page473 
78  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  93  Tension  Constant  with  50-60 
Gears.  135  Tension  Constant'  with  40-70  Gears 
57  Lay  Constant  with  20-60  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 

55  50  40 

— or  — or  — 
55  60  70 

Lav 

Gear 

3.00 

2.25 

151 

8.67 

2.89 

45 

54 

33 

3.25 

2.34 

145 

8.48 

2.61 

43 

52 

32 

3.60 

2.43 

140 

8.33 

2.38 

41 

50 

72 

31 

3.76 

2.52 

135 

8.14 

2.17 

40 

48 

70 

30 

4.00 

2.60 

131 

7.96 

1.99 

39 

46 

68 

29 

4.26 

2.68 

127 

7.86 

1.85 

37 

45 

65 

28 

4.60 

2.76 

123 

7.70 

1.71 

36 

42 

64 

27 

4.76 

2.83 

120 

7.55 

1.59 

35 

42 

62 

26 

6.00 

2.90 

117 

7.45 

1.49 

35 

42 

60 

26 

6.26 

2.98 

114 

7.30 

1.39 

34 

41 

59 

25 

6.60 

3.05 

111 

7.15 

1.30 

33 

40 

58 

24 

6.76 

3.12 

109 

7.02 

1.22 

32 

39 

56 

24 

6.00 

3.18 

107 

6.96 

1.16 

42 

38 

55 

23 

6.25 

3.25 

105 

6.81 

1.09 

31 

38 

54 

23 

6.50 

3.31 

103 

6.70 

1.03 

30 

36 

53 

22 

6.75 

3.38 

100 

6.55 

.97 

30 

35 

52 

21 

7.00 

3.44 

98 

6.44 

.92 

29 

35 

51 

21 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.30  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  American  Cotton 
up  to  1 inch,  with  allowance  of  24  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of  ends,  oiling,  clean- 
ing, etc. 

For  Staple  American,  Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton  about  1.20  X square  root  of  hank  for 
twist  is  generally  used  and  above  Rcll  Speeds  maintained. 

490 


7x3  JACK  FRAME 
19  INCH  ROLL.  4%  INCH  SPACE 

407  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  1250  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  3.07  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

1 Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.53"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
8 Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

191  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
124  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
102  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  147  Tension  Constant  with  45-C5 
Gears.  178  Tension  Constant  with  40-70  Gears 
100  Lay  Constant  with  14-71  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 

55  45  40 

— or  — or  — 
55  65  70 

Lay 

Gear 

5.50 

2.82 

125 

7.70 

1.40 

44 

63 

42 

5.75 

2.88 

123 

7.65 

1.33 

43 

62 

74 

41 

6.00 

2.94 

120 

7.56 

1.26 

42 

60 

73 

41 

6.25 

3.00 

118 

7.44 

1.19 

41 

59 

71 

40 

6.50 

3.06 

116 

7.35 

1.13 

40 

58 

70 

39 

6.76 

3.12 

114 

7.22 

1.07 

39 

57 

69 

38 

7.00 

3.17 

112 

7.14 

1.02 

39 

5o 

67 

38 

7.25 

3.23 

110 

7.03 

.97 

38 

55 

66 

37 

7.60 

3.29 

108 

6.98 

.93 

37 

54 

65 

36 

7.75 

3.34 

106 

6.86 

.89 

37 

53 

64 

36 

8.00 

3.39 

104 

6.76 

.85 

36 

52 

63 

35 

8.25 

3.45 

103 

6.68 

.81 

36 

51 

62 

35 

8.50 

3.50 

101 

6.63 

.78 

35 

51 

61 

34 

8.75 

3.55 

100 

6.56 

.75 

35 

50 

60 

34 

9.00 

3.60 

98 

6.48 

.72 

34 

49 

59 

33 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.20  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  Staple  American, 
Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton,  with  allowance  of  26  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of 
ends,  oiling,  cleaning,  etc. 


491 


6x3  JACK  FRAME 
18  INCH  ROLL.  4J6  INCH  SPACE 

423  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  1300  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  3.07  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

1 J/g"  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.53"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
7 Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

191  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
124  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
102  Tension  Constant  with  55-55  Gears.  147  Tension  Constant  with  45-65 
Gears.  218  Tension  Constant  with  35-75  Gears 
100  Lay  Constant  with  14-71  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Root  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 

55  45  35 

— or  — or  — 
55  G5  75 

Lay 

Gear 

7.00 

3.17 

116 

7.14 

1.02 

39 

56 

38 

7.25 

3.23 

114 

7.11 

.98 

38 

55 

37 

7.50 

3.29 

112 

7.05 

.94 

37 

54 

36 

7.75 

3.34 

no 

6.98 

.90 

37 

53 

36 

8.00 

3.39 

109 

6.88 

.86 

36 

52 

35 

8.50 

3.50 

105 

6.72 

.79 

35 

51 

34 

9.00 

3.60 

102 

6.57 

.73 

34 

49 

73 

33 

9.50 

3.70 

100 

6.46 

.68 

33 

48 

71 

32 

10.00 

3.79 

97 

6.30 

.63 

32 

47 

69 

32 

10.50 

3.89 

95 

6.20 

.59 

32 

46 

67 

31 

11.00 

3.99 

92 

6.05 

.55 

31 

45 

66 

30 

11.50 

4.07 

90 

5.98 

.52 

30 

44 

64 

29 

12.00 

4.16 

89 

5.83 

.49 

29 

43 

63 

29 

13.00 

4.33 

85 

5.72 

.44 

28 

41 

60 

2S 

14.00 

4.50 

82 

5.46 

.39 

27 

40 

58 

27 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.20  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  Staple  American, 
Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton,  with  allowance  of  30  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage  of 
ends,  oiling,  cleaning,  etc. 


492 


6 x 2Vz  JACK  FRAME 
17  INCH  ROLL.  4'A  INCH  SPACE 


440  R.  P.  M.  Main  Shaft,  1350  R.  P.  M.  Spindle,  3.07  Ratio  of  Spindle  to 
Main  Shaft 

1H"  Dia.  Front  Roll,  3.53"  Circumference,  1"  Dia.  Middle  and  Back  Rolls 
5 Ounces  Cotton  on  Bobbin 

191  Draft  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  471 
124  Twist  Constant,  for  Change  Gear  Table,  see  page  473 
118  Tension  Constant  with  50-60  Gears.  172  Tension  Constant  with  40-70 
Gears.  262  Tension  Constant  with  30-80  Gears 
106  Lay  Constant  with  14-71  Gears 

Divide  Constant  by  Square  Roof  of  Number 
for  Tension  or  Lay  Change  Gears 


Production  per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 


Hank 

Roving 

Twist 
per  Inch 

Revs. 

Front 

Roll 

Hanks 

Pounds 

Tension  Gear 

50  40  30 

— or  — or — 
60  70  80 

Lay 

Gear 

11.00 

4.31 

89 

5.72 

.52 

35 

52 

32 

11.50 

4.41 

87 

5.64 

.49 

35 

51 

31 

12.00 

4.50 

85 

5.52 

.46 

34 

50 

30 

13.00 

4.69 

82 

5.33 

.41 

33 

48 

73 

29 

14.00 

4.86 

79 

5.18 

.37 

32 

46 

70 

28 

15.00 

5.04 

76 

4.95 

.33 

30 

44 

68 

27 

16.00 

5.20 

74 

4.96 

.31 

29 

43 

66 

26 

17.00 

5.36 

71 

4.76 

.28 

29 

42 

64 

26 

18.00 

5.52 

69 

4.68 

.26 

28 

41 

62 

25 

19.00 

5.67 

67 

4.56 

.24 

27 

40 

60 

24 

20.00 

5.81 

66 

4.40 

.22 

26 

39 

59 

24 

21.00 

5.95 

64 

4.41 

.21 

26 

38 

57 

23 

22.00 

6.10 

63 

4.18 

.19 

25 

37 

56 

22 

23.00 

6.23 

61 

4.14 

.18 

25 

36 

55 

22 

24.00 

6.37 

60 

4.08 

.17 

24 

35 

54 

22 

The  above  table  is  based  on  1.30  X square  root  of  hank  for  twist  for  Staple  Ameriean, 
Egyptian,  or  Sea  Island  Cotton,  with  allowance  of  30  minutes  per  set  for  doffing,  breakage 
of  ends,  oiling,  cleaning,  etc. 


493 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  ROVING 

Rule.  100  -4-  Weight  in  Grains  of  12  Yards  of 
Roving  = Number  of  Hank 


12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
W'eigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

i. 

100.00 

7. 

14.29 

12. 

8.33 

17. 

5.88 

22. 

4.55 

.2 

83.3.3 

.1 

14.08 

.1 

8.26 

.1 

5.85 

.1 

4.52 

.4 

71.43 

.2 

13.89 

.2 

8.20 

.2 

5.81 

.2 

4.50 

.6 

62.50 

.3 

13.70 

.3 

8.13 

.3 

5.78 

.3 

4.48 

.8 

55.56 

.4 

13.51 

.4 

8.06 

.4 

5.75 

.4 

4.46 

2. 

50.00 

.5 

13.33 

.5 

8.00 

.5 

5.71 

.5 

4.44 

.2 

45.45 

.6 

13.16 

.6 

7.94 

.6 

5.68 

.6 

4.42 

.4 

41.67 

.7 

12.99 

.7 

7.87 

.< 

5.65 

.7 

4.41 

.6 

38.46 

.8 

12.82 

.8 

7.81 

.8 

5.62 

.8 

4.39 

.8 

35.71 

.9 

12.66 

.9 

7.75 

.9 

5.59 

.9 

4.37 

3. 

33.33 

8. 

12.50 

13. 

7.69 

18. 

5.56 

23. 

4.35 

.1 

32.26 

.1 

12.35 

.1 

7.63 

.1 

5.52 

.1 

4.33 

.2 

31.25 

.2 

12.20 

.2 

7.58 

.2 

5.49 

.2 

4.31 

.3 

30.30 

.3 

12.05 

.3 

7.52 

.3 

5.46 

.3 

4.29 

.4 

29.41 

.4 

11.90 

.4 

7.46 

.4 

5.43 

.4 

4.27 

.5 

28.57 

.5 

11.76 

.5 

7.41 

.5 

5.41 

.5 

4.26 

.6 

27.78 

.6 

11.63 

.6 

7.35 

.6 

5.38 

.6 

4.24 

.7 

27.03 

.7 

11.49 

.7 

7.30 

.7 

5.35 

.7 

4.22 

.8 

26.32 

.8 

11.36 

.8 

7.25 

.8 

5.32 

.8 

4.20 

.9 

25.64 

.9 

11.24 

.9 

7.19 

.9 

5.29 

.9 

4.18 

4. 

25.00 

9 

11.11 

14. 

7.14 

19. 

5.26 

24. 

4.17 

.1 

24.39 

.1 

10.99 

.1 

7.09 

.1 

5.24 

.1 

4.15 

.2 

23.81 

.2 

10.87 

.2 

7.04 

.2 

5.21 

.2 

4.13 

.3 

23.26 

.3 

10.75 

.3 

6.99 

.3 

5.  IS 

.3 

4.12 

.4 

22.73 

.4 

10.64 

.4 

6.94 

.4 

5.15 

.4 

4.10 

.5 

22.22 

.5 

10.53 

.5 

6.90 

.5 

5.13 

.5 

4.08 

.6 

21.74 

.6 

10.42 

.6 

6.85 

.6 

5.10 

.6 

4.07 

.7 

21.28 

.7 

10.31 

.7 

6.80 

.7 

5.08 

.7 

4.05 

.8 

20.83 

.8 

10.20 

.8 

6.76 

.8 

5.05 

.8 

4.03 

.9 

20.41 

.9 

10.10 

.9 

6.71 

.9 

5.03 

.9 

4.02 

6. 

20.00 

10. 

10.00 

15 

6.67 

20. 

5.00 

25 

4.00 

.1 

19.61 

.1 

9.90 

.1 

6.62 

.1 

4.98 

.1 

3.98 

.2 

19.23 

.2 

9.80 

.2 

6.58 

.2 

4.95 

.2 

3.97 

.3 

18.87 

.3 

9.71 

.3 

6.54 

.3 

4.93 

.3 

3.95 

.4 

18.52 

.4 

9.62 

.4 

6.49 

.4 

4.90 

.4 

3.94 

.5 

18.18 

.5 

9.52 

.5 

6.45 

.5 

4.SS 

.5 

3.92 

•6 

17.86 

.6 

9.43 

.6 

6.41 

.6 

4.85 

.6 

3.91 

.7 

17.54 

.7 

9.35 

.7 

6.37 

.7 

4.83 

.7 

3.89 

.8 

17.24 

.8 

9.26 

.8 

6.33 

.8 

4. SI 

.8 

3.8S 

.9 

16.95 

.9 

9.17 

.9 

6.29 

.9 

4.7S 

.9 

3.86 

6. 

16.67 

11. 

9.09 

16. 

6.25 

21. 

4.76 

26. 

3.85 

.1 

16.39 

.1 

9.01 

.1 

6.21 

.1 

4.74 

.1 

3.S3 

.2 

16.13 

.2 

8.93 

.2 

6.17 

.2 

4.72 

_2 

3.S2 

.3 

15.87 

.3 

8.85 

.3 

6.13 

.3 

4.69 

.3 

3.80 

.4 

15.62 

.4 

8.77 

.4 

6.10 

.4 

4.67 

.4 

3.79 

.5 

15.38 

.5 

8.70 

.5 

6.06 

.5 

4.65 

.5 

3.77 

.6 

15.15 

.6 

8.62 

.6 

6.02 

.6 

4.63 

.6 

3.76 

.7 

14.93 

.7 

8.55 

.7 

5.99 

.7 

4.61 

.7 

3.75 

.8 

14.71 

.8 

8.47 

.8 

5.95 

.8 

4.59 

.8 

3.73 

.9 

14.49 

.9 

8.40 

.9 

5.92 

.9 

4.57 

.9 

3.72 

494 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  ROVING  — Continued 

Rule.  100  -5-  Weight  in  Grains  of  12  Yards  of 
Roving  = Number  of  Hank 


12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

27. 

3.70 

32. 

3.12 

37. 

2.70 

44. 

2.27 

54. 

1.85 

.1 

3.69 

.1 

3.12 

.1 

2.70 

.2 

2.26 

.2 

1.85 

.2 

3.68 

.2 

3.11 

.2 

2.69 

.4 

2.25 

.4 

1.84 

.3 

3.66 

.3 

3.10 

.3 

2.68 

.6 

2.24 

.6 

1.83 

.4 

3.65 

.4 

3.09 

.4 

2.67 

.8 

2.23 

.8 

1.82 

.5 

3.64 

.5 

3.08 

.5 

2.67 

45. 

2.22 

55. 

1.82 

.6 

3.62 

.6 

3.07 

.6 

2.66 

.2 

2.21 

.2 

1.81 

.7 

3.61 

.7 

3.06 

.7 

2.65 

.4 

2.20 

.4 

1.81 

.8 

3.60 

.8 

3.05 

.8 

2.65 

.6 

2.19 

.6 

1.80 

.9 

3.58 

.9 

3.04 

.9 

2.64 

.8 

2.18 

.8 

1.79 

28. 

3.57 

33. 

3.03 

38. 

2.63 

46. 

2.17 

56. 

1.79 

.1 

3.56 

.1 

3.02 

.1 

2.62 

.2 

2.16 

.2 

1.78 

.2 

3.55 

.2 

3.01 

_2 

2.62 

.4 

2.16 

.4 

1.77 

.3 

3.53 

.3 

3.00 

.3 

2.61 

.6 

2.15 

.6 

1.77 

.4 

3.52 

.4 

2.99 

.4 

2.60 

.8 

2.14 

.8 

1.76 

.5 

3.51 

.5 

2.99 

.5 

2.60 

47. 

2.13 

57. 

1.75 

.6 

3.50 

.6 

2.98 

.6 

2.59 

.2 

2.12 

.2 

1.75 

.7 

3.49 

.7 

2.97 

.7 

2.58 

.4 

2.11 

.4 

1.74 

.8 

3.47 

.8 

2.96 

.8 

2.58 

.6 

2.10 

.6 

1.74 

.9 

3.46 

.9 

2.95 

.9 

2.57 

.8 

2.09 

.8 

1.73 

29. 

3.45 

34. 

2.94 

39. 

2.56 

48. 

2.08 

58. 

1.72 

.1 

3.44 

.1 

2.93 

.1 

2.56 

.2 

2.07 

.2 

1.72 

.2 

3.42 

.2 

2.92 

2 

2.55 

.4 

2.07 

.4 

1.71 

.3 

3.41 

.3 

2.92 

.3 

2.54 

.6 

2.06 

.6 

1.71 

.4 

3.40 

.4 

2.91 

.4 

2.54 

.8 

2.05 

.8 

1.70 

.5 

3.39 

.5 

2.90 

.5 

2.53 

49. 

2.04 

59. 

1.69 

.6 

3.38 

.6 

2.89 

.6 

2.53 

.2 

2.03 

.2 

1.69 

.7 

3.37 

.7 

2.88 

.7 

2.52 

.4 

2.02 

.4 

1.68 

.8 

3.36 

.8 

2.87 

.8 

2.51 

.6 

2.02 

.6 

1.68 

.9 

3.34 

.9 

2.87 

.9 

2.51 

.8 

2.01 

.8 

1.67 

30. 

3.33 

35. 

2.86 

40. 

2.50 

50. 

2.00 

60. 

1.67 

.1 

3.32 

.1 

2.85 

.2 

2.49 

2 

1.99 

.5 

1.65 

.2 

3.31 

.2 

2.84 

.4 

2.48 

.4 

1.98 

61. 

1.64 

.3 

3.30 

.3 

2.83 

.6 

2.46 

.6 

1.98 

.5 

1.63 

.4 

3.29 

.4 

2.82 

.8 

2.45 

.8 

1.97 

62. 

1.61 

.5 

3.28 

.5 

2.82 

41. 

2.44 

51. 

1.96 

.5 

1.60 

.6 

3.27 

.6 

2. SI 

.2 

2.43 

.2 

1.95 

63. 

1.59 

.7 

3.26 

.7 

2.80 

.4 

2.42 

.4 

1.95 

.5 

1.57 

.8 

3.25 

.8 

2.79 

.6 

2.40 

.6 

1.94 

64. 

1.56 

.9 

3.24 

.9 

2.79 

.8 

2.39 

.8 

1.93 

.5 

1.55 

31. 

3.23 

36. 

2.78 

42. 

2.38 

52. 

1.92 

65. 

1.54 

.1 

3.22 

.1 

2.77 

.2 

2.37 

.2 

1.92 

.5 

1.53 

.2 

3.21 

.2 

2.76 

.4 

2.36 

.4 

1.91 

66. 

1.52 

.3 

3.19 

.3 

2.75 

.6 

2.35 

.6 

1.90 

.5 

1.50 

.4 

3.18 

.4 

2.75 

.8 

2.34 

.8 

1.89 

67. 

1.49 

.5 

3.17 

.5 

2.74 

43. 

2.33 

53. 

1.89 

.5 

1.48 

.6 

3.16 

.6 

2.73 

.2 

2.31 

.2 

1.88 

68. 

1.47 

.7 

3.15 

.7 

2.72 

.4 

2.30 

.4 

1.87 

.5 

1.46 

.8 

3.14 

.8 

2.72 

.6 

2.29 

.6 

1.87 

69. 

1.45 

.9 

3.13 

.9 

2.71 

.8 

2.28 

.8 

1.86 

.5 

1.44 

495 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  ROVING  — Continued. 

Rule.  100  ~ Weight  in  Grains  of  12  Yards  of 
Roving  = Number  of  Hank 


12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

12  yds. 
Weigh 
Grains 

Hank 

Roving 

70. 

1.43 

90. 

i.ii 

120 

.83 

170 

.59 

280 

.36 

.5 

1.42 

.5 

1.10 

121 

.83 

172 

.58 

285 

.35 

71. 

1.41 

91. 

1.10 

122 

.82 

174 

.57 

290 

.34 

.5 

1.40 

.5 

1.09 

123 

.81 

176 

.57 

295 

.34 

72. 

1.39 

92. 

1.09 

124 

.SI 

178 

.56 

300 

.33 

.5 

1.38 

.5 

1.08 

125 

.80 

180 

.56 

305 

.33 

73. 

1.37 

93. 

1.08 

126 

.79 

182 

•OD 

310 

.32 

.5 

1.36 

.5 

1.07 

127 

.79 

184 

.54 

315 

.32 

74. 

1.35 

94. 

1.06 

128 

.78 

186 

.54 

320 

.31 

.5 

1.34 

.5 

1.06 

129 

.78 

18S 

.53 

333 

.30 

75 

1.33 

95. 

1.05 

130 

.77 

190 

.53 

340 

.29 

.5 

1.32 

.5 

1.0.5 

131 

.76 

192 

.52 

350 

.29 

76. 

1.32 

96. 

1.04 

132 

.76 

194 

.52 

360 

.28 

.5 

1.31 

.5 

1.04 

133 

./  o 

196 

.51 

370 

.27 

77. 

1.30 

97. 

1.03 

134 

./  o 

19S 

.51 

380 

.26 

.5 

1.29 

.5 

1.03 

135 

.74 

200 

.50 

390 

.26 

78. 

1.28 

98. 

1.02 

133 

.74 

202 

.50 

400 

.25 

1.27 

.5 

1.02 

137 

.73 

204 

.49 

410 

.24 

79. 

1.27 

99. 

1.01 

138 

.72 

206 

.49 

420 

.24 

.5 

1.26 

.5 

1.01 

139 

.72 

208 

.48 

430 

.23 

80. 

1.25 

100 

1.00 

140 

.71 

210 

.48 

440 

.23 

1.24 

101 

.99 

141 

.71 

212 

.47 

450 

.22 

81. 

1.23 

102 

.93 

142 

.70 

214 

.47 

460 

.22 

.5 

1.23 

103 

.97 

143 

.70 

216 

.46 

470 

.21 

82. 

1.22 

101 

.93 

144 

.69 

218 

.46 

480 

.21 

.5 

1.21 

105 

.95 

145 

.69 

220 

45 

490 

.20 

83. 

1.20 

106 

.9 1 

146 

.68 

222 

.45 

500 

.20 

.5 

1.20 

107 

.93 

147 

.68 

224 

.45 

525 

.19 

84. 

1.19 

10S 

.93 

143 

,6S 

226 

.44 

550 

• IS 

1.18 

109 

.92 

149 

.67 

22S 

.41 

575 

.17 

85. 

1.18 

110 

.91 

i50 

.67 

230 

.43 

600 

.17 

.5 

1.17 

111 

.91 

152 

.66 

235 

.43 

625 

.16 

86. 

1.16 

112 

.SO 

154 

.65 

240 

.42 

650 

.15 

.5 

1.16 

113 

.88 

156 

.64 

245 

.41 

675 

.15 

87. 

1.15 

114 

.88 

158 

.63 

250 

.40 

700 

.14 

.5 

1.14 

115 

.87 

160 

.62 

255 

.39 

725 

.14 

88. 

1.14 

116 

.83 

162 

.62 

260 

,3S 

7 to 

.13 

.5 

1.13 

117 

.S3 

164 

.61 

265 

,3S 

825 

.12 

89. 

1.12 

118 

.85 

166 

.60 

270 

.37 

900 

.11 

.5 

1.12 

119 

,S4 

168 

.60 

275 

.36 

1000 

.10 

496 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  CARD  OR  DRAWING  SLIVER 


Rule.  8.33  -f-  Weight  in  Grains  of  1 Yard  of  Sliver  = Hank 


Weight  in 
Grains 

Hank 

Weight  in 
Grains 

Hank 

Weight  in 
Grains 

Hank 

Weight  in 
Grains 

Hank 

10 

.833 

24 

.347 

38 

.219 

54 

.154 

10.5 

.793 

24.5 

.340 

38.5 

.216 

55 

.151 

11 

.757 

25 

.333 

39 

.214 

56 

.149 

11.5 

.724 

25.5 

.327 

39.5 

.211 

57 

.146 

12 

.694 

26 

.320 

40 

.208 

58 

.144 

12.5 

.666 

26.5 

.314 

40.5 

.206 

59 

.141 

13 

.640 

27 

.30S 

41 

.203 

60 

.139 

13.5 

.617 

27.5 

.303 

41.5 

.201 

61 

.137 

14 

.595 

28 

.297 

42 

.198 

62 

.134 

14.5 

.575 

28.5 

.292 

42.5 

.196 

63 

.132 

15 

.555 

29 

.287 

43 

.194 

64 

.130 

15.5 

.537 

29.5 

.282 

43.5 

.192 

65 

.128 

16 

.521 

30 

.278 

44 

.189 

66 

.126 

16.5 

.505 

30.5 

.273 

44.5 

.187 

67 

.124 

17 

.490 

31 

.269 

45 

.185 

68 

.122 

17.5 

.476 

31.5 

.264 

45.5 

.183 

69 

.121 

18 

.463 

32 

.260 

46 

.181 

70 

.119 

18.5 

.450 

32.5 

.2.56 

46.5 

.179 

71 

.117 

19 

.438 

33 

.252 

47 

.177 

72 

.116 

19.5 

.427 

33.5 

.249 

47.5 

.175 

73 

.114 

20 

.416 

34 

.245 

48 

.174 

74 

.113 

20.5 

.406 

34.5 

.241 

48.5 

.172 

75 

.111 

21 

.397 

35 

.238 

49 

.170 

76 

.110 

21.5 

.387 

35.5 

.235 

49.5 

.168 

77 

.108 

22 

.378 

36 

.232 

50 

.167 

78 

.107 

22.5 

.370 

36.5 

.228 

51 

.163 

79 

.105 

23 

.362 

37 

.225 

52 

.160 

80 

.104 

23.5 

.355 

37.5 

.222 

53 

.157 

TABLE  OF  DIVIDENDS  FOR  NUMBERING  ROVING 


Rule.  Dividend  -4-  Weight  in  Grains  of  Yards  Weighed  of  Sliver 
or  Roving  = Hank 


Yards 

Weighed 

Dividend 

Yards 

Weighed 

Dividend 

Yards 

Weighed 

Dividend 

i 

8.33 

10 

83.33 

60 

500.00 

2 

16.66 

12 

100.00 

80 

666.66 

3 

25.00 

15 

125.00 

100 

833.33 

4 

33.33 

20 

166.66 

120 

1000.00 

6 

50.00 

30 

250.00 

240 

2000.00 

8 

66.66 

40 

333.33 

840 

7000.00 

« 


497 


RULES,  TABLES,  ETC. 


Table  of  Length 


1 M yards  (yd.) 
120 
840 

30240  inches 


1 thread,  or  circumference  of  yarn  reel 
80  threads  = 1 skein,  or  lea 
560  “ =7  skeins,  or  leas  = 1 hank 

560  “ = 7 “ “ “ = 1 “ 


Table  of  AYeight 
27.34  grains  (gr.)  = 1 dram  (dr.) 

437.50  “ =16  drams  = 1 ounce  (oz.) 

7000.00  “ = 256  “ = 16  ounces  = 1 pound  (lb.) 


100  PER  CENT  PRODUCTION  CONSTANTS 
Per  Spindle  per  Day  of  10  Hours  (600  Minutes) 
Rule.  R.  P.  M.  of  Front  Roll  X Constant  = Hanks  in  10  Hours 
R.  P.  M.  of  Front  Roll  X Constant 


Hank  Roving 


Pounds  in  10  Hours 


.104  Constant  for  1 14" 

Roll  (Metallic) 

= 5.236 

.078 

“ ur 

“ (Regular) 

= 3.927 

.074 

“ l3Ae" 

“ 

= 3.731 

.070 

“ l^s" 

“ 

= 3.534 

.066 

“ DAe" 

<< 

= 3.338 

.055 

“ Vs" 

(( 

= 2.750 

498 


RULES,  TABLES,  ETC.  — Continued 
SLUBBER,  RULES  TO  FIND  GRAINS,  HANK  AND  DRAFT 


8.33  X Draft 


= Grains. 


8.33  X Draft 


Hank  Roving  Grain  Sliver 

Grains  Sliver  X Hank  Roving 


Hank. 


8.33 


= Draft 


WHEN  CHANGING  FROM  ONE  HANK  OR  NUMBER 
TO  ANOTHER 

DRAFT 

For  Changing  Draft: 

Present  Draft  Gear  X Present  Draft 


Required  Draft 
For  Changing  Weight : 

Present  Draft  Gear  X Required  Weight 
Present  Weight 
For  Changing  Hank: 

Present  Draft  Gear  X Present  Hank 


= Required  Draft  Gear 


= Required  Draft  Gear 


„ . . ,,  . = Required  Draft  Gear 

Required  Hank 

TWIST 

For  Changing  Twist: 

Present  Twist  Gear  X Present  Twist 
Required  Twist 
For  Changing  Hank: 

Present  Twist  Gear  X Sq.  Rt.  of  Present  Hank  f Required 

j Twist  Gear 


= Required  Twist  Gear 


Square  Root  of  Required  Hauk 


TENSION 


For  Changing  Hank: 


( Required 


Present  Tension  Gear  X Sq.  Rt.  of  Present  Hank  i 

= < tension 

( Gear 


Square  Root  of  Required  Hank 
499 


RULES,  TABLES,  ETC.  — Continued 


LAY 

For  Changing  Hank: 

Present  Lay  Gear  X Sq.  Rt.  of  Present  Hank  ( Required  Lay 
Square  Root  of  Required  Hank  ( Gear 


PRODUCTION  PER  SPINDLE  PER  DAY  OF  10  HOURS: 
Rule  : 

840  Yards  in  I Hank  X 36  Inches  in  1 Yard  = 30240  Inches 


30240  Inches  X Twist  per  Inch  X Hank  X Lbs.  Cotton  on  Bobbin  _ \ Minutes  required 
R.  P.  M.  of  Spindle  ( for  1 Set 


600  (Minutes  in  10  Hours) 

Min.  per  Set  + Alin,  allowed  for  Doffing,  etc. 


= Sets  in  10  Hours 


Sets  in  10  Hours  X Lbs.  Cotton  on  Bobbin  = Pounds  in  10  Hours 
Pounds  in  10  Hours  X Hank  Roving  = Hanks  in  10  Hours 


TO  DETERMINE  LENGTH  OF  TIME  BOBBIN  WILL  LAST  IN 

CREEL 


Rule: 


840  Yards  X Hank  Roving 
16 


= Yards  in  1 Ounce 


Yards  in  1 Ounce  X Ounces  on  Full  Bobbin  = Yards  on  Bobbin 
Yards  per  Rev.  of  Front  Roll  X Rev.  of  Front  Roll  per  Alin. 
X 60  Min.  = Yards  Delivered  by  Front  Roll  per  Hour 


Total  Yards  on  Creel  Bobbin  X Draft  _ i Length  of  Time  Creel 
Yards  Delivered  by  Front  Roll  per  Hour  1 Bobbin  will  Last 


1)4"  Diam.  Front  Roll  Delivers  .1090  Yards  per  Revolution 
13/i6"  “ “ “ “ .1036  “ 

1 y8"  “ “ “ “ .0982  “ 

IHe"  “ “ “ “ .0927  “ 

1"  “ “ “ “ .0873  “ 


500 


SPINNING  FRAMES 


Spinning  Frame  Specifications 

STANDARD  DOMESTIC  FRAMES 


FRAMES 
FRAME  1 


2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

SPINDLES  21 
and  22 
CYLINDERS  ^ 

24 

25 

26 
27 

RINGS  31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

STEEL  44 
ROLLS  45 
46 

TOP  52 
ROLLS 


56 

57 

YARN  61 
DATA  62 

63 

64 


Spindles  each  Drive  {Band  or  Tape) 

Model Driving  Pulley  at  Geared  or  Foot  End 

(Note:  Model  17,  Swinging  Steel  Doors,  pulley  at  foot  end  only 
Model  22,  Cast  Iron  Head,  pulley  at  either  foot  or  head 

end ) 

Width  of  frame  (36"  or  38"  over  spindle  rails) 

Height  of  frame  (37"  standard) 

Gauge  of  frame 

Traverse 

Kind  of  Thread  Boards Saco-Lowell  Metallic 

Separators  (Rhodes  Chandler  — state  width  of  blade) 

(Ring  Rail  — state  style  of  blade) 

Builder  (Combination)  Set frames  for  warp. 

Set frames  for  filling. 

Is  bottom  forming  attachment  wanted 

Are  Hank  Clocks  wanted 

Over-all  length  of  frame 

Paint GREEN. 

Type  and  size  of  spindles 

Band  or  tape  drive 

Diameter  of  whirl 

Spindle  Speed  wanted 


Diameter  of  cylinder  (7",  8",  9"  or  10") 

Cylinder  bearings  plain,  moccasin  bushings  or  ball  bearing 

Style  of  ring 

Style  of  Ring  Holder  and  Clearer 

Diameter  of  ring 

Size  of  flange  (No.  1 narrow,  No.  2 wide) 

Bore  Ring  Rails  for inch  rings. 

Case-hardened  front  roll  wanted 

Are  case-hardened  necks  for  2d  and  3d  lines  wanted 

Roll  gearing  at  both  ends  or  at  head  end  only 

Lever- weighted  middle  and  back  rolls 

a — Lever  Screws,  SPEAKMAN 

b — Saddles.  Dixon  Adjustable 

Front  Rolls  Solid  or  Shell  Type 

Are  top  rolls  to  be  furnished  covered 

Are  frames  to  spin  warp,  filling  or  hosiery  yarn 

What  counts  shall  frames  be  geared  for 

Is  extra  gearing  wanted  for  other  counts 

Kind  of  cotton  and  length  of  staple 

502 


65 

66 

67 

68 

CREEL  71 
72 

BELT  81 
DRIVE  82 

83 


Roll  draft  wanted Gears 

Twist  multiplier Gears 

Hank  Roving  in  creel 


Single  or  double  roving  in  creel 

Size  of  bobbins  in  creel 

Creel  to  be  one  or  two  story 

Size  of  Driving  Pulleys 

Loose  pulley  plain  or  moccasin  bushing 
Belt  from  above  or  below 


MOTOR  91 
DRIVE  92 

93 

94 

95 


Method  of  attaching  motor  (Chain,  Gear  or  direct) . . 

Horse  Power  and  make  of  motor 

Type  and  make  of  switch 

Current: Volt Phase Cycle.  . . . 

If  chain  connection,  state  make  of  equipment  wanted 


96  Is  motor  and  driving  equipment  to  be  supplied  by  Saco-Lowell 
Shops 


SPINNING  FRAME  SPECIFICATIONS 


( Including  special  features  applied  to 
EXPORT  FRAMES) 

See  explanatory  notes  on  following  pages 


FRAMES Spindles  each Drive  (Band  or  Tape) 


FRAME 


1 Model Pulley  at  geared  or  foot  end 

2 Width  of  frame 

3 Height  of  frame  (37"  or  35"  to  beam) 

4 Gauge  of  frame 

6 Kind  of  Thread  Boards SACO-LOWELL  METALLIC..  . 

6 A Style  of  thread  guide  — send  sample 

6B  Is  Thread  Board  Lifter  wanted 

7 Separators,  Ring  Rail  Type,  Style  of  blade 

8 Builder 

9 Is  bottom  forming  attachment  wanted 

10  Are  Hank  Clocks  wanted 

1 1 Over-all  length  of  frame 

12  Paint 

13  Weights  will  be  furnished  by 


SPINDLES  21 
and  22 
CYLINDERS 

24 

25 


Type  and  size  of  spindle 

Band  or  tape  drive 

Diameter  of  whirl 

Spindle  speed  wanted  . . 


503 


26  Diameter  of  cylinder  (7",  8",  9"  or  10") 

27  Cylinder  bearings  plain  or  ball  bearing 


RINGS  31 

32 

33 

34 

35 


Style  of  ring 

Style  of  ring  holder  and  clearer 

Diameter  of  ring 

Size  of  flange  (No.  1 Narrow,  No.  2 Wide) 
Bore  Ring  Rails  for inch  rings. 


STEEL  41 
ROLLS  42 

43 

44 

45 

46 


Diameter  of  front  bottom  roll 

Diameter  of  middle  bottom  roll 

Diameter  of  back  bottom  roll 

Are  case-hardened  front  rolls  wanted 

Are  case-hardened  necks  for  2d  and  3d  lines  wanted 
Roll  gearing  at  both  ends  or  at  head  end  only 


TOP  ROLLS  51 
and  52 
CLEARERS  5„ 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

YARN  61 
DATA  G2 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 


Type  and  angle  of  roll  stand 

Self-weighted  middle  and  back  rolls 

Diameter  of  front  top  roll,  covered 

Diameter  of  middle  top  roll 

Diameter  of  back  top  roll 

Front  top  roll  short  boss,  shell  type 

Are  top  rolls  to  be  furnished  covered 

Style  of  top  clearer 

Frames  to  spin  warp  or  weft  yarn 

What  counts  shall  frames  be  geared  for 

Is  extra  gearing  wanted  for  other  counts 

Kind  of  cotton  and  length  of  staple 

Roll  draft  wanted Gears 

Twist  per  inch Multiplier Gears 

Hank  Roving  in  creel 

Single  or  double  roving  in  creel 


CREEL  71  Size  of  bobbins  in  creel 

72  Creel  to  be  one  or  two  story 

73  Is  creel  to  be  of  the  Birkenhead  type 


BELT  81 
DRIVE  82 

83 

84 

85 

MOTOR  91 
DRIVE  92 

93 

94 

95 


Size  of  driving  pulleys 

Loose  pulley  plain  or  moccasin  bushing 

Belt  from  above  or  below 

Shipper  handles  overhead,  high  or  low  drop 

Shipper  handles  at  geared  end 

Method  of  attaching  motor  (Chain,  Gear  or  direct) . . 

Horse  Power  and  make  of  motor 

Type  and  make  of  switch 

Current: \ olt Phase Cycle... 

If  chain  connection,  state  make  of  equipment  wanted 


96  Is  motor  and  driving  equipment  to  be  supplied  by  Saco-Lowell 
Shops 


504 


Notes  on  Specifications,  as  listed  on  page  503 

Minimum  standard  length  of  frame  is  208  spindles  up  to  2 gauge 
and  204  spindles  for  3"  gauge  or  over.  Frames  shorter  than  these  are 
special  and  carry  an  extra  charge. 

Item  1.  See  pages  207  and  208  for  description  of  different  models. 
The  No.  17  model  has  swinging  steel  doors  on  geared  end,  pulleys  at 
foot  end  only.  The  model  22  standard  frame  for  export  has  pulleys  at 
geared  end  with  small  frame  ends  supporting  outer  end  of  shafting. 

Item  2.  Frames  are  furnished  in  two  widths,  38"  in  all  models  and 
30"  in  Model  22  only.  The  38"  frame  is  38"  between  outer  sides  of 
spindle  rails,  40"  over-all  width  of  geared  end.  The  36"  frame  is  30" 
over  spindle  rails  and  38"  over-all.  The  use  of  the  V-type  spindle  adds 
approximately  3,bs>"  to  the  width  over  rails,  or  Y/i'  to  the  over-all  width 
of  frame. 

Item  3.  Frames  are  built  in  two  sizes,  37"  to  top  of  roller  beam 
being  standard  for  domestic  use.  Frames  35"  to  top  of  beam  are  supplied 
to  localities  where  the  operatives  are  of  short  stature. 

Item  4.  Frames  are  built  in  the  following  gauges  — 2J4",  2J^", 
2%",  2^4",  3",  3Y",  3^2",  4",  434,,•  There  are  eight  spindles  per  roll  on 
gauges  up  to  and  including  2%",  six  spindles  per  roll  on  3"  to  4"  gauge 
and  four  spindles  per  roll  on  4J4"  gauge. 

Item  5.  Traverse  is  adjustable  from  5"  to  8". 

Item  6.  See  page  222  for  cut  of  Saco-Lowell  Metallic  Thread  Board. 
The  use  of  this  is  recommended  under  all  conditions. 

Item  6A.  The  lifting  arrangement  for  raising  all  the  thread  boards 
on  the  frames  simultaneously  will  be  supplied  if  specified.  We  have 
several  types  of  lifters  to  meet  various  requirements. 

Item  7.  Cuts  of  separator  plates  are  shown  on  page  220.  When 
traverse  is  not  over  6"  we  furnish  either  the  S-21,  S-23  or  S-15  type.  If 
frames  are  run  by  small  operatives,  we  recommend  the  S-23  or  S-15. 

Items  8 and  9.  The  Combination  Builder  is  described  on  page  218, 
and  is  standard  equipment  for  all  spinning  frames.  It  can  be  adapted 
to  either  warp  or  filling  wind  by  changing  cams.  A bottom  forming 
attachment  can  be  applied  if  required  for  improving  the  shape  of 
bobbins  when  using  filling  wind  on  straight  or  warp  type  bobbins. 


505 


Item  10.  Hank  clocks  are  not  included  in  standard  equipment  and 
must  be  specified  if  wanted.  See  description  on  page  223.  Method  of 
applying  clocks  varies  with  the  model  of  frame.  With  double  end  roll 
drive,  it  is  placed  inside  the  geared  end  casing.  With  single  end  roll 
drive,  it  is  connected  with  the  front  roll  at  foot  end  of  frame. 

Item  11.  For  over-all  lengths  of  frames  see  tables  on  pages  516  to 
521.  Table  showing  metrical  equivalents  will  be  found  on  pages  522 
and  523. 

Item  13.  On  export  orders,  it  is  frequently  to  the  Mill’s  advantage 
to  have  weights  cast  locally,  thereby  saving  freight  charges.  In  this 
case  we  supply  detailed  drawing  for  getting  out  patterns  or  will  supply 
wood  patterns  if  required. 

Item  21.  See  pages  226  to  228  for  description  of  spindles.  Always- 
send  sample  spindle  and  six  bobbins  if  necessary  to  match  up  existing 
spindles. 

Item  22.  We  strongly  recommend  the  use  of  tape  drive.  See  de- 
scription on  page  225. 

Item  23.  Standard  whirl  diameters  are  shown  on  page  226. 

Item  24.  It  is  advisable  to  state  spindle  speed  wanted.  If  not 
specified,  we  base  our  calculations  on  speeds  as  shown  by  our  production 
tables.  See  pages  543  to  546. 

Item  26.  Cylinders  are  regularly  furnished  8"  diameter  for  band 
drive  and  10"  for  tape  drive.  We  can  supply  cylinders  7"  or  9"  in 
diameter  if  required  to  match  up  old  frames.  See  tables  on  pages  534 
and  538,  for  ratio  between  cylinders  and  spindles  using  various  sized 
whirls. 

Item  27.  We  are  prepared  to  supply  ball  bearing  cylinder  bearings 
fitted  with  the  Alemite  greasing  system.  With  this  arrangement  pipe 
connections  are  run  from  the  bearings  out  to  the  box  rail  and  so  located 
that  the  fitting  for  receiving  grease  pump_is  of  easy  access  without 
reaching  into  the  frame. 

Items  31  and  32.  Rings  are  illustrated  and  described  on  page  219. 

Items  33  and  34.  Rings  should  be  at  least  1"  smaller  in  diameter 
than  the  gauge  of  frame.  Always  give  full  description  and  if  possible 
send  sample  of  ring  and  holder  wanted. 


506 


Item  35.  Mills  running  on  a variety  of  work  frequently  change  from 
warp  to  filling  or  vice  versa,  or  go  on  to  different  numbers  of  yarn 
requiring  change  in  the  size  of  ring.  Rails  should  be  ordered  bored  for 
the  largest  rings  that  will  be  used  on  the  frames. 

Items  41  to  43.  Standard  combinations  of  bottom  rolls  which  we 
are  prepared  to  furnish  are: 

A.  For  Indian  or  China  cotton,  front  middle  back  f-g". 

B.  For  American  and  Indian  cotton,  front  1",  middle  back  T-g", 

C.  For  American  cotton,  medium  counts,  front  1",  middle  1/%". 

back 

D.  For  long  staple  cotton,  front  1 1 s ",  middle  J/g",  back  I ts". 

Unless  otherwise  specified  front  rolls  are  furnished  with  screw  joints 
middle  and  back  rolls  with  square  or  socket  joints. 

Items  44  and  45.  Case-hardened  front  rolls  are  strongly  recom- 
mended, the  slight  extra  cost  being  more  than  compensated  for  by  the 
longer  service  given  by  the  rolls. 

Item  46.  The  arrangement  with  roll  gearing  at  both  ends  of  frame 
(see  page  526)  is  more  flexible,  permitting  accurate  regulation  of  the 
break  draft.  The  single  end  drive  is  preferred  by  many  mills,  as  it 
requires  the  changing  of  only  one  gear  when  making  changes  in  draft, 
permits  the  carrying  of  a smaller  stock  of  change  gears  and  requires  less 
time  in  making  changes. 

Item  51.  Regular  roll  stands  are  28°  angle.  We  also  supply  a 24J4° 
and  35°  stand  for  special  work. 

Items  51  to  55.  Lever-weighted  top  rolls  are  ff"  diameter  when 
covered.  We  supply  5%  spare  rolls  with  frames. 

For  self-weighted  middle  and  back  roll  arrangement  our  standard 
sizes  are: 

Front  f|"  diameter  covered  ft"  before  covering 

13'/  “ 11  //  “ “ 

16  16 

1/1 i"  “ “ 1" 

Middle  ft"  plain  cast-iron  roll  not  covered 
11"  <<  <<  “ “ <<  << 

16 

Back  1 %" 

2"  “ “ “ “ “ 

Item  56.  With  the  self-weighted  roll  arrangement  we  usually  supply 
short  boss  shell  front  rolls. 


or 

or 

or 


507 


Item  57.  We  regularly  supply  all  leather  top  rolls  covered  with  high- 
grade  cloth  and  leather.  Will  supply  rolls  ready  for  covering  if  mill 
prefers  to  have  this  done  locally. 

Item  58.  The  box  type  clearer  is  usually  furnished  with  self- weighted 
rolls.  With  24^2°  roll  stands,  the  clearers  are  made  half-roll  length 
without  gudgeons.  With  the  28°  roll  stand,  they  are  made  full  roll 
length  with  gudgeons  supported  by  tips  on  cap  bar  fingers. 

Items  61  to  68.  These  questions  should  be  fully  and  carefully 
answered.  Unless  otherwise  specified,  we  supply  three  changes  of  draft, 
twist  and  lay  gears,  one  tooth  each  side  of  figured  gearing  for  a given 
count.  If  other  counts  should  be  spun,  they  should  be  definitely 
specified,  and  we  will  figure  the  necessary  gears,  taking  care  of  require- 
ments. 

Item  81.  Standard  width  of  pulleys  are  for  3",  3Yt!'  or  4"  belt. 

Item  84.  We  have  recently  designed  a crank  shipper  handle  located 
at  geared  end  with  a handle  on  either  side  of  frame.  This  is  shown  on 
frame  illustrated  on  page  212.  It  is  designed  for  use  in  mills  where 
operatives  are  of  small  stature  and  have  difficulty  in  reaching  the 
overhead  shipper. 

Items  91  to  96.  We  require  all  data  mentioned  in  these  questions. 
The  details  of  motor,  switch  and  chain  equipment  will  be  covered 
direct  by  the  manufacturer  of  this  equipment,  in  order  to  insure  proper 
fit  of  all  parts. 

Care  of  Spinning  Frames 

^TH ) obtain  the  best  results  on  the  spinning  frame,  both  as  to 

1 quality  and  quantity  of  yarn,  it  is  important  that  the  smallest 
details  should  not  be  overlooked.  Systematic  care  in  keeping  the 
frames  clean  and  in  good  working  order  will  repay  the  spinner. 

LEVELING.  New  frames  should  be  carefully  leveled  both  ways  before 
starting,  and  old  frames  should  be  gone  over  at  intervals  to  see  whether, 
or  not,  they  need  releveling  and  aligning. 

Oiling 

STEEL  ROLLS.  Oil  bearings  twice  weekly. 

TOP  ROLLS.  Oil  front  top  roll  twice  a week.  Oil  the  middle  and  back 
top  roll  bearings  once  a week. 


508 


CYLINDER  BEARINGS,  LOOSE  PULLEY  and  END  GEARING. 
Oil  daily. 

SPINDLES.  On  new  frames,  spindles  will  require  liberal  oiling  at  first, 
and  afterward  once  every  two  weeks. 


Cleaning 

STEEL  ROLLS.  Wipe  off  twice  a week,  and  thoroughly  clean  at  least 
once  in  two  or  three  months. 

FRONT  TOP  ROLLS.  Clean  bearings  of  top  rolls  daily,  and,  if  so  desired, 
the  leather  covers  may  be  cleaned  while  the  frame  is  running.  Waste,  dipped 
in  a mixture  of  equal  parts  of  alcohol  and  water,  may  be  used  for  this  purpose. 

BACK  and  MIDDLE  TOP  ROLLS  should  be  treated  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  front  top  rolls,  except  that  it  is  necessary  to  clean  them  only  once  a 
week. 

TOP  CLEARERS.  These  should  be  picked  three  or  four  times  daily 
and  the  scavenger  rolls  as  often  as  necessary. 

CREEL.  For  medium  and  fine  counts,  dust  off  the  creel  at  least  once  a 
day,  and  remove  the  accumulation  of  lint  about  the  skewer  steps  and  top 
holes  every  two  days. 

THREAD  BOARDS.  Wipe  thoroughly  with  waste  at  least  twice  a day 
and  move  the  cleaner  board  along  the  thread  board  from  end  to  end  of  frame 
every  hour  or  so. 

RING  RAILS  and  SEPARATORS.  Brush  off  every  other  day  and 
oftener  for  coarse  counts  from  short  staple. 

SPINDLES  should  be  taken  from  the  frame  at  least  twice  a year,  dirt 
and  oil  removed,  and  all  parts  of  the  spindle  thoroughly  cleaned. 

Brush  the  remaining  parts  of  frame  daily. 


Miscellaneous 

STEEL  ROLLS.  If  steel  rolls  become  rough  and  show  a tendency  to 
catch  fiber,  polish  with  whiting,  or  sawdust,  and  oil.  Fill  the  flutes  with 
paste  and  use  a piece  of  card  clothing  for  polishing.  Rub  clothing  lengthwise 
of  the  flute  and  go  over  every  inch  of  the  roll  carefully.  Thoroughly  clean 
the  flutes  after  scouring. 


509 


Carefully  set  the  rolls  in  relation  to  the  length  of  staple  used;  also,  take 
care  in  setting  draft  change  gear  with  back  roll  gear  so  as  not  to  cause 
vibration  in  the  back  and  middle  rolls,  as  this  is  liable  to  cause  breakages 
and  weak  places  in  the  yarn. 

Steel  rolls  should  not  be  allowed  to  accumulate  laps.  By  keeping  them 
clean  there  will  be  much  less  trouble  with  the  roving  winding  up  on  the  top 
rolls. 

TOP  ROLLS.  Leather  top  rolls  can  be  cleaned  while  running.  Back  top 
rolls  need  not  be  cleaned  more  than  once  a week.  It  is  a good  plan  when 
sending  top  rolls  to  be  re-covered  to  cut  them  with  a knife  so  as  to  spoil 
leather  and  cloth.  This  insures  the  use  of  new  foundation  cloth.  The 
leather  should  not  be  put  on  too  tightly.  Rolls  with  a soft  “feel  " are 
preferable. 

Examine  leather  on  top  rolls  frequently  and  either  re-cover,  or  true  up  in 
the  case  of  worn  ones. 

Place  top  rolls  in  machine  with  star  below  the  lap  so  that  the  lap  on  roll 
will  revolve  with  the  direction  of  the  sliver. 

TRAVERSE  MOTION  should  be  properly  adjusted  as  to  length  of 
traverse,  also  have  as  little  dwell  as  possible  at  the  end  of  a stroke  so  as  to 
prevent  wearing  ridges  in  top  rolls. 

ROLL  WEIGHTING.  Adjust  stirrups  so  they  will  not  rub  on  the  steel 
rolls.  Keep  weight  levers  level  so  that  the  weights  will  exert  all  their  force. 

ROVING  GUIDES.  These  should  be  carefully  inspected  to  see  that  they 
are  not  bent  nor  loose  thereby  delivering  the  roving  too  near  together. 

THREAD  GUIDES.  Set  so  that  they  will  deliver  the  yarn  directly  over 
the  center  of  the  spindle;  also  adjust  the  snarl  catcher  so  that  it  will  just 
clear  the  yarn  at  the  maximum  balloon,  care  being  taken  in  bending  so  that 
when  thread  board  is  tipped  back  and  scavenger  roll  is  out,  the  end  of  snarl 
catcher  will  not  strike  the  front  steel  roll.  Thread  guide  should  be  examined 
periodically  and,  if  necessary,  adjusted  concentrically  with  the  spindles  and 
rings. 

SEPARATORS  to  be  so  adjusted  that  they  will  properly  break  the 
balloon  and  not  interfere  with  the  thread  board  when  they  are  in  their 
highest  position. 

LIFTER  RODS  on  new  frames,  when  started,  are  sometimes  tight  in  the 
bushings  for  a time  and  should  be  carefully  watched;  also,  they  should  be 
kept  free  of  dirt  or  lint  to  prevent  their  sticking  in  the  bearings. 

510 


SPINDLES.  For  new  frames  the  spindles  should  be  taped  and  run  empty 
for  at  least  twenty-four  hours  before  they  are  set  to  the  rings.  When 
plumbing  spindles  careful  attention  should  be  given  to  get  the  spindle  con- 
centric with  the  ring  when  the  ring  rail  is  at  the  bottom  and  top  of  traverse. 

There  are  several  things  that  cause  vibrating  spindles  such  as  bad  bobbins, 
crooked  spindle  blade,  or  a worn  or  dry  bolster,  therefore  the  spindles  should 
be  examined  very  closely  to  detect  the  cause  of  the  vibration,  and  proper 
steps  shoidd  be  taken  to  remedy  it. 

RINGS  should  be  properly  set  with  the  spindle  in  the  exact  center.  If 
out  of  center,  they  will  wear  quickly  and  cause  broken  ends. 

TRAVELER.  Extreme  care  should  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  travelers 
for  the  correct  weight  in  relation  to  the  yarn  being  made  and  also  of  the 
correct  circle  for  the  ring  used.  While  a heavy  traveler  will  make  a hard 
bobbin,  too  heavy  a traveler  will  strain  the  yarn  and  cause  weak  places.  A 
light  traveler  will  make  a more  elastic  yarn  than  the  heavy,  but  it  is  not 
always  true  that  a light  traveler  will  reduce  end  breakage.  It  is  difficult 
to  give  advice  on  the  weight  of  travelers  as  the  conditions  of  spinning  vary 
so  much,  and  the  overseer  can,  by  making  his  own  experiments,  find  out 
which  weight  and  circle  of  traveler  will  best  suit  his  particular  conditions. 


POWER  REQUIREMENTS  OF  SPINNING  FRAMES 

The  power  consumed  by  spinning  frames  is  dependent  on  so  many  variable 
conditions  such  as  size  of  ring,  traverse,  twist,  spindle  speed,  type  of  bear- 
ings, method  of  driving  spindles,  etc.  that  it  is  impossible  to  compile  a table 
to  accurately  cover  all  conditions.  Accurate  tests  frequently  show  wide 
variations  in  power  taken  by  identical  frames,  located  in  different  mills. 

The  following  schedule  is  based  on  tests  in  local  mills  but  is  not  to  be 
considered  as  definite  engineering  data  and  should  be  used  for  ROUGH 
ESTIMATES  ONLY,  where  approximate  figures  are  required. 

Figures  include  an  average  shafting  load  and  number  of  spindles  per 
II.  P.  can  be  increased  approximately  12%  for  individual  drive. 


Average 

Counts 

Warp  Yarn 

Filling  Yarn 

Spindle 

Speed 

Ring 

Spindles 
per  1 H.P. 

Spindle 

Speed 

Ring 

Spindles 
per  1 H.P. 

7 

6000 

2M" 

30 

5500 

1°  s" 

40 

12 

7500 

2V 

35 

6500 

IV 

38 

20 

8900 

2" 

38 

7700 

IV 

45 

30 

9500 

i3V 

45 

8300 

IV 

50 

40 

9700 

1/1" 

55 

8000 

IV 

70 

60 

9550 

iV 

60 

7900 

iv 

75 

80 

9450 

iV 

65 

7900 

i V 

75 

Use  this  table  for  rough  estimates  only. 


511 


512 


Bobbins 


HE  selection  of  bobbins  is  an  important  factor,  as  a badly  fitting 


or  poorly  made  bobbin  will  be  the  cause  of  a lot  of  bad  work.  The 
diameter  of  barrel  of  bobbin  should  be  great  enough  to  prevent  undue 
traveler  pull  on  the  yarn  when  winding  on  the  bare  bobbin,  yet  not  so  large 
as  to  reduce  the  amount  of  yarn  to  be  wound  on  them,  as  less  yarn  means 
more  doffing,  less  production,  and  higher  cost.  In  ordering  new  bobbins, 
a spindle  should  be  furnished  the  bobbin  makers  with  instructions  to  the 
effect  that  the  spindle  must  fill  the  bore  of  bobbin  at  top,  but  not  bind.  For 
domestic  frames,  the  bobbin  is  driven  from  the  cone  of  whirl,  and  not  by  the 
top  of  spindle.  For  foreign  frames,  it  is  the  usual  practice  to  drive  the 
bobbin  from  the  top  of  spindle  and  have  it  loose  on  the  acorn. 

On  spindles  with  cup,  it  is  advisable  to  allow  about  YY  clearance 
between  bottom  of  cup  and  bobbin,  also  a slight  clearance  between  cup  and 
outside  of  bobbin. 

The  cuts  on  opposite  page  show  several  standard  types  of  bobbins. 

No.  1.  McMullan  spindle  with  warp  bobbin. 

No.  2.  McMullan  spindle,  with  stepped  barrel  3-ring  Northrop  Loom 
Bobbin. 

No.  3.  McMullan  spindle  with  Draper  Clutch  and  filling  bobbin. 

No.  5.  V-type  spindle  with  cup  and  export  type  warp  bobbin  w ith 
metal  shield  on  base. 

No.  G.  McMullan  spindle  with  warp  or  hosiery  yarn  bobbin,  filling 


No.  7.  McMullan  spindle  with  Draper  type  cone  and  cup,  warp  bobbin 
with  metal  shield  on  base. 

No.  8.  McMullan  spindle  with  Draper  type  cone  and  cup,  filling  bobbin 
with  metal  shield  on  base. 


wind,  reverse  taper,  i.  e.,  bobbin  larger  in  diameter  at  top 
than  just  above  cone. 


513 


NET  WEIGHT  OF  SPINNING  FRAMES 

The  variations  in  weight  of  frames,  due  to  difference  in  specifications,  makes  it  difficult  to  compile  an 
list  of  weights.  The  schedule  shown  below  gives  itemized  weights  of  frame  parts  and  from  these  appro 
correct  net  weights  can  be  figured. 


514 


NET  WEIGHT  OF  SPINNING  FRAMES 

The  following  tables  showing  approximate  net  weights  of  spinning  frames  have 
oeen  made  up  for  convenient  reference,  being  based  on  the  schedule  shown  on 
brevious  page.  They  are  not  guaranteed  correct  but  are  sufficiently  accurate  for 
■stimating  tonnage,  etc. 


Model  17  Frame,  tape  drive,  lever  weighted  rolls,  2 story  double  stand- 
ard creel,  R.  C.  separators,  ring  in  C.  I.  holders,  McMullan  spindles. 


Spindles 

2 Vi" 

2 Vf 

2^" 

2M" 

3" 

3M" 

3V2" 

3M" 

4" 

4M" 

144 

5778 

6007 

6273 

6626 

180 

627.5 

6696 

6984 

7270 

7602 

8064 

204 

7006 

7483 

7809 

8133 

8510 

8932 

216 

7403 

7910 

8255 

8598 

8997 

9494 

224 

7626 

8150 

8508 

8865 

9279 

9850 

240 

til  93 

6695 

718.5 

7437 

8135 

8696 

9078 

9459 

9901 

10488 

252 

8468 

9058 

9462 

9863 

10330 

10930 

256 

6585 

7120 

7642 

7912 

11141 

272 

6912 

7480 

8035 

8320 

11785 

288 

7306 

7908 

8496 

8796 

9597 

10271 

1 0732 

11190 

11723 

12430 

300 

7551 

8178 

8790 

9102 

9930 

10632 

11112 

11589 

12144 

1 2864 

320 

8025 

8694 

9347 

9683 

352 

8745 

9481 

10199 

10570 

368 

9073 

9842 

10593 

10980 

384 

9466 

10269 

11052 

11455 

12122 

13420 

400 

9793 

10629 

11445 

11865 

13030 

13900 

432 

10512 

11415 

12297 

12750 

13983 

448 

10906 

11842 

12758 

13230 

464 

11232 

12202 

13150 

13640 

480 

1 1625 

12630 

13610 

14115 

512 

1 2345 

13415 

1 4460 

14996 

528 

12672 

13776 

14853 

Model  22  Frame,  pulleys  at  geared  end,  tape  drive,  self-weighted  rolls, 
2 story  double  standard  creel,  ring  rail  separators,  rings  in  C.  I.  holders, 
McMullan  spindles. 


Spindles 

2K" 

W 

2^" 

2M" 

3" 

3H” 

3 Yi' 

3M" 

4" 

4 l/i" 

180 

6760 

7271 

8025 

8313 

8772 

204 

7569 

8148 

9003 

9329 

9814 

216 

8006 

8618 

8963 

9522 

9867 

10365 

240 

6875 

7375 

7865 

8115 

8818 

9496 

9880 

10501 

10691 

11150 

262 

9186 

9903 

10307 

10960 

11364 

266 

7317 

7852 

8374 

8643 

12193 

272 

7696 

8264 

8819 

9105 

12908 

288 

8142 

8744 

9332 

9635 

10370 

11253 

11714 

12460 

12921 

13628 

300 

8426 

9053 

9665 

9980 

10805 

11682 

12162 

12939 

13419 

14139 

326 

9107 

9788 

1 0453 

10795 

362 

9789 

10525 

11243 

11613 

368 

10170 

10939 

11690 

12077 

372 

13232 

14316 

14938 

384 

10614 

11417 

12200 

12603 

13670 

14761 

15376 

400 

10993 

11829 

12645 

13065 

432 

11817 

12720 

13600 

14054 

15286 

448 

12262 

13198 

14112 

14582 

464 

12641 

13611 

14558 

15046 

480 

13086 

14089 

15068 

15572 

16580 

612 

13909 

14979 

16023 

16560 

528 

14290 

15395 

16471 

17024 

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521 


Metric  Equivalents  of  Frame  Lengths  Shown  by  Tables  on  Pages  516  to  520 


Ft. 

In. 

Meters 

Ft. 

Id. 

Meters 

Ft.. 

In. 

Meters 

18 

9 VS 

5.728 

29 

11 

9.118 

36 

4Vi 

11.093 

18 

iom 

5.759 

30 

ovi 

9.150 

36 

5 

11.100 

19 

1 

5.817 

30 

1 

9.169 

36 

6 Vi 

11.131 

20 

3 VS 

6.185 

30 

2VS 

9.207 

36 

11.150 

20 

m 

6.217 

30 

3VS 

9.223 

36 

8VS 

11.189 

20 

7 

6.274 

30 

iH 

9.265 

36 

9 VS 

11.214 

20 

714 

6.286 

30 

5J4 

9.271 

36 

lOVi 

11.246 

20 

m 

6.318 

30 

6M 

9.303 

37 

1 

11.303 

20 

11 

6.375 

30 

7 

9.322 

37 

11.316 

21 

9 VS 

6.642 

30 

7 vs 

9.334 

37 

2 Vi 

11.347 

21 

1034 

6.674 

30 

8VS 

9.360 

37 

3 VS 

11.366 

22 

1 

6.731 

30 

m 

9.366 

37 

4 Vi 

11.398 

22 

5J4 

6.845 

30 

9 vs 

9.385 

37 

5 

11.404 

22 

694 

6.877 

30 

10  Vi 

9.417 

37 

7 

11.455 

22 

9 

6.934 

30 

11 

9.423 

37 

11 

11.557 

23 

3 VS 

7.099 

31 

1 

9.474 

38 

0Vi 

11.589 

23 

454 

7.131 

31 

6 Vs 

9.614 

38 

OVS 

11.595 

23 

5 

7.137 

31 

7VS 

9.639 

38 

IVi 

11.627 

23 

6J4 

7.169 

31 

7 Vi 

9.646 

38 

2 VS 

11.646 

23 

7 

7.188 

31 

89i 

9.671 

38 

3VS 

11.671 

23 

SA 

7.226 

31 

10 

9.703 

38 

4 

11.684 

24 

3VS 

7.404 

31 

11 

9.728 

38 

4 Vi 

11.703 

24 

4% 

7.436 

32 

oy2 

9.766 

38 

7 

11.760 

24 

7 

7.493 

32 

1% 

9.798 

38 

ua 

11.874 

24 

9% 

7.556 

32 

3VS 

9.842 

39 

oa 

11.900 

24 

1024 

7.588 

32 

4 

9.855 

39 

o% 

11.906 

25 

oil 

7.633 

32 

4 Vi 

9.874 

39 

1 a 

11.925 

25 

i 

7.645 

32 

7 

9.931 

39 

i % 

11.931 

25 

lVi 

7.664 

33 

2 

10.109 

39 

2M 

11.957 

25 

4 

7.722 

33 

3M 

10.141 

39 

3 

11.963 

26 

1/4 

7.963 

33 

5 A 

10.198 

39 

4 

11.989 

26 

2M 

7.995 

33 

6% 

10.230 

39 

5 

12.014 

26 

324 

8.014 

33 

9 

10.287 

39 

8 

12.090 

26 

424 

8.045 

33 

9A 

10.300 

39 

9% 

12.122 

26 

5 

8.052 

33 

1094 

10.331 

39 

9 Vo 

12.128 

26 

7 

8.103 

33 

ii/4 

10.350 

39 

10% 

12.160 

26 

8 

8.128 

34 

0 ■ 1 

10.382 

39 

1 1 Vo 

12.179 

26 

924 

8.160 

34 

1 

10.388 

40 

1 

12.217 

26 

924 

8.166 

34 

2 

10.414 

40 

3 VS 

12.281 

26 

1024 

8.198 

34 

3 

10.439 

40 

4 Vi 

12.313 

26 

li  2! 

8.217 

34 

3V4 

10.446 

40 

6!  S 

12.357 

27 

1 

8.255 

34 

3 Vi 

10.452 

40 

7 

12.370 

27 

9 vs 

8.471 

34 

434 

10.484 

40 

7 vs 

12.382 

27 

1094 

8.503 

34 

5 VS 

10.503 

40 

7% 

12.389 

27 

uy2 

8.522 

34 

7 

10.541 

40 

8% 

12.414 

28 

094 

8.553 

34 

9 vs 

10.604 

40 

9 Vo 

12.433 

28 

1 

8.560 

34 

lOVi 

10.636 

40 

10 

12.446 

28 

3 

8.610 

35 

1 

10.693 

40 

10  Vi 

12.465 

28 

324 

8.623 

35 

3 VS 

10.757 

40 

11 

12.471 

28 

424 

8.655 

35 

4Vi 

10.789 

41 

1 

12.522 

28 

624 

8.699 

35 

5 

10.795 

41 

3 vs 

12.585 

28 

7 

8.712 

35 

6Vi 

10.827 

41 

4 Vi 

12.617 

28 

794 

8.731 

35 

6 VS 

10.833 

41 

7 

12.674 

28 

10 

8.788 

35 

7 

10.846 

41 

s 

12.700 

28 

11  vs 

8.826 

35 

7J4 

10.858 

41 

9 Vi 

12.732 

29 

054 

8.858 

35 

7 % 

10.865 

41 

11  VS 

12.789 

29 

IV* 

8.877 

35 

8 Vi 

10.890 

42 

0Vi 

12.820 

29 

3 

8.915 

35 

10 

10.922 

42 

3 

12.S7S 

29 

3 VS 

8.928 

35 

11 

10.947 

42 

3 vs 

12.S90 

29 

494 

8.960 

36 

OVS 

10.985 

42 

4Vi 

12.922 

29 

7 

9.017 

36 

i3i 

11.017 

42 

6A 

12.967 

29 

9 vs 

9.080 

36 

3VS 

11.061 

42 

7 

12.979 

29 

1094 

9.112 

36 

4 

11.074 

522 


Metric  Equivalents  of  Frame  Lengths  Shown  by  Tables  on  Pages  516  to  520 

( continued ) 


Ft. 

In. 

Meters 

Ft. 

In. 

Meters 

Ft. 

In. 

Meters 

42 

'i 'A 

12.992 

49 

0A 

14.948 

55 

OH 

16.935 

42 

7H 

12.998 

49 

0H 

14.954 

55 

7 A 

16.954 

42 

8M 

13.024 

49 

1 

14.960 

55 

8 % 

16.986 

42 

9A 

13.043 

49 

i H 

14.979 

55 

9 

16.992 

42 

10 

13.055 

49 

2 

14.986 

55 

ii  . 

17.043 

42 

10M 

13.075 

49 

3 

15.011 

56 

on 

17.075 

42 

li 

13.081 

49 

3H 

15.017 

56 

iA 

17.107 

43 

o;4 

13.113 

49 

4 

15.037 

56 

2 A 

17.132 

43 

1 

13.132 

49 

5 

15.062 

56 

2 H 

17.138 

43 

2 A 

13.170 

49 

&A 

15.075 

56 

3 A 

17.157 

43 

6 A 

13.271 

49 

OH 

15.094 

56 

4 H 

17.189 

43 

7H 

13.303 

49 

6 A 

15.100 

56 

5 

17.196 

43 

10 

13.360 

49 

7H 

15.132 

56 

6A 

17.234 

43 

11 A 

13.398 

49 

8 A 

15.151 

56 

7 

17.246 

44 

054 

13.430 

49 

10 

15.189 

56 

7% 

17.265 

44 

3 

13.487 

49 

UA 

15.227 

56 

8 

17.272 

44 

3>4 

13.500 

50 

OH 

15.259 

56 

9H 

17.304 

44 

IH 

13.532 

50 

3 

15.316 

56 

10 

17.323 

44 

5 A 

13.551 

50 

3A 

15.329 

56 

11 A 

17.361 

44 

6A 

13.576 

50 

4 H 

15.360 

57 

3J4 

17.462 

44 

6 A 

13.583 

50 

5A 

15.379 

57 

m 

17.494 

44 

7 

13.589 

50 

6H 

15.411 

57 

0A 

17.538 

44 

754 

13.608 

50 

7 

15.418 

57 

17.551 

44 

9 

13.640 

50 

7 A 

15.430 

57 

7 H 

17.570 

44 

9A 

13.652 

50 

8H 

15.462 

57 

9A 

17.615 

44 

10 

13.665 

50 

9 

15.168 

57 

10 

17.627 

44 

io?4 

13.684 

50 

11 

15.519 

57 

ion 

17.646 

45 

1 

13.741 

51 

0A 

15.557 

58 

1 

17.704 

45 

5 

13.843 

51 

VH 

15.589 

58 

3 A 

17.767 

45 

6J4 

13.875 

51 

3A. 

15.633 

58 

*H 

17.799 

45 

7 A 

13.906 

51 

4 

15.646 

58 

GA 

17.843 

45 

8 A 

13.932 

51 

4 H 

15.665 

58 

7 

17.856 

45 

854 

13.938 

51 

7 

15.722 

58 

7H 

17.875 

45 

9 A 

13.957 

51 

9 A 

15.786 

58 

10 

17.932 

45 

1054 

13.989 

51 

ion 

15.818 

58 

11 A 

17.970 

45 

11 

13.995 

52 

1 

15.875 

59 

on 

18.002 

4G 

0J4 

14.033 

52 

3 A 

15.938 

59 

i A 

18.021 

46 

1 

14.046 

52 

*H 

15.970 

59 

O 

18.034 

46 

154 

14.065 

52 

7 

16.027 

59 

2 H 

18.053 

46 

2 

14.071 

52 

8 

16.053 

59 

3 

18.059 

46 

3J4 

14.103 

52 

9 H 

16.084 

59 

3 H 

18.065 

46 

3A 

14.109 

52 

11 

16.129 

59 

3A 

18.072 

46 

4 

14.122 

52 

li  A. 

16.141 

59 

4M 

18.104 

46 

454 

14.141 

53 

0H 

16.160 

59 

5 

18.110 

46 

5A 

14.160 

53 

0A 

16.167 

59 

5J4 

18.123 

46 

7 

14.198 

53 

l % 

16.199 

59 

7 

18.161 

47 

3A 

14.414 

53 

m 

16.218 

60 

0 A 

18.300 

47 

454 

14.446 

53 

3A 

16.243 

60 

m 

18.332 

47 

14.503 

53 

4 

16.256 

60 

3 A 

18.377 

47 

7 A 

14.516 

53 

4 % 

16.275 

60 

4 

18.389 

47 

854 

14.548 

53 

7 

16.332 

60 

4 n 

18.408 

47 

9 A 

14.567 

53 

7A 

16.345 

60 

5 

18.415 

47 

1054 

14.598 

53 

8 H 

16.376 

60 

on 

18.447 

47 

n 

14.605 

53 

11 

16.434 

60 

7 

18.466 

48 

1 

14.656 

53 

11  >2 

16.446 

60 

7 A 

18.478 

48 

i a 

14.668 

54 

on 

16.478 

60 

8A 

18.504 

48 

254 

14.700 

54 

3 

16.535 

60 

8H 

18.510 

48 

354 

14.719 

54 

3 A 

16.548 

60 

ion 

18.561 

48 

454 

14.751 

54 

*H 

16.580 

60 

11 

18.567 

48 

5 

14.757 

54 

7 

16.637 

60 

ii  A 

18.580 

48 

7 

14.808 

54 

8 A 

16.675 

61 

OH 

18.612 

48 

9 A 

14.871 

54 

9A 

16.700 

61 

1 

18.618 

48 

1054 

14.903 

54 

io% 

16.732 

61 

3 

18.669 

48 

1154 

14.922 

55 

1 

16.789 

61 

10  % 

18.866 

55 

5A 

16.903 

523 


r 


CYLINDER 


V /I 

Spinning  Frame  Gearing 
Common  to  all  Models 

524 


Gearing 


A.  Cylinder  Gear 

( Band  Drive. 

1 20  T,  24  T,  30  T,  40  T,  52  T. 

1 Tape  Drive, 

l 25  T,  32  T,  40  T,  54  T,  70  T. 

B.  Jack  Gear 

( Band  Drive, 

] 100  T,  96  T,  90  T,  80  T,  65  T. 

) Tape  Drive, 

( 125  T,  128  T,  120  T,  108  T,  90  T. 

C.  Twist  Change  Gear  . . 

s 20  T to  80  T.  (12  Pitch,  M"  Std.  Hole.) 
( ( Interchangeable  with  lay  gear. ) 

D.  Intermediate  Gear.  . . 

\ 148  T Band  Drive. 
( 160  T Tape  Drive. 

E.  Front  Roll  Gear  . . . 

. 102  T. 

F.  Front  Roll  Gear  . . . 

( High  Draft  — 32  T. 

) Medium  Draft  — 40  T. 
( Low  Draft  — 50  T. 

G.  Crown  Gear 

( High  Draft— 158  T. 

’ Medium  Draft — 150  T. 
( Low  Draft  — 140  T. 

H.  Back  Roll  Gear  . . . . 

. 84  T. 

I.  Draft  Change  Gear  . . 

. 30  to  84  T.  ( 24  Pitch,  V8"  Hole. ) 

J.  Comp.  Inter.  Gear  . . . 

. 40  T. 

K.  Intermediate  Gear.  . 

( Band  Drive,  78  T. 
| Tape  Drive,  70  T. 

L.  Stud  Gear  

j Band  Drive,  56  T. 
I Tape  Drive,  52  T. 

M. Lay  Change  Gear  . . 

( 20  T to  54  T.  ( 12  Pitch,  %"  Std.  Hole. ) 

• j (Interchangeable  with  twist  gear.) 

N.  Lay  Train  Comp.  Gear 

-60  T. 

0.  Lay  Train  Bevel  Gear- 

— 30  T. 

P.  Vertical  Shaft  Bevel  Gear  — 23  T. 

Q.  Vertical  Shaft  Worm  Single  or  Double  Thread 

R.  Heart  Gear  — 120  T. 


525 


DRAFT  GEARING  DIAGRAM 


526 


HEAO  END  ROLL  DRIVE 


w o 


Formula  for  Draft  Gearing 


Head  End  Gears 

F = Front  Roll  Gear. 

= Crown  Gear. 

= Back  Roll  Gear. 

I = Head  End  Change  Gear. 


Diara. 

Front 

G X H X Roll  = Head  End  Draft 
F X I X Diam.  Constant. 

Back 
Roll 


Foot  End  Gears 

S = Front  Roll  Gear. 

T = Stud  Gear. 

U = Middle  Roll  Gear. 

V = Foot  End  Change  Gear. 


Diam 

Front 

T X TI  X Roll  _ Foot  End  Draft 
S X V X Diam.  Constant. 
Middle 
Roll 


Draft  Constant 
Draft 


Draft  Gear. 


Draft  Constant 
Draft  Gear 


Draft. 


HEAD  AND  FOOT  END  ROLL  DRIVE 

Foot  End  Draft  Change  Gear  -H  Head  End  Draft  Change  Gear  = Draft 
between  Back  and  Middle  Rolls.  (Break  Draft.) 


HEAD  END  ROLL  DRIVE 

W = Back  Roll  Gear  X = Intermediate  Gear  Y = Middle  Roll  Gear 
W-i- Y = Draft  between  Back  and  Middle  Rolls.  (Break  Draft.) 


Table  of  Draft  Constants — Spinning 


Diameter  Roll 

Formula 

Head  End 
Draft  Constant 

Foot  End 
Draft  Constant 

140  X 84  X 1" 

269 

Front  1" 
Middle  Vs" 
Back  y8” 

50  X Ch.X  y 
84  X 84  X 1" 

269 

30  x ch.x  y8" 

158  X 66  X y% 

326 

Front  Y%" 
Middle  V&" 
Back  y8" 

32  X Ch.x  ys" 

100  X84  xyS'' 

323 

26XCh  .xy8" 

150  X 84  X 1" 

360 

Front  1" 
Middle  %" 
Back  y 

40  x ch.x  y% 

100  X 94  X 1" 

358 

30  X Ch.X  %" 

155  X 71  X 1" 

359 

Front  1" 
Middle  %" 
Back  y8 

35  X Ch.  X %” 
88  X 80  X 1" 

361 

26X  Ch.  X W 

160  X 72  X y»" 

384 

Front  y&" 
Middle  3|" 
Back  y8" 

30  x ch.  x y 

102  X 84  X W 

384 

2 X Ch.  X Vi" 

160  X 72  X 1" 

438 

Front  1" 
Middle  M" 
Back  y&" 

30  x ch.  x y 

101  X 84  X 1" 

436 

26  x ch.x  y 

158  X 84  X 1" 

474 

Front  1" 
Middle  %" 
Back  y 

32  X Ch.X  y 
117  X 106  X1" 

473 

so  x ch.  x y 

52S 


Change  Gear  Table  for  Standard  Draft  Constants 

Spinning 


Teeth  in  Change  Gears 

Draft  Constants 

Head  End 

Foot  End 

269 

326 

360 

384 

438 

474 

Draft 

Draft 

Draft 

Draft: 

Draft 

Draft 

30 

32 

8.97 

10.87 

12.00 

12.80 

14.60 

15.80 

31 

33 

8.68 

10.52 

11.61 

12  39 

14  13 

15 . 29 

32 

34 

8.41 

10  19 

11.25 

12.00 

13.69 

14.81 

33 

35 

8.15 

9.88 

10.91 

11.64 

13 . 28 

14.36 

34 

36 

7.91 

9.59 

10.59 

11.29 

12.88 

13.94 

35 

37 

7.69 

9.31 

10.29 

10.97 

12.51 

13  54 

36 

38 

7.47 

9 06 

10.00 

10.67 

12.17 

13  17 

37 

39 

7.27 

8.81 

9.73 

10,38 

11.84 

12.81 

38 

40 

7,08 

8.58 

9.47 

10  11 

11.53 

12.47 

39 

41 

6.90 

8.36 

9.23 

9.85 

11.23 

12  15 

40 

42 

6.73 

8.15 

9.00 

9.60 

10.95 

11.85 

41 

43 

6.56 

7.95 

8.78 

9 . 37 

10.68 

11.56 

42 

44 

6.40 

7.76 

8.57 

9.14 

10.43 

11.29 

43 

45 

6.26 

7.58 

8.37 

8 . 93 

10.19 

11.02 

44 

46 

6.11 

7.41 

8.18 

8.73 

9.95 

10.77 

45 

47 

5.98 

7.24 

8.00 

8.53 

9 . 73 

10,53 

46 

48 

5 . 85 

7 . 09 

7.83 

8.35 

9.52 

10  30 

47 

49 

5.72 

6.94 

7.66 

8.17 

9.32 

10.09 

48 

50 

5.60 

6.79 

7.50 

8.00 

9.13 

9.88 

49 

5 1 

5.49 

6 . 65 

7.35 

7.84 

8.94 

9.67 

50 

52 

5.38 

6.52 

7.20 

7.68 

8.76 

9.48  1 

51 

53 

5.27 

6.39 

7.06 

7.53 

8.59 

9.29 

52 

54 

5.  17 

6 . 27. 

6.92 

7.38 

8.42 

9.12 

53 

55 

5.08 

6. 15 

6.79 

7.25 

8.26 

8.94 

54 

56 

4.98 

6 04 

6.67 

7.11 

8 11 

8.78 

55 

57 

4.89 

5.93 

6.55 

6.98 

7.96 

8.62 

56 

58 

4.80 

5 . 82 

6.43 

6.86 

7.82 

8.46 

57 

59 

4.72 

5 . 72 

6.32 

6 74 

7.68 

8.32 

58 

60 

4.64 

5 . 62 

6.21 

6 . 62 

7.55 

8.17 

59 

61 

4.56 

5 . 53 

6.10 

6 51 

7.42 

8.03 

60 

62 

4.48 

5.43 

6.00 

6.40 

7.30 

7.90 

61 

63 

4.41 

5.34 

5.90 

6 30 

7. 18 

7.77 

62 

64 

4.34 

5.26 

5.81 

6 19 

7.06 

7.65 

63 

65 

4.27 

5.17 

5.71 

6 10 

6.95 

7.52 

64 

66 

4.20 

5.09 

5 . 63 

6.00 

6.84 

7.41 

65 

67 

4.14 

5.02 

5.54 

5.91 

6.74 

7.29 

66 

68 

4.08 

4.94 

5.45 

5.82 

6.64 

7.18 

67 

69 

4.01 

4.87 

5.37 

5.73 

6.54 

7.07 

68 

70 

3.96 

4.79 

5.29 

5.65 

6.44 

6.97 

69 

71 

3.90 

4.72 

5.22 

5.57 

6.35 

6.87 

70 

72 

3.84 

4.66 

5.14 

5.49 

6.26 

6.77 

71 

73 

3.79 

4.59 

5.07 

5 41 

6.17 

6.68 

72 

74 

3.74 

4.53 

5.00 

5.33 

6.08 

6.58 

73 

75 

3.68 

4.47 

4.93 

5.26 

6.00 

6 . 49 

74 

76 

3.64 

4.41 

4.86 

5.19 

5.92 

6.41 

75 

77 

3.59 

4.35 

4.80 

5 12 

5.84 

6.32 

76 

78 

3.54 

4.29 

4.74 

5 . 05 

5.76 

6.24 

77 

79 

3.49 

4.23 

4.68 

4.99 

5.69 

6. 16 

78 

80 

3.45 

4.18 

4.62 

4.92 

5 . 62 

6.08 

79 

81 

3.41 

4 13 

4 . 56 

4.86 

5 . 54 

6 00 

80 

. 82 

3.36 

4.08 

4.50 

4.80 

5.48 

5.93 

81 

83 

3.32 

4.02 

4.44 

4.74 

5 41 

5 . 85 

82 

84 

3.28 

3.98 

4.39 

4.68 

5.34 

5.78 

83 

85 

3.24 

3.93 

4.34 

4.63 

5.28 

5.71 

84 

86 

3.20 

3.88 

4.29 

4.57 

5.21 

5.64 

529 


TWIST  GEARING 


530 


Formula  for  Twist  Gearing 


A = Cylinder  Gear. 
B = Jack  Gear. 

C = Change  Gear. 


E = Front  Roll  Gear. 

El  = Circumference  of  Front  Roll. 
Z = Ratio  of  Whirl  to  Cylinder. 


E X B X _Z 
A X E 1 


Twist  Constant. 


E X B X Z 
C X A X E 1 


= Twist  per  Inch. 


Twist  Constant 
Change  Gear 


Twist  per  Inch. 


Twist  Constant 
Twist  per  Inch 


Change  Gear. 


Revolutions  of  Front  Roll  X Circumference  of  Front  Roll  X 
Twist  per  Inch  = Revolutions  of  Spindles. 


Revolutions  of  Spindles  -f-  (Twist  per  Inch  X Circumference  of 
Front  Roll)  = Revolutions  of  Front  Roll. 


531 


TWIST  TABLE 


No.  OF 

Sqoabe 

TWIST  PER  INCH 

Twist  Multipliers 

5.00 

4.75 

4.50 

4.00 

3.75 

3.50 

3.25 

3.00 

1 

1.0000 

5.00 

4.75 

4.50 

4.00 

3.75 

3.50 

3.25 

3.00 

2 

1.4142 

7.07 

6.72 

6.36 

5.66 

5.30 

4.95 

4.60 

4.24 

3 

1.7321 

8.66 

8.23 

7.79 

6.93 

6.50 

6.06 

5.63 

5.20 

4 

2 0000 

10.00 

9.50 

9.00 

8.00 

7.50 

7.00 

6.50 

6.00 

5 

2.2361 

11.18 

10.62 

10.06 

8.94 

8.39 

7.83 

7.27 

6.71 

6 

2.4495 

12.25 

11.64 

11.02 

9.80 

9.19 

8.57 

7.96 

7.35 

7 

2.6458 

13.23 

12.57 

11  91 

10.58 

9.92 

9.26 

8.60 

7.94 

8 

2.8284 

14.14 

13.43 

12.73 

11.31 

10.61 

9.90 

9.19 

8.48 

0 

3.0000 

15.00 

14.25 

13.50 

12.00 

11.25 

10.50 

9.75 

9.00 

10 

3.1623 

15.81 

15.02 

14.23 

12.65 

11.86 

11.07 

10.28 

9.49 

11 

3.3166 

16.58 

15.75 

14.92 

13.27 

12.44 

11.61 

10.78 

9.95 

12 

3.4641 

17.32 

16.45 

15.59 

13.86 

12.99 

12.12 

11.26 

10.39 

13 

3.6056 

18.03 

17.13 

16.23 

14.42 

13.52 

12.62 

11.72 

10.82 

u 

3.7417 

18.71 

17.77 

16.84 

14.97 

14.03 

13.10 

12.16 

11.22 

15 

3.8730 

19.36 

18.40 

17.43 

15.49 

14.52 

13.56 

12.59 

11.62 

16 

4.0000 

20.00 

19.00 

18.00 

16.00 

15.00 

14.00 

13.00 

12.00 

17 

4.1231 

20.62 

19.58 

18.55 

16.49 

15.46 

14  43 

13.40 

12.37 

18 

4.2426 

21.21 

20.15 

19.09 

16.97 

15.91 

14.85 

13.79 

12.73 

19 

4.3589 

21.79 

20.70 

19.61 

17.44 

16.35 

15.26 

14.17 

13.07 

20 

4.4721 

22.36 

21.24 

20.12 

17.89 

16.77 

15.65 

14.53 

13.41 

21 

4.5826 

22.91 

21.77 

20.62 

18.33 

17.18 

16.04 

14.89 

13.75 

22 

4.6904 

23.45 

22.28 

21.11 

18.76 

17.59 

16.42 

15.24 

14.07 

23 

4.7958 

23.98 

22.78 

21.58 

19.18 

17.98 

16.79 

15.59 

14.39 

24 

4.8990 

24.49 

23.27 

22.05 

19.60 

18.37 

17.15 

15.92 

14.70 

25 

6.0000 

25.00 

23.75 

22.50 

20.00 

18.75 

17.50 

16.25 

15.00 

26 

6.0990 

25.50 

24.22 

22.95 

20.40 

19.12 

17.85 

16.57 

15.30 

27 

5.1962 

25.98 

24.68 

23.38 

20.78 

19.49 

18.19 

16.89 

15.59 

28 

6.2915 

26.46 

25  13 

23.81 

21.17 

19.84 

18.52 

17.20 

15.87 

29 

6.3852 

26.93 

25.58 

24.23 

21.54 

20.19 

18.85 

17.50 

16.15 

30 

5.4772 

27.39 

26.02 

24.05 

21.91 

20.54 

19.17 

17.80 

16.43 

31 

5.5678 

27.84 

26.45 

25.05 

22.27 

20.88 

19.49 

18.10 

16.70 

32 

5.6569 

28.28 

26.87 

25.46 

22.63 

21.21 

19.80 

18.38 

16.97 

S3 

5.7446 

28.72 

27.29 

25.85 

22.98 

21.54 

20.11 

18.67 

17.23 

34 

5.8310 

29.15 

27.70 

26.24 

23.32 

21.87 

20.41 

18.95 

17.49 

35 

6.9161 

29.58 

28.10 

26.62 

23.66 

22.19 

20.71 

19.23 

17.75 

36 

6.0000 

30.00 

28.50 

27.00 

24.00 

22.50 

21.00 

19.50 

18.00 

37 

6.0828 

30.41 

28.89 

27.37 

24.33 

22.81 

21.29 

19.77 

18.25 

38 

6.1644 

30.82 

29.28 

27.74 

24.66 

23.12 

21.58 

20.03 

18.49 

39 

6.2450 

31.22 

29.66 

28.10 

24.98 

23.42 

21.86 

20.30 

18.73 

40 

6.S246 

SI. 62 

80.04 

28.46 

25.30 

23.72 

22.14 

20.55 

18.97 

41 

6.4031 

32.02 

30.41 

28.81 

25.61 

24.01 

22.41 

20.81 

19.21 

42 

6.4807 

32.40 

30.78 

29.16 

25.92 

24.30 

22.68 

21.06 

19.44 

43 

6.5574 

32.79 

31.15 

29.51 

26.23 

24.59 

22.95 

21.31 

19.67 

44 

6.6332 

33.17 

31.51 

29.85 

26.53 

24.87 

23.22 

21.56 

19.90 

45 

6.7082 

33.54 

31.86 

30.19 

26.83 

25.16 

23.48 

21.80 

20.12 

46 

6.7823 

33.91 

32.21 

30.52 

27.13 

25.43 

23.74 

22.04 

20.35 

47 

6.8557 

34.28 

32.56 

30.85 

27.42 

25.71 

23.99 

22.28 

20.57 

48 

6.9282 

34.64 

32.91 

SI. 18 

27.71 

25.98 

24.25 

22.52 

20.78 

40 

7.0000 

35.00 

33.25 

31.50 

28.00 

26.  25 

24.50 

22.75 

21.00 

50 

7.0711 

35.36 

33.59 

31.82 

28.28 

26.52 

24.75 

22.98 

21.21 

532 


TWIST  TABLE — Continued 


No.  OF 
Yabn 

Square 

Root 

TWIST  PER  INCH 

Twist  Multipliers 

5.00 

4.75 

4.50 

4.00 

3.75 

3.50 

3.25 

3.00 

51 

7.1414 

35.71  ’ 

33.92 

32.14 

28.57 

26.78 

24.99 

23.21 

21.42 

62 

7.2111 

36.06 

34.25 

32.45 

28.84 

27.04 

25.24 

23.44 

21.63 

58 

7.2801 

36.40 

34.58 

32.76 

29.12 

27.30 

25.48 

23.66 

21.84 

64 

7.3485 

36.74 

34.90 

33.07 

29.39 

27.56 

25.72 

23.88 

22.04 

55 

7.4162 

37.08 

35.23 

33.37 

29.66 

27.81 

25.96 

24.10 

22.25 

56 

7.4833 

37.42 

35.55 

ss.e’)' 

29.93 

28.06 

26.19 

24.32 

22.45 

67 

7.5498 

37.75 

35.86 

33.97 

30.20 

28.31 

26.42 

24.54 

22.65 

58 

7.6158 

38.08 

S6.17 

34.27 

30.46 

28.56 

26.66 

24.75 

22.85 

59 

7.6811 

38.41 

36.49 

34.56 

30.72 

28.80 

26.88 

24.96 

23.04 

GO 

7.7460 

38.73 

36.79 

34.86 

30.98 

29.05 

27.11 

25.17 

23.24 

61 

7.8102 

39.05 

37.10 

35.15 

31.24 

29.29 

27.34 

25.38 

23.43 

62 

7.8740 

39.37 

37.40 

35.43 

31.50 

29.53 

27  56 

25.59 

23.62 

63 

7.9373 

39.69 

37.70 

35.72 

31.75 

29.76 

27.78 

25.80 

23.81 

64 

8.0000 

40.00 

88.00 

36.00 

32.00 

30.00 

28.00 

26.00 

24.00 

65 

8.0623 

40.31 

88.30 

36.28 

32.25 

30.23 

28.22 

26.20 

24.19 

66 

8.1240 

40.62 

38.59 

36.56 

32.50 

30.47 

28.43 

26.40 

24.37 

67 

8.1854 

40.93 

38.88 

36.83 

32.74 

30.69 

28.65 

26.60 

24.55 

68 

8.2462 

41.23 

39.17 

37.11 

32.98 

30.92 

28.86 

26.80 

24.74 

69 

8.3066 

41.53 

39.46 

37.38 

33.23 

31.15 

29.07 

27.00 

24.92 

70 

8.3666 

41.83 

39.74 

37.65 

33.47 

31.37 

29.28 

27.19 

25.10 

71 

8.4261 

42.13 

40.02 

37.92 

33.70 

31.60 

29.49 

27.38 

25.28 

72 

8 4853 

42.43 

40.30 

38.18 

33.94 

31.82 

29.70 

27.58 

25.45 

73 

8.5440 

42.72 

40.58 

38.45 

34.18 

32.04 

29.90 

27.77 

25.63 

74 

8.6023 

43.01 

40.86 

38.71 

34.41 

32.26 

30.11 

27.96 

25.81 

75 

8.6603 

43.30 

41.14 

38.97 

34.64 

32.48 

30.31 

28.15 

25.98 

76 

8.7178 

43.59 

41.41 

39.23 

34.87 

32.69 

30.51 

28.33 

26.15 

77 

8.7750 

43.88 

41.68 

39.49 

35.10 

32.91 

30.71 

28.52 

26.32 

78 

8.8318 

44.16 

41.95 

39.74 

35.33 

33.12 

30.91 

28.70 

26.49 

79 

8.8882 

44.44 

42.22 

40.00 

35.55 

33.33 

31.11 

28.89 

26.66 

80 

8.9443 

44.72 

42.49 

40.25 

35.78 

33.54 

31.30 

29.07 

26.83 

81 

9.0000 

45.00 

42.75 

40.50 

36.00 

33.75 

31.50 

29.25 

27.00 

82 

9.0554 

45.28 

43.01 

40.75 

36.22 

33.96 

31.69 

29.43 

27.16 

83 

9.1104 

45.55 

43.27 

41.00 

36.44 

34.16 

31.89 

29.61 

27.33 

84 

9.1G52 

45.83 

43.53 

41.24 

36.66 

34.37 

32.08 

29.79 

27.49 

85 

9.2195 

46.10 

43.79 

41.49 

36.88 

34.57 

32.27 

29.96 

27.66 

86 

9.2736 

46.37 

44.05 

41.73 

37.09 

34.78 

32.46 

30.14 

27.82 

87 

9.3274 

46.64 

44.31 

41.97 

37.31 

34.98 

32.65 

30.31 

27.98 

88 

9.3808 

46.90 

44.56 

42.21 

37.52 

35.18 

32.83 

30.49 

28.14 

89 

9.4340 

47.17 

44.81 

42.45 

37.74 

35.38 

33.02 

SO. 66 

28.30 

90 

9.4868 

47.43 

45.06 

42.69 

37.95 

35.58 

33.20 

30.83 

28.46 

91 

9.5394 

47.70 

45.31 

42.93 

38.16 

35.77 

33.39 

31.00 

28.62 

92 

9.5917 

47.96 

45.56 

43.16 

38.37 

35.97 

33.57 

31.17 

28.77 

93 

9.6437 

48.22 

45.81 

43.40 

38.57 

36.16 

33.75 

31.34 

28.93 

94 

9.6954 

48.48 

46.05 

43.63 

38.78 

36.36 

33.93 

31.51 

29.09 

95 

9.7468 

48.73 

46.30 

43.86 

38.99 

36.55 

34.11 

31.68 

29.24 

96 

9.7980 

48.99 

46.54 

44.09 

39.19 

36.74 

34.29 

31.84 

29.39 

97 

9.8489 

49.24 

46.78 

44.32 

39.40 

36.93 

34.47 

32.01 

29.55 

98 

9.8995 

49.50 

47.02 

44.55 

39.60 

37.12 

34.65 

32.17 

29.70 

99 

9.9499 

49.75 

47.26 

44.77 

39.80 

37.31 

84.82 

32.34 

29.85 

100 

10.0000 

50.00 

47.50 

45.00 

40.00 

37.50 

35.00 

32.60 

30.00 

533 


Table  Showing  Ratio  Between  Whirl  to  Cylinder  and 
Twist  Constants 

Rule:  To  find  Twist  Gear,  divide  “Constant”  by  required  turns  per  inch  of  twist. 

TABLE  FOR  BAND  DRIVE 


Diam.  of 
Cyl. 

Diam. 

Front 

Roll 

Diam.  of 
Whirl 

Ratio 

Front  R. 
Gear 

Cyl. 

Gear 

Jack 

Gear 

Twist 

Constant 

• 

20  T 

100  T 

1310 

21 

96 

1072 

7" 

1" 

k" 

8.25 

102  T 

30 

90 

801 

10 

80 

636 

52 

65 

336 

20 

100 

1269 

21 

96 

1007 

7" 

i" 

1 3" 

7.75 

102 

, 

30 

90 

765 

40 

80 

601 

52 

65 

316 

20 

100 

1178 

21 

96 

912 

V 

i" 

Vs" 

7.25 

102 

30 

90 

707 

10 

80 

171 

52 

65 

291 

20 

100 

1072 

24 

96 

858 

V 

i" 

n" 

6.60 

102 

30 

90 

613 

10 

80 

129 

52 

65 

268 

20 

100 

1016 

24 

96 

812 

V 

i" 

1" 

6.25 

102 

so 

90 

609 

40 

80 

106 

52 

65 

261 

20 

100 

950 

21 

06 

760 

7" 

1" 

1 is” 

5.85 

102 

SO 

90 

670 

40 

80 

380 

52 

65 

238 

20 

100 

880 

24 

96 

701 

7" 

1" 

IK" 

5.42 

102 

so 

90 

528 

10 

80 

352 

52 

65 

220 

20 

100 

816 

24 

96 

677 

7" 

1" 

iA* 

5.21 

102 

so 

90 

608 

10 

80 

338 

52 

65 

212 

20 

100 

812 

21 

96 

650 

T 

i" 

IK' 

5.00 

102 

SO 

90 

487 

10 

80 

326 

52 

65 

203 

20 

100 

780 

21 

96 

621 

T 

1" 

1.80 

102 

SO 

90 

168 

40 

80 

S12 

52 

65 

195 

534 


TWIST  CONSTANT  TABLE  — Continued 

BAND  DRIVE 


Dlam.  op 
Ctl. 

Diam. 

Front 

Roll 

Diam.  of 
Whirl 

Ratio 

Front  R. 
Gear 

Ctl. 

Gear 

Jack 

Gear 

Twist 

Constant 

f 20 

100 

1627 

24 

98 

1221 

8* 

r 

%" 

9.40 

102 

30 

90 

916 

40 

80 

611 

. 52 

65 

382 

20 

100 

1421 

24 

96 

1137 

8* 

V 

13» 

8.75 

102 

30 

90 

853 

40 

80 

568 

52 

65 

355 

20 

100 

1340 

24 

96 

1072 

8" 

l* 

nr 

8.25 

10-2 

30 

90 

804 

40 

80 

536 

52 

65 

335 

20 

100 

1243 

24 

96 

994 

8" 

i" 

ir 

7.65 

102 

SO 

90 

746 

40 

80 

497 

52 

65 

311 

20 

100 

1145 

24 

96 

916 

8" 

i" 

1" 

7.05 

102 

30 

90 

687 

40 

80 

468 

52 

65 

286 

20 

100 

1104 

24 

96 

884 

8" 

r 

IrV' 

C.80 

102 

30 

90 

663 

40 

80 

442 

52 

65 

276 

20 

100 

1007 

24 

96 

806 

a’ 

i" 

i lA" 

G.20 

102 

30 

90 

604 

40 

80 

403 

l 52 

65 

252 

20 

100 

966 

24 

96 

773 

8" 

i" 

ift' 

5.95 

102 

SO 

90 

680 

40 

80  • 

387 

52 

65 

242 

20 

100 

926 

24 

96 

741 

8' 

l" 

1J4" 

5.70 

102 

30 

90 

555 

40 

80 

370 

52 

65 

231 

f 20 

100 

887 

24 

96 

709 

8" 

i" 

5.46 

102 

so 

90 

532 

40 

80 

355 

52 

65 

222 

535 


Table  Showing  Ratio  Between  Whirl  to  Cylinder 
and  Twist  Constants 

Rule:  To  find  Twist  Gear,  divide  “Constant”  by  required  turns  per  inch  of  twist. 


TABLE  FOR  TAPE  DRIVE 


SPECIAL  TWIST  TABLE  FOR  CHINESE  COTTON 
(%"  Diameter  Front  Roll) 

Rule:  To  find  Twist  Gear,  divide  Constant  by  required  turns  per  inch  of  twist. 


TAPE  DRIVE 


Diam.  of 

Diam. 

Diam.  of 

Ratio 

Front  R. 

Cyl. 

Jack 

Twist 

Cyl. 

Front 

Roll 

WllIRL 

Gear 

Gear 

Gear 

Constant 

40 

120 

1128 

Va" 

102  T 

54 

108 

762 

10" 

ii'1'1 

10.14 

54 

96 

669 

70 

90 

484 

40 

120 

1067 

102  T 

54 

108 

706 

10" 

Va" 

r 

9.50 

54 

90 

626 

70 

90 

463 

40 

120 

996 

Va" 

102  T 

54 

108 

663 

10" 

1iV/ 

8.94 

54 

96 

690 

70 

90 

426 

40 

120 

940 

Va” 

1 Ya 

102  T 

54 

108 

627 

10" 

8.45 

54 

96 

667 

70 

90 

403 

40 

120 

890 

102  T 

54 

108 

693 

10" 

Va" 

UV 

8.00 

54 

98 

628 

70 

90 

382 

40 

120 

890 

102  T 

54 

108 

693 

8" 

Va" 

is" 

8.00 

54 

96 

627 

70 

90 

382 

40 

120 

861 

102  T 

54 

108 

667 

8" 

Va " 

1" 

7.G5 

54 

96 

604 

70 

90 

366 

40 

120 

807 

102  T 

54 

108 

638 

B" 

Va" 

AtV/ 

7.25 

54 

96 

478 

70 

90 

346 

40 

120 

768 

102  T 

54 

108 

612 

8" 

Va" 

VA" 

6.90 

54 

96 

466 

70 

90 

329 

40 

20 

723 

8" 

Va" 

hY 

6.50 

102  T 

54 

54 

108 

96 

482 

428 

70 

90 

310 

537 


SPECIAL  TWIST  TABLE  FOR  CHINESE  COTTON 
(%"  Diameter  Front  Roll) 

Rule:  To  find  Twist  Gear,  divide  “Constant”  by  required  turns  per  inch  of  twist. 

BAND  DRIVE 


Diam.  of 
Cyl. 

Diam. 

Front 

Roll 

Diam.  or 
Whirl 

Ratio 

Front  R. 
Gear 

Cyl. 

Gear 

Jack 

Gear 

Twist 

Constant 

r 20  T 

100 

1419 

24 

96 

1135 

8" 

w 

w 

7.65 

102  T 

30 

90 

851 

40 

80 

567 

52 

65 

355 

20 

100 

1307 

24 

96 

1046 

8" 

w 

1" 

7.05 

102  T 

30 

90 

784 

40 

80 

523 

l 52 

65 

327 

20 

100 

1261 

24 

96 

1009 

8" 

1A" 

6.80 

102  T 

30 

90 

757 

40 

80 

504 

52 

65 

314 

20 

100 

1150 

24 

96 

920 

8" 

Vi" 

lVs" 

6.20 

102  T 

30 

90 

690 

40 

80 

460 

52 

65 

287 

f 20 

100 

1103 

24 

96 

883 

8" 

% " 

1A" 

5.95 

102  T 

30 

90 

662 

40 

80 

441 

52 

65 

276 

20 

100 

1057 

24 

96 

846 

8" 

1M" 

5.70 

102  T 

30 

90 

634 

40 

SO 

423 

52 

65 

264 

538 


8"  CYLINDER  SPEEDS,  TAPE  DRIVE 
With  the  Following  Whirls 


a 2 
5 5 

% <© 
ic^CO 

T-*  US 

CO  »o  CO  *-h  CO  © © i-<  -F  b- 

CO  d O H O CO  00  O © to  © CO 

© l>  t>  00  GO  OOOS5C  O HHHOl 

a 2 

jjj  5 

s 

© ^h  04  04  GO  ^ O O b-  00  00  © © 

»0  C5  W ^ H IO  05  W N ^ *o  © CO  l>  04 

© © i>  i>  00  CO  CO  05  05  O © o i-h  •“<  04 

r— < F=H  r-H  iH  r=H  t— H 

lfz"  Whirl 
6.50  Ratio 

to  tP  04  f-h  © GO  © »-0  CO  04  O CO  N 'O  -P  04  pH 

H 03  CO  o © -f  co  04  © © CO  b-  r”<  »0  ©CO 

© © © l>  b-  00  GO  00  © © © O O --  H h (51 

1 y%n  Whirl 
6.90  Ratio 

© © 04  00  to  t~h  l>  CO  © © 04  GO  -S'  »-=<  b-  co  © © 04 

GO  i— ' K0  00  04  ©©cot-'©  ^ H CO  04  CO  © CO 

tO  © © © b-  b-  b-  GO  CO  © © © © © © »—<  <— i fh  04 

f-h  t—*  rH  r-H  r-H  p— ( r-H 

Whirl 
7.25  Ratio 

04  © fH  ifH  © ■<$<  © GO  GO  04  b*  p-  © © tF  C5  CO  CO  '■M  P*  f-h 

»o  co  04  *o  © 04  »o  © 04  © © CO  © © CO  © © CO  b © 

4©i©©©©  b»  b-  b*>  00  00  00©©©©  © H H H d 

r—H  r— H r-H  r— H r—H  H r-H  r-H 

1"  Whirl 
7.65  Ratio 

CO  © CO  H ^ © © 04  ^F  b-  © 04  to  00  © CO  © CO  r-H  ^ © © 04 

Cl  *C  CO  (N  '"5  00  H o GO  fH  i-O  CO  r-H  CO  r-H  -F  b r-H  -ft  !>©-? 

*©»o*o©©  © b-  b-  t>  go  coco©©©  ocohh  ^h  04  04 

Y,"  Whirl 
8.00  Ratio 

©r-HGO-^LO  © CO  © © r-H  CO  ~F  »0  © CO  © © rH  CO  *f  *0  © 00  © © 

© CO  © © 04  1C  CO  rH  to  CO  r™<  -F  b © CO  © © © © © 04  1-0  CO  >— 1 tr$ 

»0  ‘O  *0  to  © © © l>  l>  J>  OOGOCO©©  ©©©©©  rHHHClSl 

r-H  F-H  P-H  r-H  H H r 1 r-H  r— H 

r.p.m. 

Spindle 

© © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 

© tO  © © to  © to  © to  ©to©  to©  to©  to  ©to  ©to  ©to© 

©<0*toi>©  04  »0  b-  © 04  to  I>  © 04  to  t—  © 04  to  t—  © 04  to  b-  © 

TfH  ^ ^ to  to»OtO©©  © © b*  b-  b-  b*  00  CO  00  GO  <©©©©© 

539 


10"  CYLINDER  SPEEDS,  TAPE 
With  the  Following  Whirls 


B 2 

£5 

l>  ©*  O H IO  O *f  05  M CO^t- 

lo  CO  ^ 05  ©<  'O  05  O C5  « O 

‘O'OOOO  t-  i>  i>  GO  00  CO  C5  C5 

1 Y\  Whirl 
7.60  Ratio 

O 05  CO  H t'  05  ^ »0  ® h 

<0  05  ^ »o  O 04  *0  X 04  cc  s< 

*o  *o  *o  O CO  O t-  t-  L-  X X X O 

B 2 

5 a 

o 

« 00 

OHGS'#  IS  O X O O CO  IS  O CO  O O CO  •*  *00X00 

O CO  O 05  SI  *0  X «— 1 *0  x -f-  O X C O CO  'O  C5  SI  IS  x r-  IS 

*0*0*0*00  O O l>  t>  i>  X X X O O O O O O O — 04  04 

K 2 

la 

% 

C0C0C0SIS1  I— IP-IOOO  05  05  X X X t-  t>  o o o *0  *0  ^ ^3*  X 

i-  O CO  O O si  'O  X H -t  C 05  SI  *0  X — -*  O CO  C 05  SI  IO  X 

-f<  *0  *0  *0  *0  O O O t>  t>  i>  t-  X X X 05  05  05  c c CO  — — — 1 

X 2 

£ 5 

ft  ^ 

PH  CO 

b*!OC0HO5  t-  IO  CO  H 05  MOCOHS5  N i-O  CO  --  05  N i.O  CO  - 05 

rf  l'  c CO  to  X — -f  t-  O SI  *0  X H CO  C 03  SI  LO  N OCOOO  — 

*0  *0  *0  *00000  l>i>t>XX  X X 05  05  05  C C C O — 

R.P.M. 

Spindle 

O'OOOO  ooooo  ooooo  ooooo  o o © © © 

0*00*00  *00*00*0  0*00*00  *00*0  0*0  0*00*00 

O SI  *S  h O SI  »o  h O SI  *o  t'  O SI  IO  N o si  *s  i'  C SI  S 4*  o 

Tf  Tj<  ^ IO  *0*0*000  O O t-  i>  t>  t>  X X X X ooooo 

540 


8"  CYLINDER  SPEEDS,  BAND  DRIVE 

With  the  Following  Whirls 


~W 

a < 
&& 

* <© 

— *o 

WX*f  OO  0*  l>  X C5  * 0 O O 

X i>  01  1>  ’-i  CO  O O)  ^ 0 W 

t>  I>  X X O ° ® 2 S m S2J 

si 

ts* 

<—  *o 

MIC  0 « CO  O ^ X 
© tJ<  X X 1>  CO  O *C  Q X 01 

i>j>i>xx  ° 05  ® 2 2 

a < 

* *o 

i->  *o 

01  O X O 01  o x o 01  ^ o x 

b»  M »c  0 OO^COO*C  C CC  h H 

O l>  I>  l>  GO  CO0QCO  o 

II 

1* 

40»0OOO  l>  t-  X X X X © © O O 

«*f<  X 01  O © X 01  O © ^ COO<OH  10 

O O i>  i>  X X X © © © OOHHGJ  01 

« s 

5 H 

E < 

* © 
CO 
<© 

X 40  ©1  © 40  (^QO^CJ  O X © O X 00X0 

X 0*  O O C0  i>0'^Xr-l  40  © 01  O © Tf<  t>  M 40 

*0  O O O t-  i>  X X X © © © © © *-h  H H ^ oi 

1"  Whirl 
7.05  Ratio 

I>  X X -^  © 40  © O *-*  0)  b*  CC  X ^ C5  40  O O T— < 

O © X 1>  © Tf  x H 1C  X 01  10  c:  01  O 0Wt*O^ 

40OOOi>  i>  t-  X X X © © © © © O H M Cl  51 

J 0 

S H 
Q ^ 

^Oco 

~Ht>’ 

X O X »— ' O © 01  -"fi  t>*  00^40X0  XOX*— O 0 01 

01  >C  CO  01  10  X f-l  40  x H 4C  CO  H ^ x r-<  ,— 1 O ^ 

40*0*000  O i>  t-  i>  X XX©©©  O O O I-H  1— i r— < 01  01 

%"  Whirl 
8.25  Ratio 

40  40  10  o O Ot>t>i>X  XXX©©  OOOOrM  < 01  01  01 

XHiM>0  0 O 0 01  10  X t>  © X © X O 0 01  *0  X - 

>^10*0*00  O O O t>  t>  i>  X X X © © © © © © o M -H  H 01 

Whirl 
8.75  Ratio 

hO’fWH  001-0^  X >— lOGb*  O X <-i  © © l>  O mP  X 

*0  X H T?  J>  o 01  10  X H T?  t-  o 01  10  X H ^ o 01  *0  X H 

Tfi  10  *c  10  O O O O t>  i>  X X X X © © © © © © © r-  1 

►J  0 
£ H 
E < 

5 ° 

«'d 

0 01  O 40  01  C5  40  01  X 40  1— 1 X 40  1-M  X ^HX*f  H i>  '■p  rM  -*4 

01  *0  l>  © X 40Xr-^C0O  © ^ -*  1>  © 01  *0  i>  O X 40  X H CO  o 

^■^^*5*0  10*0  000  O I>  1>  I>  t>  XXX©©  © © © © © 

R.P.M. 

Spindle 

OOOOO  OOOOO  ooooo  © © © © © ooooo 

O *0  O »0  O 400*0  0*0  0*00400  400*00*0  0*00*00 

O 01  *0  i>  O Cl  10  O 01  *0  t>  O 01  *0  t>  O 01  *0  1>  O 01  *0  t-  o 

■^'^^<^*0  40*0*000  O O L'  1>  1-  i>  X X X X © © © © © 

541 


CYLINDER  SPEEDS,  BAND  DRIVE 
With  the  Following  Whirls 


i 2 

h£Gh 

J^oo 

X *0  X O O')  'fccoc 
GO  O)  CO  O ^ 03  T*  Ci  o 

CO  CC  05  C5  O O H H oi 

2 2 
a *< 

ft  o 
\*o 
7->  *o 

ooooo  ooooo 
0*0000  *00*00*0 
XXOOO  O ^ < 04  04 

liV  Whirl 
5.21  Ratio 

CO  O *f<  C)  O COO^CIO  CO 

CD  ^ CD  ^ CD  0*00*00  ** 

l>  X X O O O Or-H5j  04 

►j  o 

£ H 
S3  < 

£* 

ft  ©4 

^ *o 

CO*tOOCO  03  *o  *-<  i>  CO  0*0 

X X X i>  04  CD  r-1  o o *o  o^ 

t't'COOOQ  O O O rH  H r-  04 

W' Whirl 
5.85  Ratio 

^ t>  O 04  *0  4>  O X CD  X i—  -f  O 

CD  G<  CD  rH  *o  O ^ X 04  CD  h *0  O CO 

CD  i>  l>  00  GO  XOOOO  hhh51 

j 2 

ft  Ot 
to 

OOOOO  ooooo  ooooo  o 
^ CO  (N  CD  O *i*  X O O *f  X G<  C O -* 

CD  CD  t>  i>  X XXOOO  O O r-<  ^ 04  04 

J o 

£ S 

S3  "C 

f2 

lOSO^®. 

"i-'c© 

CD-F040X  *0  CO  H O t>  ifl  X h X CD  04  O 

O -f  X 04  *C  OCOi^OrP  X 04  CD  Ci  CO  t-  — *0 

CD  CD  CD  i>  i>  X X O O O O O O ^ 04  04 

J'8 " Whirl 
7.25  Ratio 

04  CD  h *c  O <tDC0XO4  l>  h c O 'f  C5  X X 04  *— 

*0X04*00  04  *0  O 04  CD  OCOCDOCO  CD  O X t>  O -?• 

*0  *0  CD  CD  O i>  i>  fc-  X X XOOOO  O — — — 04  04 

jjJ*  Whirl 
7.75  Ratio 

CDXHGCtO  l>  O 04  rf<  GD  O < GO  *0  X C 04  »0  N O ^-«^CD 

H^Xr-^«  i^r-HTjHt>o  X l>  O X CD  C X CD  O 04  CD  O 04 

*0  *0  *0  CD  CO  CD  *>  i>  fc-  X XXOOO  O O O O r-  — — 04 

j o 

S H 

E 4 

fS 

CO  X 

*0  *0  *0  CD  CD  C N N NX  XXX  O O Ci  O O O *-h  — 04  04  04 

X-H-f-t^O  X CD  O 04  *0  X ^ rj<  i>  O X t>  O X CD  004iOX  — 

•^*0*0*0  CD  C CD  C N N L^XXXO  OOOOO  O - - r-  04 

R.P.M. 

Spindle 

OOOOO  ooooo  ooooo  ooooo  ooooo 

0*00*00  *0  0*0  0*0  O *0  O *0  O *0  0*0  0*0  0*00*00 

O 04  *0  t>  O 04  *0  t>  O 04  *0  t>  O 04  *0  t>  O 04  *0  t>  O 04  *C  O 

Tf"  *0  *0  *0  CD  CD  CD  CD  N N J>  i>  X X X X C3  D D © O 

542 


Production  Tables 


PRODUCTION  AND  SPEEDS.  The  widely  varying  condi- 
A tions  in  different  mills,  the  character  of  the  product,  staple 
and  grade  of  cotton,  amount  of  twist,  whether  frames  are  properly 
lined  and  leveled,  make  it  difficult  to  publish  Production  Tables. 
Therefore,  the  following  tables  are  figured  on  a 100  per  cent  basis 
that  is,  no  allowance  has  been  made  for  cleaning,  oiling,  and  doff- 
ing. From  a conservative  estimate  for  what  the  majority  of  mills 
are  able  to  get  on  our  frames  of  an  average  length,  we  give  in  the 
right-hand  column  of  table  estimated  per  cent  loss  for  doffing,  etc. 

DYED  AND  BLEACHED  STOCK.  The  natural  gum  and 
spirality,  to  a large  extent,  is  destroyed  in  these  processes,  there- 
fore about  o per  cent  extra  twist  should  be  used. 

TWIST  MULTIPLIERS.  Tables  are  based  on  the  multipliers 
as  shown  at  the  foot  of  Production  Table. 


543 


WARP  YARN 

100  Per  Cent  Production  Table.  Per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours 
1"  Diameter  Front  Roll 


Sepa- 

rator 

Diam. 

Bobbin 

Barrel 

Type 

Spin 

die 

Trav- 

erse 

Ring 

Gauge 

Num- 

ber 

Yarn 

R.P.M. 

Spin  - 
die 

Twist 

R.P.M. 

Front 

RoU 

Pounds 

at 

100% 

Estimated 
% Loss 
for  Doff- 
ing, etc. 

434" 

a 

8" 

234" 

4 

6 

6 

5075 

5550 

6000 

9.5 

10.6 

11.6 

170 

167 

165 

2.640 

2.070 

1.700 

12 

12 

11 

1J4" 

a I 

7M" 

23i" 

7 

8 

6450 

6725 

12.6 

13.4 

163 

160 

1.441 

1.240 

11 

11 

3 

9 

10 

7100 

7250 

14.3 

15.0 

158 

154 

1.088 

.955 

11 

10 

11 

12 

7550 

7775 

15.8 

16.5 

152 

150 

.857 

.775 

10 

10 

lVio" 

a 

— 

7 34" 

23'i" 

§ 

_o 

13 

14 

15 

16 

8000 

8175 

8325 

8475 

17.0 
17.8 
18.4 

19.0 

149 

146 

144 

142 

.711 

.647 

.595 

.550 

10 

10 

10 

10 

4" 

£ 

3 

2" 

1 

17 

18 

19 

20 

8625 

8750 

8850 

8925 

19.6 
20.2 

20.7 
21.2 

140 

138 

136 

134 

.511 

.475 

.444 

.415 

10 

10 

10 

9 

\w 

o 

21 

22 

23 

24 

9050 

9100 

9175 

9225 

21.8 

22.3 
22.8 

23.3 

132 

130 

128 

126 

.390 

.366 

.345 

.326 

9 

9 

9 

9 

15/io" 

c 

« 

25 

26 
27 

9300 

9425 

9475 

23.7 
24.2 

24.7 

125 

124 

122 

.310 

.296 

.280 

8 

8 

8 

3 34" 

O Co" 

28 

29 

30 

9475 

9500 

9550 

25.0 
25.6 

26.0 

120 

118 

117 

.266 

.252 

.242 

8 

8 

7 

634" 

1M" 

cs  6 

•S  « 

II 

05  % 

I* 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

9550 

9550 

9600 

9650 

9675 

26.4 

26.9 

27.3 

27.7 

28.0 

115 

113 

112 

111 

110 

.230 

.219 

.210 

.202 

.195 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

a 

134" 

e g 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

9675 

9700 

9700 

9700 

9700 

9700 

9675 

9675 

28.5 

28.9 

29.1 
29.4 

29.6 

29.7 

29.9 

30.2 

108 

107 

106 

105 

104 

104 

103 

102 

.186 

.179 

.173 

.167 

.161 

.157 

.152 

.147 

7 

7 

7 

7 

5 

W' 

O 

a's- 

<3  ^ 

5 

5 

5 

_c3 

s 2? 

^ "53 

e § 

s « 
0=2 
& s 

*Ur 

44 

9675 

30.5 

101 

.142 

5 

3" 

4? 

6" 

134" 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 
60 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 

100 

9675 

9681 

9690 

9698 

9736 

9740 

9896 

9544 

9640 

9577 

9456 

9447 

9274 

9073 

8944 

8796 

50. 8 

28.8 

29.1 

29.4 

29.8 

30.1 

51. 5 

31.0 
32.3 

33.5 

34.6 

35.8 

36.9 

38.0 

39.0 

40.0 

100 

107 

106 

105 

104 

103 

100 

98 

95 

91 

87 

84 

80 

76 

73 

70 

.138 

.144 

.140 

.136 

.132 

.128 

.113 

.101 

.091 

.081 

.072 

.065 

.058 

.052 

.048 

.043 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

? 

No  Separators  j 

3A" 

5"  to 

534" 

134" 

? 2 
« a 

Note:  The  Twist  for  above  table  is  based  on  the  following  Twist  Multipliers: 

4.75  X Sq.  Root  of  Number  of  Yarn  from  4.00  to  S9.00  inclusive 
4.60  X “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 40.00  “ 45.00  “ 

4.25  X “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 46.00  “ 59.00  “ 

4.00  X “ “ “ “ 60.00  “ 100.00  “ 

Rule:  To  find  the  pounds  or  hanks  per  day  with  Twist  Multipliers  different  than  given 
above,  divide  the  given  Twist  Multiplier  by  the  proposed  Multiplier  and  multiply  the  result 
by  the  hanks  or  pounds  per  day  as  shown  in  the  above  table. 


FILLING  YARN.  100  Per  Cent  Production  Table 


Per  Spindle  per  Day  of  Ten  Hours,  1"  Diameter  Front  Roll 


Tmv- 

Num- 

R P M 

R.P.M. 

Estimated 

Spindle 

erse 

Rin  g 

Gauge 

ber 

Yarn 

Spindle 

Twist 

Front 

Roll 

Founds 

% Loss  for 
Doffing,  etc. 

4 

4700 

7.50 

200 

3.100 

20 

8" 

5 

4875 

7.83 

198 

2.460 

20 

6 

5225 

8.57 

194 

2.000 

20 

7 

5525 

9.26 

190 

1.680 

20 

8 

5825 

9.90 

187 

1.450 

18 

9 

6025 

10.50 

183 

1.260 

18 

10 

6225 

11.07 

179 

1.110 

18 

c 

C 

11 

6375 

11.60 

175 

.986 

17 

£ 

12 

6500 

12.12 

171 

.883 

17 

13 

6675 

12.62 

168 

.801 

17 

7" 

14 

6825 

13.10 

166 

.735 

16 

15 

6975 

13.56 

164 

.677 

16 

g 

§ 

16 

7125 

14.00 

162 

.627 

1*5 

p 

a. 

17 

7250 

14.43 

160 

.583 

15 

r* 

s 

18 

7425 

14.85 

159 

.547 

14 

- 

19 

7525 

15.26 

157 

.512 

14 

20 

7675 

15.65 

156 

.483 

13 

•S 

21 

7800 

16.04 

155 

.457 

13 

22 

7950 

16.42 

154 

.434 

13 

23 

8075 

16.79 

153 

.412 

12 

^ 60*" 

24 

8200 

17.15 

152 

.392 

12 

?=  O 

25 

8300 

17.50 

151 

.374 

11 

26 

8400 

17.85 

150 

.357 

11 

? § 

27 

8325 

17.66 

150 

.344 

10 

28 

8300 

17.99 

147 

.325 

10 

29 

8300 

18.29 

145 

.310 

10 

30 

8300 

18.35 

144 

.297 

10 

^ 3 

31 

8300 

18.62 

142 

.284 

9 

32 

8250 

18.64 

141 

.273 

9 

N £ 

33 

8200 

18.94 

138 

.259 

9 

£ § 

34 

8150 

18.95 

137 

.249 

9 

"2  -is 

35 

8150 

19.23 

135 

.239 

9 

c ^ 

36 

8150 

19.50 

133 

.229 

8 

c 

6'A" 

g 

37 

8125 

19.77 

131 

.219 

8 

y ^ 

38 

8100 

20.03 

129 

.210 

8 

39 

8100 

20.30 

127 

.201 

8 

w 

40 

8075 

20.55 

125 

.193 

7 

41 

8050 

20.81 

123 

.186 

7 

42 

8000 

21.06 

121 

.178 

7 

£ 

43 

7975 

21.31 

119 

.171 

7 

O "2 

44 

7975 

21.56 

118 

.166 

7 

X 

§'$ 

45 

46 

7950 

7950 

21.80 

22.04 

116 

115 

.159 

.155 

6 

6 

47 

7900 

22.28 

113 

.149 

6 

48 

7850 

22.52 

. Ill 

.143 

6 

49 

7850 

22.75 

110 

.139 

6 

50 

7800 

22.98 

108 

.133 

5 

1 •'ff 

55 

7800 

24.10 

103 

.116 

5 

o 2 

60 

7825 

25.16 

99 

.102 

4 

65 

7850 

25.79 

97 

.092 

4 

S’ 

70 

7825 

26.75 

93 

.082 

3 

6" 

s ■£ 

75 

7825 

27.71 

90 

.074 

3 

80 

7825 

28.62 

87 

.067 

2 

K “5 

85 

7800 

29.50 

84 

.061 

2 

90 

7725 

30.35 

81 

.055 

2 

95 

7675 

31.19 

78 

.050 

o 

100 

7650 

32.00 

76 

.047 

2 

Note:  The  Twist  for  above  table  is  based  on  the  following  Twist  Multipliers: 

3.50  X Sq.  Root  of  Number  of  Yarn  from  4.00  to  26.00  (Inclusive) 

3.40  X “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 27.00  “ 29.00 

3.35  X “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 30.00  “ 33.00 

3.25  X “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 34.00  “ 64.00 

3.20  X “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 65.00  “ 100.00 

Rule:  To  find  the  pounds  or  hanks  per  day  with  Twist  Multipliers  different  than  given 
above,  divide  the  given  Twist  Multiplier  by  the  proposed  Multiplier  and  multiply  the  result 
by  the  hanks  or  pounds  per  day  as  shown  in  the  above  table. 

545 


HOSIERY  YARN 


100%  Production  Table  per  spindle  per  day  of  10  hours. 
1"  diameter  front  roll. 


Using  Twist  Multiplier  of 
3.25  X Sq.  Rt.  of  Number 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

Using  Twist  Multiplier  of 
3.00  X Sq.  Rt.  of  Number 

Pounds 

100% 

Estimated 
Loss  in 
Doffing 
etc. 

R.P.M.  of 
Spindle 

Twist 

R.P.M.  of 
Fd.  Roll 

R.P.M.  of 
Spindle 

! tas' 

3676 

6.50 

180 

4 

3393 

6.00 

180 

2.790 

14% 

4020 

7.27 

176 

5 

3711 

6.71 

176 

2.182 

4326 

7.96 

173 

6 

3995 

7.35 

173 

1.787 

“ 

4539 

8.60 

168 

7 

4191 

7.94 

168 

1.488 

“ 

4764 

9.19 

165 

8 

4396 

8.48 

165 

1.278 

13% 

4993 

9.75 

163 

9 

4609 

9.00 

163 

1.122 

5200 

10.28 

161 

10 

4800 

9.49 

161 

.998 

12% 

5419 

10.78 

160 

11 

5001 

9.95 

160 

.901 

5589 

11.26 

158 

12 

5157 

10.39 

158 

.816 

5781 

11.72 

157 

13 

5337 

10.82 

157 

.748 

n%  ; 

5959 

12.16 

156 

14 

5499 

11.22 

156 

.690 

6131 

12.59 

155 

15 

5658 

11.62 

155 

.640 

6289 

13.00 

154 

16 

5806 

12.00 

154 

.596 

“ 

6399 

13.40 

152 

17 

5907 

12.37 

152 

.554 

“ 

6498 

13.79 

150 

18 

5999 

12.73 

150 

.516 

6588 

14.17 

148 

19 

6077 

13.07 

148 

.483 

10% 

6619 

14.53 

145 

20 

6109 

13.41 

145 

.449 

6689 

14.89 

143 

21 

6177 

13.75 

143 

.422 

“ 

6703 

15.24 

140 

22 

6188 

14.07 

140 

.394 

“ 

6710 

15.59 

137 

23 

6193 

14.39 

137 

.369 

6752 

15.92 

135 

24 

6235 

14.70 

135 

.348 

6790 

16.25 

133 

25 

6267 

15.00 

133 

.329 

6819 

16.57 

131 

26 

6297 

15.30 

131 

.312 

9%  | 

6845 

16.89 

129 

27 

6318 

15.59 

129 

.296 

“ 

6863 

17.20 

127 

28 

6332 

15.87 

127 

.281 

8%  | 

6872 

17.50 

125 

29 

6342 

16.15 

125 

.267 

6934 

17.80 

124 

30 

6400 

16.43 

124 

.256 

6994 

18.10 

123 

31 

6453 

16.70 

123 

.246 

7045 

18.38 

122 

32 

6504 

16.97 

122 

.236 

IT°  ! 

7097 

18.67 

121 

33 

6550 

17.23 

121 

.227 

7144 

18.95 

120 

34 

6593 

17.49 

120 

.218 

7189 

19.23 

119 

35 

6636 

17.75 

119 

.210 

*■* 

7229 

19.50 

118 

36 

6673 

18.00 

118 

.203 

6% 

7267 

19.77 

117 

37 

6708 

18.25 

117 

.196 

7299 

20.03 

116 

38 

6738 

18.49 

116 

.189 

“ 

7334 

20.30 

115 

39 

6767 

18.73 

115 

.182 

7360 

20.55 

114 

40 

6794 

18.97 

114 

.176 

5C/C 

7388 

20.81 

113 

41 

6820 

19.21 

113 

.170 

“ 

7410 

21.06 

112 

42 

6840 

19.44 

112 

.165 

“ 

7431 

21.31 

111 

43 

6859 

19.67 

111 

.160 

7451 

21.56 

110 

44 

6877 

19.90 

110 

.155 

7465 

21.80 

109 

45 

6889 

20.12 

109 

.150 

4% 

7478 

22.04 

108 

46 

6905 

20.35 

108 

.145 

7489 

22.28 

107 

47 

6915 

20.57 

107 

.141 

7499 

22.52 

106 

48 

6920 

20.78 

106 

.137 

7504 

22.75 

105 

49 

6927 

21.00 

105 

.132 

3% 

7508 

22.98 

104 

60 

6930 

21.21 

104 

.128 

“ 

.546 


NUMBERS  AND  WEIGHTS  OF  SPINNING  TRAVELERS 

Weight  of  Ten  Travelers,  in  Grains 


Weight 

Grains 

O ^ -f  O GO  © d -f*  © CO  © d “»*  © GO  © d © 00  © d -pf  © CO 

ph  ph  ph  ,h  ph  d d 04  04  d CO  CO  CO  © © rfi  nfi  -f<  h*  iOt-Oi-Oi-O^O 

rH  pH  P-l  r— 1 pH  pH  (H  rH  (H  H pH  i-H  pH  pH  fH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  rH  pH  rH  pH  pH 

Number 

O O H Cl  CO  *f  © t>  00  © © - H d © ^i-0©t^C0  © © — id© 

r-O  *o  »o  »o  *o  *o  »o  »o  *o  »o  © © © © ©©©©©  © fc-  t>  t>  b- 

Weight  | 

Grains  j 

© d -f  © CO  © d © 00  © d *rf<  © CO  O Cl  *?  © CO  © d -t*  © CO 

© © © © © t>  b-  b-  b-  t>  ©©©©©  © © © © © ©o©o© 

pH  pH  pH  pH  pH 

Number 

-f  »0  © t>  CO  © © — ' 04  © ■»*  *0  © b-  00  © © ph  d CO  ^ *0  © b-  00 

04  d 04  04  d © © © © © © © © © © -^  T?  ^ 

Weight 

Grains 

X 

00  © © rH  d © -^  © CO  © ©©©©©  © 04  H?  © CO  © d -*  © CO 

rH  pH  pH  pH  rH  pH  pH  d dd©©©  © ^ © »0  © *0  O 

Number 

?? 

\C4pHpHd©  »0  © b-  CO  ©OrHd©  ■*£<  »0  © l>  CO  ©©pHd© 

r-\  rHpHpHpHrHpHpHpHpHpHdddd 

pH 

Weight  [ 

Grains  | 

:scsssl  ^ sss  xs  >•*  x$S£  ^ ^ 

pHpHpHpHd  ddd©©  © © ^ ej  © © t>  b*  co 

Number 

© © © © © ©©©©©  ©©©©©  ©ooo©  ©©©©© 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
»n^©drH  © © cc  b*  © ic  o © d h ©©ooi>\c4  c o ■<?  © d 

ddddd  d PH  PH  PH  rH  pH  pH  H*  pH  pH  p4\ 

© 

547 


APPROXIMATE  NUMBER  OF  TRAVELER  FOR  WARP 
AND  FILLING  YARN 


WARP 

No. 

of 

Yarn 

FILLING 

Wt.  of  10 
Travel- 
ers in 
Grains 

No.  of 
Trav- 
eler 

Diam. 

of 

Ring 

Inches 

R.P.M. 

of 

Spdls. 

Wt.  of  10 
Travel- 
ers in 
Grains 

No.  of 
Trav- 
eler 

Diam. 

of 

Ring 

Inches 

R.P.M. 

of 

Spdls. 

39 

14 

2H 

6075 

4 

39 

14 

VA 

4700 

S3 

12 

2 A 

6000 

6 

33 

12 

VA 

5225 

23 

9 

VA 

6725 

8 

23 

9 

va 

5825 

20 

8 

2 % 

7250 

10 

20 

8 

VA 

6225 

18 

7 

7550 

11 

18 

7 

va 

6375 

10 

6 

VA 

7775 

12 

16 

6 

VA 

6500 

10 

6 

VA 

8000 

13 

14 

5 

va 

6675 

14 

5 

24g 

8175 

14 

13 

4 

Vi 

6825 

13 

4 

2 A 

8325 

15 

12 

3 

va 

6975 

12 

3 

2 H 

8475 

16 

11 

2 

va 

7125 

11 

2 

2 

8625 

17 

9 

1-0 

VA 

7250 

10 

i 

2 

8750 

18 

9 

10 

VA 

7425 

9 

1-0 

2 

8850 

19 

7 A 

3-0 

VA 

7525 

8 

2-0 

2 

8925 

20 

6 Vi 

5-0 

VA 

7675 

7M 

3-0 

Vi 

9050 

21 

6Ii 

5 0 

VA 

7800 

7 

4-0 

1 A 

9100 

22 

6 

6-0 

1 XA 

7950 

5-0 

V/8 

9175 

23 

6 

6-0 

VA 

8075 

0 

6-0 

m 

9225 

24 

5 y2 

7 0 

VA 

8200 

B'A 

7-0 

i34 

9475 

28 

5 A 

8-0 

l H 

8300 

B\i 

8-0 

m 

9550 

32 

5 

9-0 

VA 

8250 

5 

9-0 

va 

9650 

34 

4*4 

10-0 

VA 

8150 

va 

10-0 

va 

9075 

36 

4 A 

11-0 

VA 

8150 

4 Vi 

11-0 

VA 

9700 

38 

Vi 

12-0 

va 

8100 

VA 

12-0 

m 

9700 

40 

4 

13-0 

VA 

8075 

4 

13-0 

va 

9675 

45 

3*A 

14-0 

Vi 

7950 

3*i 

14-0 

l H 

9749 

50 

3 A 

15-0 

i H 

7800 

3% 

14-0 

VA 

9896 

65 

s>2 

15-0 

VA 

7800 

3 'A 

15-0 

Vi 

9544 

60 

s'A 

16-0 

VA 

7825 

3 A 

15-0 

m 

9640 

65 

s'A 

16-0 

VA 

7850 

s'A 

16-0 

VA 

9577 

70 

3 

17-0 

VA 

7825 

3 A 

16-0 

Vi 

9456 

75 

3 

17-0 

VA 

7825 

3 

17-0 

Vi 

9447 

80 

2 *A 

18-0 

VA 

7825 

3 

17-0 

VA 

9274 

85 

2 *A 

18-0 

VA 

7800 

i*i 

18-0 

VA 

9073 

90 

2 A 

20-0 

1H 

7725 

lYi 

19-0 

va 

8944 

95 

o 

21-0 

lK 

7675 

Vi 

20-0 

VA 

8796 

100 

VA 

22-0 

VA 

7650 

54S 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  COTTON  YARN 

Rule:  1000  -J-  Weight  in  Grains  of  120  Yards  of  Yarn  = Number  of  Yarn 


120  Yds. 
Weight 
o rains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

1. 

1000. 

12. 

83.33 

17. 

58.82 

22. 

45.45 

27. 

37.04 

2. 

500. 

.1 

82.64 

.1 

58.48 

.1 

45.25 

.1 

36.90 

3. 

333.3 

.2 

81.97 

.2 

58.14 

.2 

45.05 

.2 

36.77 

4. 

250.0 

.3 

81.30 

.3 

57.80 

.3 

44.84 

.3 

36.63 

5. 

200.0 

.4 

80.65  . 

.4 

57.47 

.4 

44.64 

.4 

36.50 

5.5 

181.8 

.5 

80.00 

.5 

57.14 

.5 

44.44 

.5 

36.36 

ts. 

16G.7 

.6 

79.37 

.6 

56.82 

.6 

44.25 

.6 

36.23 

6.3 

153.8 

.7 

78.74 

.7 

56.50 

.7 

44.05 

.7 

36.10 

7. 

142.9 

.8 

78.12 

.8 

56.18 

.8 

43.86 

.8 

35.97 

7.5 

133.3 

.9 

77.52 

.9 

55.87 

.9 

43.67 

.9 

35.84 

8. 

125.0 

13. 

76.92 

18. 

55.56 

23. 

43.48 

28. 

35.71 

.1 

123.5 

.1 

76.34 

.1 

55.25 

.1 

43.29 

.1 

35.59 

.2 

122.0 

.2 

75.76 

.2 

54.95 

.2 

43.10 

.2 

35.46 

.3 

120.5 

.3 

75.19 

.3 

54.64 

.3 

42.92 

.3 

35.34 

.4 

119.0 

.4 

74.63 

.4 

54.35 

.4 

42.74 

.4 

35.21 

.5 

117.6 

.5 

74.07 

.5 

54.05 

.5 

42.55 

.5 

35.09 

.6 

116.3 

.6 

73.53 

.6 

53.76 

.6 

42.37 

.6 

34.97 

.7 

114.9 

.7 

72.99 

.7 

53.48 

.7 

42.19 

.7 

34.84 

.8 

113.6 

.8 

72.46 

.8 

53.19 

.8 

42.02 

.8 

34.72 

.9 

112.4 

.9 

71.94 

.9 

52.91 

.9 

41.34 

.9 

34.60 

9. 

111.1 

14. 

71.43 

19. 

52.63 

24. 

41.67 

29. 

34.48 

.1 

109.9 

.1 

70.92 

.1 

52.36 

.1 

41.49 

.1 

34.36 

.2 

108.7 

.2 

70.42 

.2 

52.08 

.2 

41.32 

.2 

34.25 

.3 

107.5 

.3 

69.93 

.3 

51.81 

.3 

41.15 

.3 

34.13 

.4 

106.4 

.4 

69.44 

.4 

51.55 

.4 

40.98 

.4 

34.01 

.5 

105.3 

.5 

68.97 

.5 

51.28 

.5 

40.82 

.5 

33.90 

.G 

104.2 

.6 

68.49 

.6 

51.02 

.6 

40.65 

.6 

33.78 

.7 

103.1 

.7 

68.03 

.7 

50.76 

.7 

40.49 

.7 

33.67 

.8 

102.0 

.8 

67.57 

.8 

50.51 

.8 

40.32 

.8 

33.56 

.9 

101.0 

.9 

67.11 

.9 

50.25 

.9 

40.16 

.9 

33.44 

10. 

100.0 

15. 

66.67 

20. 

50.00 

25. 

40.00 

30. 

33.33 

.1 

99.01 

.1 

66.23 

.1 

49.75 

.1 

39.84 

.1 

33.22 

.2 

98.04 

.2 

65.79 

.2 

49.50 

.2 

39.68 

.2 

33.11 

.3 

97.09 

.3 

65.36 

.3 

49.26 

.3 

39.53 

.3 

33.00 

.4 

96.15 

.4 

64.94 

.4 

49.02 

.4 

39.37 

.4 

32.89 

.5 

95.24 

.5 

64.52 

.5 

48.78 

.5 

39.22 

.5 

32.79 

.6 

94.34 

.6 

64.10 

.6 

48.54 

.6 

39.06 

.6 

32.68 

.7 

93.46 

.7 

63.69 

.7 

48.31 

.7 

38.91 

.7 

32.57 

.8 

92.59 

.8 

63.29 

.8 

48.08 

.8 

38.76 

.8 

32.47 

.9 

91.74 

.9 

62.89 

.9 

47.85 

.9 

38.61 

.9 

32.36 

ii. 

90.91 

16. 

62.50 

21. 

47.62 

26. 

38.46 

31. 

32.26 

■i 

90.99 

.1 

62.11 

.1 

47.39 

.1 

38.31 

.1 

32.16 

.2 

89.29 

.2 

61.73 

.2 

47.17 

.2 

38.17 

.2 

32.05 

.3 

88.50 

.3 

61.35 

.3 

46.95 

.3 

38.02 

.3 

31.95 

.4 

87.72 

.4 

60.98 

.4 

46.73 

.4 

37.88 

.4 

31.85 

.5 

86.96 

.5 

60.61 

.5 

46.51 

.5 

37.74 

.5 

31.75 

.6 

85.21 

.6 

60.24 

.6 

46.30 

.6 

37.59 

.6 

31.65 

.7 

85.47 

.7 

59.88 

.7 

46.08 

.7 

37.45 

.7 

31.55 

.8 

84.75 

.8 

59.52 

.8 

45.87 

.8 

37.31 

.8 

31.45 

.9 

84.03 

.9 

59.17 

.9 

45.66 

.9 

37.17 

.9 

31.35 

549 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  COTTON  YARN  — Continued 


120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

32. 

31.25 

37. 

27.03 

42. 

23.81 

47. 

21.28 

52. 

19.23 

.1 

31.1.5 

.1 

26.95 

.1 

23.75 

.1 

21.23 

.1 

19.19 

.2 

31.06 

.2 

26.88 

.2 

23.70 

.2 

21.19 

.2 

19.16 

.3 

30.96 

.3 

26.81 

.3 

23.64 

.3 

21.14 

.3 

19.12 

.4 

30.86 

.4 

26.74 

.4 

23.58 

.4 

21.10 

.4 

19.08 

.5 

30.77 

.5 

26.67 

.5 

23.53 

.5 

21.05 

.5 

19.05 

.6 

30.67 

.6 

26.60 

.6 

23.47 

.6 

21.01 

.6 

19.01 

.7 

30.58 

.7 

26.53 

.7 

23.42 

.7 

20.96 

.7 

18.98 

.8 

30.49 

.8 

26.46 

.8 

23.36 

.8 

20.92 

.8 

18.94 

.9 

30.40 

.9 

26.39 

.9 

23.31 

.9 

20.88 

.9 

18.90 

33. 

30.30 

38. 

26.32 

43. 

23.26 

48. 

20.83 

53. 

18.87 

.1 

30.21 

.1 

26.25 

.1 

23.20 

.1 

20.79 

.1 

18.83 

.2 

30.12 

.2 

26.18 

.2 

23.15 

.2 

20.75 

.2 

18.80 

.3 

30.03 

.3 

26.11 

.3 

23.09 

.3 

20.70 

.3 

18.76 

.4 

29.94 

.4 

26.04 

.4 

23.04 

.4 

20.66 

.4 

18.73 

.5 

29.85 

.5 

25.97 

.5 

22.99 

.5 

20.62 

.5 

18.69 

.6 

29.76 

.6 

25.91 

.6 

22.94 

.6 

20.57 

.6 

18.66 

.7 

29.67 

.7 

25.84 

.7 

22.88 

.7 

20.53 

.7 

18.62 

.8 

29.59 

.8 

25.77 

.8 

22.83 

.8 

20.49 

.8 

18.59 

.9 

29.50 

.9 

25.71 

.9 

22.78 

.9 

20.45 

.9 

18.55 

34. 

29.41 

39. 

25.64 

44. 

22.73 

49. 

20.41 

54. 

18.52 

.1 

29.33 

. | 

25.58 

.1 

22.68 

.1 

20.37 

.1 

18.48 

.2 

29.24 

.2 

25.51 

.2 

22.62 

.2 

20.33 

.2 

18.45 

.3 

29.15 

.3 

25.45 

.3 

22.57 

.3 

20.28 

.3 

18.42 

.4 

29.07 

.4 

25.38 

.4 

22.52 

.4 

20.24 

.4 

18.38 

.5 

28.99 

.5 

25.32 

.5 

22.47 

.5 

20.20 

.5 

18.35 

.6 

28.90 

.6 

25.25 

.6 

22.42 

.6 

20.16 

.6 

18.32 

.7 

28.82 

.7 

25.19 

.7 

22.37 

.7 

20.12 

.7 

18.28 

.3 

28.74 

.8 

25.13 

.8 

22.32 

.8 

20.08 

.8 

18.25 

.9 

28.65 

.9 

25.06 

.9 

22.27 

.9 

20.04 

.9 

18.21 

35. 

28.57 

40. 

25.00 

45. 

22.22 

50. 

20.00 

55. 

18.18 

.1 

28.49 

.1 

24.94 

.1 

22.17 

.1 

19.96 

.1 

18.15 

.2 

28.41 

.2 

24.88 

.2 

22.12 

.2 

19.92 

.2 

18.12 

.3 

28.33 

.3 

24.81 

.3 

22.08 

.3 

19.88 

.3 

18.08 

.4 

28.25 

.4 

24.75 

.4 

22.03 

.4 

19.S4 

.4 

18.05 

.5 

28.17 

.5 

24.69 

.5 

21.98 

.5 

19.80 

.5 

IS. 02 

.0 

28.09 

.6 

24.63 

.6 

21.93 

.6 

19.76 

.6 

17.99 

.7 

28.01 

.7 

24.57 

.7 

21.88 

.7 

19.72 

.7 

17.95 

.8 

27.93 

.8 

24.51 

.8 

21.83 

.8 

19.69 

.8 

17.92 

.9 

27.86 

.9 

24.45 

.9 

21.79 

.9 

19.65 

.9 

17.89 

36. 

27.78 

41. 

24.39 

46. 

21.74 

51. 

19.61 

56 

17.86 

.1 

27.70 

.1 

24.33 

.1 

21.69 

.1 

19.57 

■1 

17.83 

.2 

27.62 

.2 

24.27 

.2 

21.65 

.2 

19.53 

.2 

17.79 

.3 

27.55 

.3 

24.21 

.3 

21.60 

.3 

19.49 

.3 

17.76 

.4 

27.47 

.4 

24.15 

.4 

21.55 

.4 

19.46 

.4 

17.73 

.5 

27.40 

.5 

24.10 

.5 

21.51 

.5 

19.42 

.5 

17.70 

.6 

27.32 

.6 

24.04 

.6 

21.46 

.6 

19.38 

.6 

17.67 

.7 

27.25 

.7 

23.98 

.7 

21.41 

.7 

19.34 

.7 

17.64 

.8 

27.17 

.8 

23.92 

.8 

21.37 

.8 

19.31 

.8 

17.61 

.9 

27.10 

.9 

23.87 

.9 

21.32 

.9 

19.27 

.9 

17.57 

.550 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  COTTON  YARN  — Continued 


120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

57. 

17.54 

62. 

16.13 

67. 

14.93 

72. 

13.89 

77. 

12.99 

.1 

17.51 

.1 

16.10 

.1 

14.90 

.1 

13.87 

.1 

12.97 

! „2 

17.48 

.2 

16.08 

.2 

14.88 

.2 

13.85 

.2 

12.95 

.8 

17.45 

.3 

16.05 

.3 

14.86 

.3 

13.83 

.3 

12.94 

.4 

17.42 

.4 

16.03 

.4 

14.84 

.4 

13.81 

.4 

12.92 

.5 

17.39 

.5 

16.00 

.5 

14.81 

.5 

13.79 

.5 

12.90 

.6 

17.30 

.6 

15.97 

.0 

14.79 

.6 

13.77 

.6 

12.89 

.7 

17.33 

.7 

15.95 

.7 

14.77 

.7 

13.76 

.7 

12.87 

.8 

17.30 

.8 

15.92 

.8 

14.75 

.8 

13.74 

.8 

12.85 

.9 

17.27 

.9 

15.90 

.9 

14.73 

.9 

13.72 

.9 

12.84 

68. 

17.24 

63. 

15.87 

68. 

14.71 

73. 

13.70 

78. 

12.82 

.1 

17.21 

.1 

15.85 

.1 

14.68 

.1 

13.68 

.1 

12.80 

.2 

17.18 

.2 

15.83 

.2 

14.66 

.2 

13.66 

.2 

12.79 

.3 

17.15 

.3 

15.80 

.3 

14.64 

.3 

13.64 

.3 

12.77 

.4 

17.12 

.4 

15.77 

.4 

14.62 

.4 

13.62 

.4 

12.76 

.5 

17.09 

.5 

15.75 

.5 

14.60 

.5 

13.61 

.5 

12.74 

.6 

17.00 

.0 

15.72 

.6 

14.58 

.6 

13.59 

.0 

12.72 

.7 

17.04 

.7 

15.70 

.7 

14.56 

.7 

13.57 

.7 

12.71 

.8 

17.01 

.8 

15.67 

.8 

14.53 

.8 

13.55 

.8 

12.69 

.9 

10.98 

.9 

15.65 

.9 

14.51 

.9 

13.53 

.9 

12.67 

59. 

16.95 

64. 

15.62 

69. 

14.49 

74. 

13.51 

79. 

12.00 

.1 

16.92 

.1 

15.60 

.1 

14.47 

.1 

13.50 

.1 

12.64 

.2 

16.89 

.2 

15.58 

.2 

14.45 

.2 

13.48 

.2 

12.63 

.3 

16.80 

.3 

15.55 

.3 

14.43 

.3 

13.46 

.3 

12.61 

.4 

16.84 

.4 

15.53 

.4 

14.41 

.4 

13.44 

.4 

12.59 

.5 

16.81 

.5 

15.50 

.5 

14.39 

.5 

13.42 

.5 

12.58 

.6 

16.78 

.6 

15.48 

.6 

14.37 

.6 

13.40 

.6 

12.50 

.7 

16.75 

.7 

15.46 

.7 

14.35 

.7 

13.39 

.7 

12.55 

.8 

16.72 

.8 

15.43 

.8 

14.33 

.8 

13.37 

.8 

12.53 

.9 

16.69 

.9 

15.41 

.9 

14.31 

.9 

13.35 

.9 

12.52 

60. 

16.67 

65. 

15.38 

70. 

14.29 

75. 

13.33 

80. 

12.50 

.1 

16.64 

.1 

15.36 

.1 

14.27 

.1 

13.32 

.1 

12.48 

.2 

16.61 

.2 

15.34 

.2 

14.25 

.2 

13.30 

.2 

12.47 

.3 

16.58 

.3 

15.31 

.3 

14.22 

.3 

13.28 

.3 

12.45 

.4 

16.56 

.4 

15.29 

4 

14.20 

.4 

13.26 

A 

12.44 

.5 

16.53 

.5 

15.27 

5 

14.18 

.5 

13.25 

.5 

12. 42 

.6 

16.50 

.6 

15.24 

.6 

14.16 

.6 

13.23 

.6 

12.41 

.7 

16.47 

.7 

15.22 

.7 

14.14 

.7 

13.21 

.7 

12.39 

.8 

16.45 

.8 

15.20 

.8 

14.12 

.8 

13.19 

.8 

12.38 

.9 

16.42 

.9 

15.17 

.9 

14.10 

.9 

13.18 

.9 

12.36 

61. 

16.39 

66. 

15.15 

71. 

14.08 

76. 

13.16 

81. 

12.35 

.1 

16.37 

.1 

15.13 

.1 

14.06 

.1 

13.14 

.1 

12.33 

.2 

16.34 

.2 

15.11 

.2 

14.04 

.2 

13.12 

.2 

12.32 

.3 

16.31 

.3 

15.08 

.3 

14.03 

.3 

13.11 

.3 

12.30 

.4 

16.29 

.4 

15.06 

.4 

14.01 

.4 

13.09 

.4 

12.29 

.5 

16.26 

.5 

15.04 

.5 

13.99 

.5 

13.07 

.5 

12.27 

.6 

16.23 

.6 

15.02 

.6 

13.97 

.6 

13.05 

.6 

12.25 

.7 

16.21 

7 

14.99 

.7 

13.95 

.7 

13.04 

.7 

12.24 

.8 

16.19 

.8 

14.97 

.8 

13.93 

.8 

13.02 

.8 

12.22 

.9 

16.16 

.9 

14.95 

.9 

13.91 

.9 

13.00 

.9 

12.21 

551 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  COTTON  YARN  — Continued 


120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

82. 

12.20 

87. 

11.49 

92. 

10.87 

97. 

10.31 

102. 

9.80 

.1 

12.18 

.1 

11.48 

.1 

10.86 

.1 

10.30 

.1 

9.79 

.2 

12.17 

.2 

11.47 

.2 

10.85 

.2 

10.29 

.2 

9.78 

.3 

12.15 

.3 

11.45 

.3 

10.83 

.3 

10.28 

.3 

9.78 

.4 

12.14 

.4 

11.44 

.4 

10.88 

.4 

10.27 

.4 

9.77 

.5 

12.12 

.5 

11.43 

.5 

10.81 

.5 

10.26 

.5 

9.76 

.6 

12.11 

.6 

11.42 

.6 

10.80 

.6 

10.25 

.6 

9.75 

.7 

12.09 

.7 

11.40 

.7 

10.79 

.7 

10.24 

.7 

9.74 

.8 

12.08 

.8 

11.39 

.8 

10.78 

.8 

10.22 

.8 

9.73 

.9 

12.06 

.9 

11.38 

.9 

10.76 

.9 

10.21 

.9 

9.72 

83. 

12.05 

38. 

11.36 

93. 

10.75 

98. 

10.20 

103. 

9.71 

.1 

12.03 

.1 

11.35 

.1 

10.74 

.1 

10.19 

.1 

9.70 

.2 

12.02 

.2 

11.34 

.2 

10.73 

.2 

10.18 

.2 

9.69 

.3 

12.00 

.3 

11.33 

.3 

10.72 

.3 

10.17 

.3 

9.68 

.4 

1 1 .99 

.4 

11.31 

.4 

10.71 

.4 

10.16 

.4 

9.67 

.5 

11.98 

.5 

11.30 

.5 

10.70 

.5 

10.15 

.5 

9.66 

.« 

1 1 .98 

.6 

11.29 

.6 

10.68 

.6 

10.14 

.6 

9.65 

.7 

11.95 

.7 

11.27 

.7 

10.67 

.7 

10.13 

.7 

9.64 

.8 

11.93 

.8 

11.26 

.8 

10.66 

.8 

10.12 

.8 

9.63 

.9 

11.92 

.9 

11.25 

.9 

10.65 

.9 

10.11 

.9 

9.62 

84. 

11.90 

89. 

11.24 

94. 

10.64 

99. 

10.10 

104. 

9.62 

.1 

11.89 

.1 

11.22 

.1 

10.63 

.1 

10.09 

.1 

9.61 

.2 

11.88 

.2 

11.21 

.2 

10.62 

.2 

10.08 

.2 

9.60 

.3 

11.86 

.3 

11.20 

.3 

10.60 

.3 

10.07 

.3 

9.59 

.4 

11.85 

.4 

11.19 

.4 

10.59 

.4 

10.06 

.4 

9.58 

.5 

11.83 

.5 

11.17 

.5 

10.58 

.5 

10.05 

.5 

9.57 

.6 

11.82 

.6 

11.16 

.6 

10.57 

.6 

10.04 

.6 

9.56 

.7 

11.81 

.7 

11.15 

.7 

10.56 

.7 

10.03 

.7 

9.55 

.8 

11.79 

.8 

11.14 

.8 

10.55 

.8 

10.02 

.8 

9.54 

.9 

11.78 

.9 

11.12 

.9 

10.54 

.9 

10.01 

.9 

9.53 

85. 

11.76 

90. 

11.11 

95. 

10.53 

100. 

10.00 

105. 

9.52 

.1 

11.75 

.1 

11.10 

.1 

10.52 

.1 

9.99 

.1 

9.51 

.2 

11.74 

.2 

11.09 

.2 

10.50 

.2 

9.98 

.2 

9.51 

.3 

11.72 

.3 

11.07 

.3 

10.49 

.3 

9.97 

.3 

9 50 

.4 

11.71 

.4 

11.06 

.4 

10.48 

.4 

9.96 

.4 

9.49 

.5 

11.70 

.5 

11.05 

.5 

10.47 

.5 

9.95 

.5 

9.48 

.6 

11.08 

.6 

11.04 

.6 

10.46 

.6 

9.94 

.6 

9.47 

.7 

11.07 

.7 

11.03 

.7 

10.45 

.7 

9.93 

.7 

9.46 

.8 

11.06 

.8 

11.01 

.8 

10.14 

.8 

9.92 

.8 

9.45 

.9 

11.64 

.9 

11.00 

.9 

10.43 

.9 

9.97 

.9 

9.44 

86. 

11.63 

91. 

10.99 

96. 

10.42 

101. 

9.90 

106. 

9.43 

.1 

11.61 

.1 

10.98 

.1 

10.41 

.1 

9.89 

.1 

9.43 

.2 

11.60 

.2 

10.96 

.2 

10.40 

.2 

9.88 

.2 

9.42 

.3 

11.59 

.3 

10.95 

.3 

10.38 

.3 

9.87 

.3 

9.41 

.4 

11.57 

.4 

10.94 

.4 

10.37 

.4 

9.86 

.4 

9.40 

.5 

11.56 

.5 

10.93 

.5 

10.36 

.5 

9.85 

.5 

9.39 

.6 

11.55 

.6 

10.92 

.6 

10.35 

.6 

9.84 

.6 

9.38 

.7 

11.53 

.7 

10.91 

.7 

10.34 

.7 

9.83 

.7 

9.S7 

.8 

11.52 

.8 

10.89 

.8 

10.33 

.3 

9.82 

.8 

9.36 

.9 

11.51 

.9 

10.88 

.9 

10.32 

.9 

9.81 

.9 

9.35 

552 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  COTTON  YARN  — Continued 


120  Yds. 

Weight 

Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
W'eight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

107. 

9.35 

115. 

8.70 

130. 

7.69 

155. 

6.45 

190. 

5.26 

.1 

9.34 

.2 

8.68 

.5 

7.66 

.5 

6.43 

191. 

5.24 

.2 

9.33 

.4 

8.67 

131. 

7.63 

156 

6.41 

192. 

5.21 

.3 

9.32 

.6 

8.65 

.5 

7.60 

.5 

6.39 

193. 

5.18 

.4 

9.31 

.8 

8.64 

132. 

7.58 

157. 

6.37 

194. 

5.15 

.5 

9.30 

116. 

8.62 

.5 

7.55 

.5 

6.35 

195. 

5.13 

.6 

9.29 

.2 

8.61 

133. 

7.52 

158. 

6.33 

196. 

5.10 

.7 

9.29 

.4 

8.59 

.5 

7.49 

.5 

6.31 

197. 

5.08 

.8 

9.28 

.6 

8.58 

134. 

7.46 

159. 

6.29 

198. 

5.05 

.9 

9.27 

.8 

8.56 

.5 

7.43 

.5 

6.27 

199. 

5.03 

108. 

9.26 

117. 

8.55 

135. 

7.41 

160. 

6.25 

200. 

5.00 

.1 

9.25 

.2 

8.53 

.5 

7.38 

.5 

6.23 

201. 

4.98 

.2 

9.24 

.4 

8.52 

136. 

7.35 

161. 

6.21 

202. 

4.95 

.3 

9.23 

.6 

8.50 

.5 

7.33 

.5 

6.19 

203. 

4.93 

.4 

9.23 

.8 

8.49 

137. 

7.30 

162. 

6.17 

204. 

4.90 

.5 

9.22 

118. 

8.47 

.5 

7.27 

.5 

6.15 

205. 

4.88 

.6 

9.21 

.2 

8.46 

138. 

7.25 

163. 

6.13 

206. 

4.85 

.7 

9.20 

.4 

8.45 

.5 

7.22 

.5 

6.12 

207. 

4.83 

.8 

9.19 

.6 

8.43 

208. 

4.81 

.9 

9.18 

.8 

8.42 

139. 

7.19 

164. 

6.10 

209. 

4.78 

.5 

7.17 

.5 

6.08 

109. 

9.17 

119. 

8.40 

140. 

7.14 

165. 

6.06 

210. 

4,76 

.2 

9.16 

.2 

8.39 

.5 

7.12 

.5 

6.04 

211. 

4.74 

.4 

9.14 

.4 

8.38 

141. 

7.09 

166. 

6.02 

212. 

4.72 

.6 

9.12 

.6 

8.36 

.5 

7.07 

.5 

6.01 

213. 

4.69 

.8 

9.11 

.8 

8.35 

214. 

4.67 

142. 

7.04 

167. 

5.99 

110. 

9.09 

120. 

8.33 

.5 

7.02 

.5 

5.97 

215. 

4.65 

.2 

9.07 

.2 

8.32 

143. 

6.99 

168. 

5.95 

216. 

4.63 

.4 

9.06 

.4 

8.31 

.5 

6.97 

.5 

5.93 

217. 

4.61 

.6 

9.04 

.6 

8.29 

144. 

6.94 

169. 

5.92 

218. 

4.59 

.8 

9.03 

.8 

8.28 

.5 

6.92 

.5 

5.90 

219. 

4.57 

in. 

9.01 

121. 

8.26 

145. 

6.90 

170. 

5.88 

220. 

4.55 

.2 

8.99 

.4 

8.24 

.5 

6.87 

171. 

5.85 

221. 

4.52 

.4 

8.98 

.6 

8.22 

146. 

6.85 

172. 

5.81 

222. 

4.50 

.6 

8.96 

.8 

8.21 

.5 

6.83 

173. 

5.78 

223. 

4.48 

.8 

8.94 

174. 

5.75 

224. 

4.46 

122. 

8.20 

147. 

6.80 

112. 

8.93 

.5 

8.16 

.5 

6.78 

175. 

5.71 

225. 

4.44 

.2 

8.91 

123. 

8.13 

148. 

6.76 

176. 

5.68 

226. 

4.42 

.4 

8.90 

.5 

8.10 

.5 

6.73 

177. 

5.65 

227. 

4.41 

.6 

8.88 

124. 

8.06 

149. 

6.71 

178. 

5.62 

228. 

4.39 

.8 

8.87 

.5 

8.03 

.5 

6.69 

179. 

5.59 

229. 

4.37 

113. 

8.85 

125. 

8.00 

150. 

6.67 

180. 

5.56 

230. 

4.35 

.2 

8.83 

.5 

7.97 

.5 

6.64 

181. 

5.52 

231. 

4.33 

.4 

8.82 

126. 

7.94 

151. 

6.62 

182. 

5.49 

232. 

4.31 

.6 

8.80 

.5 

7.91 

.5 

6.60 

183. 

5.46 

233. 

4.29 

.8 

8.79 

127. 

7.87 

184. 

5.43 

234. 

4.27 

.5 

7.84 

152. 

6.58 

114. 

8.77 

.5 

6.56 

185. 

5.41 

235. 

4.26 

.2 

8.76 

128. 

7.81 

153. 

6.54 

186. 

5.38 

236. 

4.24 

.4 

8.74 

.5 

7.78 

.5 

6.51 

187. 

5.35 

237. 

4.22 

.6 

8.73 

129. 

7.75 

154. 

6.49 

188. 

5.32 

238. 

4.20 

.8 

8.71 

.5 

7.72 

.5 

6.47 

189. 

5.29 

239. 

4.18 

553 


TABLE  FOR  NUMBERING  COTTON  YARN  — Continued 


120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

1-20  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

Number 

of 

Y7arn 

240. 

4.17 

290. 

3.45 

350. 

2.86 

450. 

2.22 

600. 

1.67 

241. 

4.15 

292. 

3.42 

352. 

2.84 

455. 

2.20 

610. 

1.64 

242. 

4.13 

294. 

3.40 

354. 

2.82 

460. 

2.17 

620. 

1.61 

243. 

4.12 

296. 

3.38 

356. 

2.81 

465. 

2.15 

630. 

1.59 

244. 

4.10 

298. 

3.36 

358. 

2.79 

470. 

2.13 

640. 

1.56 

246. 

4.08 

300. 

3.33 

360. 

2.78 

475. 

2.11 

650. 

1.54 

246. 

4.07 

302. 

3.31 

362. 

2.76 

480. 

2.08 

660. 

1.52 

247. 

4.05 

304. 

3.29 

364. 

2.75 

485. 

2.06 

670. 

1.49 

248. 

4.03 

306. 

3.27 

366. 

2.73 

490. 

2.04 

680. 

1.47 

249. 

4.0*2 

308. 

3.25 

368. 

2.72 

495. 

2.02 

690. 

1.45 

250. 

4.00 

310. 

3.23 

370. 

2.70 

500. 

2.00 

700. 

1.43 

252. 

3.97 

312. 

3.21 

372. 

2.69 

505. 

1.98 

710. 

1.41 

254. 

3.94 

314. 

3.18 

374. 

2.67 

510. 

1.96 

720. 

1.39 

256. 

3.91 

316. 

3.17 

376. 

2.66 

515. 

1.94 

730. 

1.37 

258. 

3.88 

318. 

3.14 

378. 

2.65 

520. 

1.92 

740. 

1.35 

260. 

3.85 

320. 

3.12 

380. 

2.63 

525. 

1.90 

750. 

1.33 

262. 

3.8-2 

322. 

3.11 

382. 

2.62 

530. 

1.89 

760. 

1.32 

264. 

3.79 

324. 

3.09 

385. 

2.60 

535. 

1.87 

770. 

1.30 

266. 

3.70 

326. 

3.07 

390. 

2.56 

540. 

1.85  - 

780. 

1.28 

268. 

3.73 

328. 

3.05 

395. 

2.53 

545. 

1.83 

790. 

1.27 

270. 

3.70 

330. 

3.03 

400. 

2.50 

550. 

1.82 

800. 

1.25 

272. 

3.68 

332. 

3.01 

405. 

2.47 

555. 

1.80 

820. 

1.22 

274. 

3.65 

334. 

2.99 

410. 

2.44 

560. 

1.79 

840. 

1.19 

276. 

3.62 

336. 

2.98 

415. 

2.41 

565. 

1.77 

860. 

1.16 

278. 

3.60 

338. 

2.96 

420. 

2.38 

570. 

1.75 

880. 

1.14 

280. 

3.57 

340. 

2.94 

425. 

2.35 

575. 

1.74 

900. 

l.n 

282. 

3.55 

342. 

2.92 

430. 

2.33 

580. 

1.72 

925. 

1.08 

284. 

3.52 

344. 

2.91 

435. 

2.30 

585. 

1.71 

950. 

1.05 

286. 

3.50 

346. 

2.89 

440. 

2.27 

590. 

1.69 

975. 

1.03 

288. 

3.47 

348. 

2.87 

445. 

2.25 

595. 

! 1.68 

1000. 

; i.oo 

TABLE  OF  WEIGHT  EQUIVALENTS 


1 

ounce 

= 

437.5 

grains 

ii 

ounces 

— 

4812.5 

grains 

2 

ounces 

= 

875.0 

grains 

ny2 

ounces 

= 

5031.25 

grains 

3 

ounces 

= 

1312.5 

grains 

12 

ounces 

= 

5250.0 

grains 

4 

ounces 

= 

1750.0 

grains 

UH 

ounces 

= 

5468.75 

grains 

5 

ounces 

= 

2187.5 

grains 

13 

ounces 

= 

5687.5 

grains 

6 

ounces 

= 

2625.0 

grains 

13H 

ounces 

= 

5906.25 

grains 

7 

ounces 

= 

3062.5 

grains 

14 

ounces 

= 

6125.0 

grains 

8 

ounces 

= 

3500.0 

grains 

ounces 

= 

6343.75 

grains 

9 

ounces 

= 

3937.5 

grains 

15 

ounces 

= 

6562.5 

grains 

10 

ounces 

= 

4375.0 

grains 

\5V2 

ounces 

= 

6781.25 

grains 

10  H 

ounces 

= 

4593.75 

grains 

16 

ounces 

= 

7000.0 

grains 

Rules,  Tables,  etc 


TABLE  OF  LENGTH 

V/2  yards  (yd.)  = 1 thread  = or  circumference  of  yarn  reel. 

120  yards  = 80  threads  = 1 skein,  or  lea. 

840  yards  = 560  threads  = 7 skeins,  or  leas  = 1 hank. 

30,240  inches  = 560  threads  = 7 skeins,  or  leas  = 1 hank. 


TABLE  OF  WEIGHT 

437.50  grains  (gr.)  — 1 ounce  (oz.) 

7,000.00  grains  = 16  ounces  = 1 pound  (lb.) 
1,000  4-  Weight  in  Grains  of  120  Yards  of  Yarn  = No.  of  Yarn. 


100  PER  CENT  PRODUCTION  CONSTANTS 

Per  Spindle  per  Day  of  10  Hours  (600  Minutes) 


Rule:  R.P.M.  of  Front  Roll  X Constant 
R.P.M.  of  Front  Roll  X Constant 


Hanks  in  10  Hours. 


= Pounds  in  10  Hours. 


Number  of  Yarn 
.062  Constant  for  1"  Roll  = 3.1416  Circumference. 

.0545  Constant  for  Roll  = 2.7489  Circumference. 

The  following  allowances  to  be  deducted  from  100  per  cent  production 
as  given  by  the  above  rule: 


Warp 

Number  of 

Filling 

% Allowance 

Yarn 

% Allowance 

12 

3’s  to 

5’s 

20 

11 

5’s  to 

10’s 

18 

10 

10’s  to 

20’s 

13 

9 

20’s  to 

30’s 

10 

7 

30’s  to 

40’s 

8 

5 

40’s  to 

50’s 

7 

5 

50’s  to 

60’s 

5 

3 

60’s  to 

80’s 

3 

2 

80’s  to 

100*s 

2 

Example:  To  find  how  many  hanks  of  number  30  warp  yarn  per  spindle 
per  day  of  10  hours  will  be  produced  by  a frame  with  a 1"  front  roll  running  at 
117  R.P.M. 

117  X -062  = 7.25  hanks.  Deduct  8%  from  7.25,  leaving  6.07  hanks. 


555 


Rules,  Tables,  Etc.  — Continued 


Speed  of  Front  Roll: 

Revolutions  of  Spindles  4-  (Twist  per  Inch  X Circumference  of  Front 
Roll]  = Revolutions  of  Front  Roll. 

Speed  of  Spindles: 

Revolutions  of  Front  Roll  X Circumference  of  Front  Roll  X Twist  per 
Inch  = Revolutions  of  Spindles. 


Numbers  of  Yarn  4-  Hank  Roving  = Draft. 

To  Find  Hank  Roving: 

Numbers  of  Yarn  4-  Draft  = Hank  Roving. 

To  Find  Numbers  of  Yarn: 

Length  of  Yarn  in  Yards  X 8.33  4-  Weight  in  Grains  = Number  of 
Yarn. 

To  Find  What  Per  Cent  Yarn  Contracts  in  Twisting: 

Divide  the  number  of  yarn  by  the  product  of  the  actual  draft  and  hank 
roving  and  subtract  the  quotient  from  1. 00. 

Example:  No.  30  yarn  made  from  6.00  hank  roving  doubled  with  an 
actual  draft  of  10.30. 


Note:  Actual  draft  equals  draft  constant  divided  by  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  draft 
gear  that  ia  actually  used  on  frame. 


WHEN  CHANGING  FROM  ONE  NUMBER 
OF  YARN  TO  ANOTHER 

DRAFT 

For  Changing  Draft: 


To  Find  the  Draft: 


10.30  X (6.00  4-  2)  = 30.90 

30  4-  30.90  = .97 

1.00  - .97  = .03,  or  3% 


Present  Draft  Gear  X Present  Draft 
Required  Draft 


= Required  Draft  Gear. 


For  Changing  Weight: 

Present  Draft  Gear  X Required  Weight 
Present  Weight 


= Required  Draft  Gear. 


For  Changing  Yarn: 


Present  Draft  Gear  X Present  Number  of  Yarn 


= Required  Draft  Gear. 


Required  Number  of  Yarn 


556 


Rules,  Tables,  Etc.  — Continued 
TWIST 

For  Changing  Twist: 

Present  Twist  Gear  X Present  Twist  „ . _ . 

; — . = Kequired  1 wist  Gear. 

.Required  I wist 

For  Changing  Number  of  Yarn: 

Present  Twist  Gear  X Sq.  Root  of  Present  Number  of  Yarn  _ Required 
Sq.  Root  of  Required  No.  of  Yarn  Twist  Gear. 

LAY 

For  Changing  Number  of  Yarn: 

Present  Lay  Gear  X Sq.  Root  of  Present  No.  of  Yarn  Required  Lay 
Sq.  Root  of  Required  No.  of  Yarn  Gear. 

TO  DETERMINE  LENGTH  OF  TIME  BOBBIN 
WILL  LAST  IN  CREEL 

_ , 840  Yards  X Hank  Roving  ,r  . 

Hule:  — = lards  in  1 Ounce. 

16 

Yards  in  1 Ounce  X Ounces  on  Full  Bobbin  = Yards  on  Bobbin. 

Yards  per  Rev.  of  Front  Roll  X Rev.  of  Front  Roll  per  Min.  X 60  Min. 
= Yards  Delivered  by  Front  Roll  per  Hour. 

Total  Yards  on  Creel  Bobbin  X Draft  Number  of  Hours  Creel 
Yards  Delivered  by  Front  Roll  per  Hour  Bobbin  will  Last. 

1"  Diam.  Front  Roll  Delivers  .0873  Yards  per  Revolution. 

Diam.  Front  Roll  Delivers  .0763  Yards  per  Revolution. 

SPINNING  TAPE 

Use  rs"  tape  for  Regular  McMullan,  for  Medium  and  Heavy  Mc- 
Mullan,  x/i  for  V.  Type. 

To  find  quantity  required,  multiply  the  number  of  spindles  by  2?3, 
which  gives  the  amount  in  feet. 

There  are  about  45  yards  to  the  pound  of  and  48  yards  to  the  pound 
of  ys"  tape;  approx.  53  yards  to  the  pound  of  J^". 

Sewing  Thread : 

A 200-yard  spool  of  No.  18  thread  is  sufficient  for  102  to  108  splicings. 


557 


RING  TWISTERS 


Specifications  for  Cotton  Ring  Twister 

FRAME 

1 — Model 

2 — Hand  of  frame R.  H L.  H 

3 — ■ Dry  or  wet  twist 

■1  — Number  of  spindles  in  frame 

5 — Gauge 

6 — Traverse 

7 — Kind  of  thread  boards 

8 — Thread  board  lifters 

9 — Style  of  thread  guide 

10  — Style  of  separator 

11  — Builder  for bobbin 

12  — Is  bottom  forming  attachment  wanted  ? 

13  — Overall  length  of  frame 

14  — Paint 

15  — Weights  to  be  supplied  by 

SPINDLES  AND  CYLINDERS 

16  — Type  of  spindles 

17  — Will  mill  send  sample  spindle  and  bobbin?. 

18  — Diameter  of  spindle  blade 

19  — Diameter  of  whirl 

20  — Tape  or  band  drive 

21  — Width  of  tape 

22  — Are  knee  brakes  wanted  ? 

23  — Spindle  speed 

24  — Direction  of  spindle  rotation 

25  — Diameter  of  cylinder 

26  — Cylinder  speed 

27  — Style  of  cylinder  bearings 

RINGS 

31  — Style  of  ring 

32  — Diameter  of  ring 

33  — ■ Style  of  ring  holder  

34  — Bore  ring  rails  for . . . " rings 

35  — Is  Carter  Ring  Oiling  Device  wanted? 

ROLLS 

41  — Diameter  of  bottom  rolls  (Std.  I1  2") 

42  — Number  of  lines  of  bottom  rolls 

43  — Diameter  of  top  rolls  (Std.  2") 

44  — Number  of  lines  of  top  rolls 

45  — Method  of  threading  rolls 

46  — Are  rolls  to  be  brass  covered  (wet  twist)? 


560 


YARN 

.51  — Number  of  yarn  (singles) 

52  — Ply  to  be  twisted 

53  — Twist  per  inch  (See  twist  tables) 

54  — Independent  twist 

CREEL 

61  — Type  of  creel 

62  — Description  of  creel  supply  (send  sample  if  possible)  (Beams,  spools,  bobbins, 

cones,  tubes  or  cheeses) 

63  — Size  of  creel  package  (Diam.,  length,  bore) 

64  — Creel  to  be ...  . slats  high 

65  — Vertical  spacing  of  creel  pins 

66  — If  beam  creel,  state  number  of  beams  per  frame 

67  — Type  of  guides  between  creel  and  rolls 

WET  TWIST 

71  — Arrangement  of  rolls  in  water  pan: 

a.  One  glass  rod  and  one  brass  wiper  rod 

b.  Two  glass  rods 

c.  Revolving  brass  rod  and  brass  wiper  rod 

72  — Is  water  drain  to  be  at  pulley  end  P 

BELT  DRIVE 

81  — Pulleys  at  geared  end  or  foot  end 

82  — Diam.  of  driving  pulleys  (12"  to  20") 

83  — Width  of  face  of  driving  pulley  (3",  3J4",  4"  or  6"  belt) 

84  Loose  pulley  to  have  ball  bearings 

85  Tight  pulley  to  have  cork  inserts 

86  — Belt  from  above  or  below 

MOTOR  DRIVE 

91  — Method  of  applying  motor 

92  — Horse  power  and  make  of  motor 

93  — Type  and  make  of  switch 

94  — Current Volt Phase Cycle 

95  — If  chain  connection,  state  make  of  equipment  wanted 


96  — Is  motor  and  complete  equipment  to  be  supplied  by  Saco-Lowell  Shops  ? 


KNOCK  OFF  AND  CLOCKS 

101  — Is  hank  clock  wanted  ? 

102  — Is  yardage  clock  wanted  ? 

103  — Is  combination  yardage  clock  and  knock-off  motion  wanted  ? 

104  ■ — Knock-off  to  be  arranged  for  how  many  yards  ? 


561 


Notes  on  Twister  Specifications 


Items 

1 — Regular  Models  are:  “38"  Standard  Frames”  built  in  three  styles  as  follows: 

a — No.  17  with  swinging  steel  doors  at  geared  end,  pulleys  at  foot. end 
supported  by  small  frame  end. 

b — No.  22  with  cast  iron  geared  end,  pulleys  at  foot  end  supported  by 
small  frame  end. 

c — No.  22  with  cast  iron  geared  end,  pulleys  at  geared  end  supported  by 
small  frame  end. 

Models  A-39  and  A-42,  similar  except  in  width. 

Model  C-42. 

2 — Hand  of  frame  is  required  on  Models  A and  C,  tape  drive,  and  is  determined 

by  facing  the  driving  pulleys  and  noting  whether  drum  is  offset  to  the  right 
or  left  of  center.  ( See  diagram  oil  page  567.) 

5 — Gauge  is  at  least  1"  wider  than  the  diameter  of  ring.  With  wide  flanges  and 

large  travelers,  special  consideration  must  be  given  to  gauge  to  insure  clear- 
ance of  working  parts. 

6 — Traverse.  The  “38"  Standard”  will  take  up  to  6"  traverse  on  double  head 

bobbins  and  up  to  7"  on  single  head  bobbins.  The  A-39  will  take  up  to  8" 
traverse,  the  A-42  up  to  8"  and  the  C-42  up  to  9"  on  double  head  bobbins. 

7 — The  Saco-Lowell  Metallic  Thread  Board  is  recommended  for  all  models  of 

twisters.  Illustrations  and  description  of  these  will  be  found  on  pages  242 
and  243. 

8 — Thread  board  lifters  for  raising  all  the  lappets  on  the  frame  will  be  applied 

if  specified. 

9 — Guide  wires  may  be  case-hardened,  round  or  oval  eye.  If  special  guides  are 

required  send  samples.  Porcelain  guides  are  furnished  for  wet  twist. 
Snarl  catchers  will  be  applied  if  required. 

10  — Separators  are  rarely  specified  except  on  frames  handling  asbestos  or  worsted 

yarns  and  for  this  purpose  we  usually  furnish  plain  tin  separator  plates 
screwed  to  ring  rails.  On  the  38"  Standard  Models  we  can  supply  if  required 
any  of  the  various  types  of  separators  described  in  connection  with  spinning 
frames  on  page  220. 

11  & 12  — Specify  type  of  bobbin  and  send  sample  full  bobbin  if  possible.  The 

“38"  Standard”  frame  for  light  work  is  regularly  equipped  with  our 
Combination  Builder  which  can  be  changed  from  warp  to  filling  wind  or 
vice  versa  by  changing  cam  and  chain.  Heavy  twisters  are  ordinarily 
fitted  with  straight  wind  builders  but  we  can  supply  warp,  filling  or  taper 
top  wind  if  specified.  ( See  types  of  bobbins  on  page  570.)  Bottom  forming 
attachment  for  building  filling  wind  on  straight  bobbins  can  be  applied. 

13  — Overall  lengths  of  the  “38"  Standard"  frames  are  shown  in  spinning  section 

on  pages  516  to  521.  Lengths  of  Models  A and  C are  covered  by  tables 
on  pages  574  to  576. 

14  — - Unless  otherwise  specified,  frames  will  be  painted  our  standard  green. 

562 


15  — Many  of  our  foreign  clients  prefer  to  obtain  cast  iron  weights  locally  to  avoid 

costly  transportation  charges.  We  will  supply  all  necessary  data  for  making 
these  weights. 

16  — Standard  Spindles  are  described  on  pages  248  and  249.  The  “38"  Standard” 

frame  will  take  spindles  No.  00,  0,  1,  and  1 J^.  Model  A frames  will  take 
spindles  No.  1,  l}/£,  2 or  3,  and  the  Model  C frames  are  usually  equipped 
with  the  No.  4 spindle.  Special  spindles  will  be  supplied  if  required.  For 
light  work  we  have  supplied  the  V-type  spindle  described  in  connection 
with  spinning  frames  on  page  227.  Can  also  furnish  special  large  diameter 
blades  for  use  with  pasteboard  tubes. 

17  — It  is  always  advisable  when  ordering  frames  to  use  in  connection  with  existing 

frames,  to  send  a sample  spindle  and  two  or  more  sample  bobbins. 

18  — Standard  diameters  of  blades  are  shown  by  drawing  on  page  248.  Special 

diameters  will  be  furnished  to  match  old  spindles. 

19  — ( See  description  on  page  249  for  standard  whirl  diameters.)  While  it  is  advis- 

able to  adhere  to  these  standards,  we  can  supply  special  diameters  if 
necessary. 

20  — The  use  of  the  tape  drive  for  twisters  has  become  almost  universal  and  we 

recommend  its  use  in  every  case. 

21  — The  widths  of  tape  specified  on  page  25.5  should  be  strictly  adhered  to  for 

best  results. 

22  — Our  standard  knee  brake  is  described  on  page  249.  We  can  furnish  any  of 

the  older  types  previously  supplied  by  our  shops. 

23  — Spindle  speed  varies  with  the  counts  of  yarn,  twist  and  various  local  con- 

ditions. A reference  to  production  tables  on  pages  638  to  642  will  show 
common  practice.  Unless  mill  definitely  states  spindle  speed  required, 
this  will  be  determined  by  us,  based  on  known  requirements  of  the  mill. 

24  — Spindle  rotation  varies  with  the  work  being  handled.  It  is  customary  to 

twist  opposite  to  the  spinning  twist  and  frames  will  be  so  arranged  unless 
definitely  specified  by  mill. 

25  — We  prefer  to  supply  cylinders  10"  or  8"  in  diameter.  Can  furnish  7",  9"  or 

cylinders  for  the  “38"  Standard”  frames  if  required  to  match  up 
existing  frames. 

26  — Tables  showing  ratios  of  cylinders  to  whirls  are  shown  on  page  592.  Tables 

on  pages  593  to  597  show  cylinder  speeds  to  correspond  with  various 
spindle  speeds. 

27  — Plain  bearings  of  the  ring  oiling  type  with  oil  reservoir  are  supplied  as  regular 

equipment.  We  can  supply  bad  bearings  or  patent  self-oiling  bearings  if 
required. 

31  — Types  of  standard  rings  are  shown  on  page  246  with  description  of  their  use. 

563 


32  — The  size  of  ring  is  dependent  on  several  factors:  the  counts  of  single  and 

twisted  yarn,  number  of  ends,  strength  of  single  yarns  and  other  local  con- 
ditions. It  is  difficult  to  offer  any  fixed  recommendations  where  conditions 
are  so  variable  but  we  will  be  glad  to  take  up  individual  cases  if  mill  is  in 
doubt  as  to  the  proper  ring  for  their  work.  The  maximum  ring  sizes  on 
our  different  models  are: 

“38"  Standard” 3"  Model  A-42 5" 

Model  A-39  5"  Model  C G%"  \ 

33  — Flanged  rings  are  usually  furnished  with  cast  iron  holders,  but  plate  : 

holders  can  be  used  if  preferred.  Brass  plate  holders  are  frequently  used 
on  wet  twisters. 

34  — Mills  handling  a variety  of  product  are  frequently  obliged  to  change  ring  I 

sizes.  In  answering  this  item,  state  largest  size  of  ring  that  will  be  used. 
For  smaller  sizes  we  can  supply  ring  with  special  holders  to  fit  rail  boring,  i 

35  — The  Carter  Ring  Oiling  Device  is  a wick  arrangement  for  oiling.  It  is  used 

only  on  the  larger  sizes  where  continuous  oiling  is  necessary. 

41  & 43  — Regular  equipment  includes  bottom  rolls  1 V2  diameter  and  top  rolls  ; 

diameter.  We  frequently  supply  2"  bottom  and  2J4"  top  rolls  or  can 
furnish  other  sizes  if  required  to  meet  special  needs. 

42  & 44  — Standard  equipment  includes  one  line  of  bottom  rolls  and  one  line  of 

top  rolls.  An  extra  charge  is  made  when  two  lines  of  bottom  or  top  rolls  j 
are  supplied. 

45  — Rolls  may  be  arranged  in  any  of  the  three  ways  shown  by  the  following  i 
diagram,  and  sketch  should  be  furnished  by  mill  showing  desired  method 
of  threading  yarn  through  the  rolls  so  that  gearing  can  be  arranged  to  give 
proper  direction  to  the  rotation  of  rolls. 


46  - Regular  equipment  for  wet  twisting  includes  steel  bottom  rolls  covered  with 
brass  and  cast  iron  top  rolls,  brass  covered,  with  ends  painted  to  prevent 
rusting. 

54  — Gearing  can  be  arranged  so  that  each  side  of  frame  can  be  operated  inde- 
pendently as  regards  twist.  Fhiless  otherwise  specified,  three  changes  of 
twist  gearing  are  furnished  with  frame,  the  extra  gears  having  one  tooth 
more  and  one  tooth  less  than  figured  requirements. 

564 


61  — Creels  may  be  of  the  regular  pin  type  for  taking  bobbins,  spools,  tubes,  etc. 

or  of  the  beam  type  for  holding  section  beams.  We  also  frequently  supply 
vertical  creels  of  the  type  used  on  spinning  frames  for  twisting  worsted 
or  union  yarns. 

62  — If  possible,  send  sample  package  to  be  used  in  creel.  If  such  sample  is  not 

available,  give  all  dimensions  of  the  package  including  size  of  bore. 

64  — A pin  creel  four  slats  high  is  included  in  the  base  price  of  our  frames.  Hori- 

zontal spacing  cannot  be  greater  than  the  gauge  of  the  frame  and  if  creel 
packages  are  of  larger  diameter  than  gauge,  two  slats  are  required  for  each 
ply,  the  horizontal  spacing  then  being  twice  the  gauge  of  the  frame. 

65  — Vertical  spacing  is  arranged  to  accommodate  size  of  creel  package  and  will 

be  laid  out  by  the  shops  from  data  supplied  in  connection  with  the  creel 
package. 

67  — State  whether  porcelain  knob  guides  or  wire  pigtail  guides  are  wanted.  Our 
standard  porcelain  guide  is  Mitchell-Bissell  No.  87.  If  special  guides  or 
traversing  arrangement  is  wanted,  give  full  details  of  requirements  and 
send  sample  guide  if  possible. 

71  — Indicate  arrangement  wanted  as  shown  by  sub-items  A to  C.  A full  descrip- 

tion of  this  equipment  is  given  under  the  subject  of  wet  twist  on  page  251. 

72  — Water  drain  is  at  pulley  end  unless  otherwise  specified. 

81  — (See  Item  1 relative  to  location  of  pulleys  on  “38"  Standard”  frames.)  On 

Models  A and  C,  pulleys  are  always  at  foot  end. 

82  to  85  — Pulleys  range  from  12"  to  18"  on  “38"  Standard"  frames  and  to  20"  on 

Models  A and  C.  Face  of  pulleys  on  A and  C frames  is  ff"  wider  than 
width  of  belt  required.  On  “38"  Standard"  frames  they  are  made  Y%" or  Y" 
wider.  Ball  bearings  for  loose  pulleys  can  be  supplied  on  certain  sizes  for 
the  “38"  Standard"  frames.  We  also  supply  a patented  self-oiling  bushing 
for  loose  pulley.  Pulleys  with  cork  inserts  in  face  will  be  supplied  for  heavy 
frames  to  prevent  slippage  of  belt. 

91  to  96  — Details  of  motor  equipment  vary  with  each  individual  installation  and 
these  questions  will  be  taken  up  in  detail  when  obtaining  specifications 
from  the  mill. 

101  — All  models  can  be  equipped  with  Saco-Lowell  decimal  hank  clocks  of  the 

Orme  type  similar  to  the  clock  used  on  spinning  frames  described  on 
page  223.  All  frames  are  sent  out  with  end  recesses  of  rolls  threaded 
ready  for  the  application  of  clocks  whether  ordered  with  frames  or  not. 

102  to  104  — Models  A and  C can  be  equipped  with  the  Saco-Lowell  combination 

hank  clock  and  yardage  knock-off  motion.  This  clock  registers  accurately 
the  number  of  yards  delivered  by  the  rolls.  Its  readings  must  be  corrected 
to  take  care  of  expansion  or  contraction  due  to  twist.  This  allowance  is  a 
local  condition  which  can  only  be  determined  by  tests  at  mill.  (See  page 
257  for  range  of  gearing  and  further  description.)  Specify  the  yardage 
wanted  on  bobbins  and  amount  of  expansion  or  contraction,  so  that  proper 
gearing  can  be  supplied. 

Power  Requirements:  10  to  50  spindles  per  1 H.  P. 

565 


Notes  on  Operating  Twisters 


SPINDLES 

Spindles  should  be  maintained  central  with  ring  at  both  top  and  bottom  of 
traverse.  This  condition  insures  a uniform  tension  on  the  yarn  and  prolongs  the 
life  of  rings  and  travelers. 

Spindles  should  be  well  lubricated  before  starting  frame  and  should  be  oiled  at 
least  once  a week  thereafter. 

Vibration  of  spindles  is  frequently  due  to  unbalanced  bobbins.  Such  bobbins 
when  discovered  should  be  rejected  and  replaced  by  perfect  bobbins. 

VERTICAL  RINGS 

To  prevent  excessive  wear  of  travelers,  rings  should  be  kept  properly  lubricated, 
the  frequency  of  the  lubrication  being  dependent  on  the  size  of  ring  and  speed  of 
traveler.  Rings  should  be  oiled  at  least  once  in  each  doff  and  large  sizes  may  require 
more  frequent  oiling. 

TRAVELERS 

Worn  travelers  cause  unequal  tension  and  make  inferior  yarns.  The  condition 
of  travelers  should  therefore  have  careful  attention.  Brass  travelers  used  on  heavy 
rings  and  for  wet  twisting,  when  spread  for  slipping  over  ring,  do  not  spring  back 
to  their  original  shape.  In  applying  these  travelers  each  one  should  be  examined 
to  see  that  it  has  proper  bearing  on  the  ring,  if  not,  it  should  be  pressed  together 
with  pliers. 

BUILDER 

Builder  worm  gear  and  worm  in  geared  end  must  be  properly  meshed  together 
to  prevent  backlash  at  reverse  of  traverse.  This  backlash  occurs  when  point  of  earn 
passes  over  Pitman  Roll,  causing  a sudden  drop  in  ring  rail.  Pitman  Roll  should  be 
kept  well  lubricated  so  as  to  rotate  freely. 

CYLINDERS 

Ring  oiling  cylinder  bearings  have  ample  reservoirs  for  several  days’  supply  of 
oil.  It  is  advisable  however  to  add  a little  fresh  oil  daily  to  these  bearings. 

ROLL  STANDS 

Roll  stands  are  supplied  with  grease  pockets  at  back  and  front  of  bearings.  These 
pockets  should  be  kept  well  filled  with  grease. 

OILING 

All  running  parts  of  the  machine,  not  specifically  mentioned  above,  should  be 
oiled  once  a day. 

TWIST  CHANGE  GEARS 

Twist  gears,  though  figured  accurately  to  formula,  will  not  always  give  the 
required  twist  per  inch,  due  to  varying  contraction  in  yarn.  Figured  gear  can  be 
used  for  trial  and  actual  gear  determined  from  results  produced  by  the  trial.  These 
conditions  also  apply  to  the  CLOCK  CHANGE  GEAR. 

566 


567 


Diagrams  Showing  Method  of  Determining  Hand  of  Tape-Driven 
Type  “A”  and  “C”  Twisters 


Weight  of  Frames 

38"  Standard  and  Type  A 


Below  are  listed  for  convenient  reference  actual  weight  of  a few  sizes  of 
frames  of  the  38"  or  A Types.  For  approximate  weight  of  other  sizes,  see 
table  on  next  page. 


| Spindles 

Gauge 

Foreign 

Shipping 

Weight 

Net 

Cubic 

Feet 

Ocean 

Tonnage 

200 

9200 

7000 

215 

6 

1*0 

3" 

6050 

4650 

155 

4 

160 

3 lA" 

9236 

6925 

200 

5H 

144 

4" 

11075 

9270 

230 

7 

176 

i'A" 

11499 

9536 

229 

7 

144 

5" 

12795 

9500 

250 

7H 

112 

5J4" 

11081 

9124 

253 

6 

Type  “ C ” Frames 


Spindles 

Gauge 

Foreign 

Shipping 

Weight 

Net 

Cubic 

Feet 

Ocean 

Tonnage 

100 

7" 

15900 

13250 

340 

10 

120 

7" 

18200 

15100 

360 

11 

128 

7" 

18600 

15500 

400 

12 

For  approximate  figures  on  other  sizes 

7"  gauge:  Take  number  of  spindles  X 115  + 1200  = Net  weight 

7J4,/  gauge:  Take  number  of  spindles  X lid  -j-  1200  = Net  weight 

8"  gauge:  Take  number  of  spindles  X 122  -j-  1200  = Net  weight 

&W'  gauge:  Take  number  of  spindles  X 125  + 1200  = Net  weight 

For  Local  Shipping  Weight  add  8 per  cent. 

For  Foreign  Shipping  Weight  add  20  per  cent. 

For  Total  Cubic  Feet  divide  Foreign  Shipping  Weight  by  46. 

For  Ocean  Tonnage  (ship’s  option)  — total  weight  tons  plus  2 per  cent. 


Twister  Extras 

Equipment  and  appliances  not  included  in  base  prices  of  frames 


Beam  creels. 

Boxing  and  other  special  packing. 

Carter  ring  oiling  device. 

Combination  hank  clock  and  yardage 
knock-off  motion. 

Cork  insert  pulleys. 

Creels  more  than  four  slats  high. 

Gears  — Change  gears  in  excess  of  three 
sets. 

Hank  clocks. 

Independent  twist  for  both  sides  of  frame. 
Jack  spinning  arrangement. 

Knee  brakes. 

Metal  top  shelf. 

Metallic  thread  boards. 

Motor  drive. 


Novelty  twist  arrangements. 

Pulleys,  grooved,  for  spindle  drive. 

Rolls:  Larger  than  regular. 

Fluted. 

Case  hardened. 

Extra  lines  in  excess  of  single  top 
and  bottom. 

Revolving  brass  rods  in  water  pan  of  wet 
twisters. 

Spindles:  Extra  heavy  or  special. 
Separators. 

Stop  motion  for  2-ply. 

Tape  drive. 

Wet  twister  equipment. 

Weight  relieving  device  for  rolls. 

Wood  thread  board  with  porcelain  guide. 


56S 


WEIGHT  TABLE  FOR  38"  STANDARD  AND  TYPE  A TWISTERS 

For  obtaining  Net  Weight  of  Frame 


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Fixed  base  weight,  38"  .... 
Fixed  base  weight,  A 39"  . . . 
Fixed  base  weight,  A 42"  . . . 

Varying  weights 

Rail  weighting 

No.  1 spindles 

No.  2 spindles 

No.  3 spindles 

Tape  drive 

Extra  top  rolls 

Extra  bottom  rolls  

Separators,  R.C 

Separators,  ring  rail 

Supports.  (See  note)  .... 
Creels 

Wet  twist 

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569 


570 


Diagrams  of  Standard  Twister  Bobbins 
Refer  to  table  on  following  page  for  dimensions  and  weight  of  yarn 


Builders  are  supplied  for  winding  Bobbins  shown  by  cuts  on  preceding  page. 
For  dimensions  refer  to  following  table. 


571 


Dimension  Plans  of  38"  Standard 
Twisters 


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o 

o 

0 

o o 

I 38' 

L ! * 

4 

C 

0 

1 

o 

9 

-i . i j r~ 

-0-2 — 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0r°[°oooo  qq 

■j  l-^i'  . - -J  si 

■j  *'  r//  3$  FXCE  Fl/L  L EY3. 

— OVERALL  LEMQTH=SPtNDLES  RER  FRAME TZXqAi/GE+Zqj* 

Model  22  with  Pulleys  at  Foot  End 


Overall  lengths  of  these  twisters  are  the  same  as  for  correspond- 
ing models  of  spinning  frames. 

See  table  of  lengths,  pages  516  to  521. 

572 


573 


Dimension  Plans  of  Models  A and  C Twisters 
(Motor  drive  adds  from  11"  to  18"  over  all ) 


Overall  Lengths  of  39"  and  42"  Twisters 


No.  of 
Spindles 

S88S|3SSSSaS8gSSS5S|SSg?lSSS||||22|gg|S|2||| 

l 

ft 

1/ 

[ ri05b-*c«>-  HOlt’iQW  - — H5i 

2 § 5 25  3 g 8 § £ g 8 § g S « g 2 g g 1 £ S3  § g 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 2 5 5 5 5. 

; t 

\ 

Vi-CO«i^HCC‘fJ9<HCO*f5  0<f-'CO*0(Mi-CO«OCN*-'CO«5W^»*0(V--00«30<-X*f5  0'-»‘f59*-**.* 

S 2 2 2 g s a Si  1?  g g S § 5 5 S § §3  §3  £ g S3  S3  £ § g g £ S3  g § ? 3 2 ¥ 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 § 

l 

ft 

M-l  t 

f >3I>!r^;?2?^3‘~-2.r.r3222222222222222222222222V22*-<.2 

IQ  H ai  >C  rH  Cl*0*-'0i‘0'-«0S»0F-<C5‘0»-C:»0'-MC5*C  — C5*0»-«CS*0e-.O«5^CJ*0^*C5»0^C5*^— >s:«3  — 

l 2 2 2 2 2 2 g S £ 8 S3  S3  g S S § & & S 8 g S3  £ £ S S3  g £ S3  S3  S3  £ £ S3  § g 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

§ 

O ; 

w ; 
0 

3 a«O‘0OMN05't'-'OHCcnoi.Qot'9»O'+-Oe-®«O‘0Ot'0'c:'j'--S'-»nO‘3Oi'!XS 

" 23322b2222gS5SilSgggSS§SSgSggSgggggggggggggggg 

§ 

\ 

1 22  23  s,  ^ ^ Su  23  ^ S,  s*  s*  23  23  23  ^ A 23 

3 «3b©Ht'Ci«)«a'»j-c«5-Hoot'--'®o<C3«0’*-*aooeHt.Q<conc;^C‘5e-co£'^i9ia 

* 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 § g S £ Si  S3  S3  £ g S S3  g § & £ g $ S3  g § £ 5 S3  S3  S3  S3  £ £ £ g 2 £ £ S3  g 

0 

i 

| 

P *C  <— 1 >C>-iiCf-iCp-iiCmiC  - i-r.i.'3H«3Hi3H  iCe-^^cQ  — CQ  — '*C  — *3 

„ 222  2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 g 5 5 S3 S3 S3 S3 £ £ 3 S 1 § S S 8 g § 1 §3  g £ £ S3 S3  g g £ 

| i.Zb « 2 3 *» « l» 2 £ 22 2 3 13 32 « 5> 22 2 1 £% STlo -2 i\ 22 33 1 
k 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 g S £ £ S3  S S $ g g g S S S § S & 2 2 S S S g g g g 

No.  of 
Spindles 

ggSggg§22ggggg3S3S§§g$K2igSgi|||2||g||l|||S| 

574 


Overall  Lengths  of  39"  and  42"  Twisters — Continued 


■s 

o 

& 

CO 

w 

S 

fn 

pc< 

o 

w 

o 

p 

< 

o 

5’  Gauge 

4’ Gauge  4 J4"  Gauge  | 

C5*Of~«0‘0»'=«OS*0  | 

V333333S 

be 

3 

O 

fO 

Tj<^,t>.p^ooeoo»«©t^oics’«f>“'»i-^coeo 

§ = 5 3 * ? 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 § 

0) 

Pj 

3 

RS 

0 

S 

ro 

S3  S3  is,  S3  S3  S?*  S:*  S?*  S3  S3  S 

MO^HlQOWHt.^COCOPTfO'Or-OOt'H 

S g 3 3 3 % '%  3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 g 

3"  Gauge  | 

m uj  *Q  >-i  *0  « 1 — *Q  — O — « »Q  —<  »o  r-  »o  *-*  O 

S S 3 1 g 3 3 g g g g 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 § 

2z/i"  Gauge  I 

„ S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S3  S: 

«CO(Nt'M©©«5rt^Owa^OOf-<t'0'0'-*5C^CJ«CCO>t-r=<aO*OeH^O«©WCO>-> 

g g g g g 3 b 8 « 1 § b £ \ » 2 = = = ® 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

No.  of 
Spindles 

S28S§H8SS§iSSHS8S833SSSSS§SS2S8SSHSSSi 

575 


Overall  Lengths  of  39"  and  42"  Twisters  — Continued 


q ■OOMOOrt©p-^©(Nt'0«50«00'-'0^^05<Nt' 


*0©HiQ©Hii50SH«5C>H>00}rH*005Hi005HioaiH»0 

Jo  2 2 b I!  S3  S3 I b S3  g S g S g b g g 5 3!  3 3 § 5 § g 


*O0C-o*ioa'-5<»OOD-'N‘O®-(5<*O«^(N‘CXM'3<iO(t-!3< 

b 2 2 s $ S3  3 § b S3 I S 8 3 35 1 Is  g g b 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 


*|? 
o o 

w &> 

o 

t> 


^ o>  — ■ -<  co  *o  c:  — -hm«5  1'0  - pH««5^d-'-P'Ot'C.-  ~ m 


•o^ao 


2 2 b 5:  S3  3 S3  S $ g g 3 85  g g g b g g 3 3 5 3 3 3 b 3 § 


O^t^C0CiO-^O'-<0<C!,5'^l‘0<»l>®C;C  — O«(XC0'^<C5^£>»C5O  — 

2 2 b 2 2 g b S3  S S3  § b g S3  g S S g 35  g b g g 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 b 3 S 


5 O *0*0*0*0*0*0*0  10  »o  »o  *o  «o  *o  »o  »o  *o  *o  *©  *o  *o  »o  *o  *o  «5  ‘O  O ‘OCOC>;CC>3‘5C 

i lb  2 2 b 2 2 1 b ?:  S3  35  S3 I b g § g 5 8 g 35  S g b g g 3 b 3 3 3 3 3 b 3 3 § 


1 

rt  ^^M0)HOHOa®l>,OC’J'n5<'-O-OC5Xt',O«5’fnU3-5-C3*t'Ci5'?n0)'« 

33!  2 2 2 2 b 2 2 2 g b S S3  35  S3  S3  b g § S3  g b 8 g 35  8 g fe  g g 3 3 b 3 3 b 3 3 b 3 3 S 


I 3^g§3g?22gggggi|§22ggggg333|giS$gggSg||!|| 


576 


V/  jL/yuivnJL/miio  v/r  i n loimv  x->. 

As  shown  by  tables  on  pages  574  and  570 


Detail  of  Gearing  — 38"  Standard  Twister 


578 


Schedule  of  Gearing 
Standard  38"  Twister 

(Refer  to  cut  on  opposite  page) 

A — Front  roll  gear 
B — Large  intermediate  roll  gear 
C — Twist  change  gear 
D — Stud  gear 
G — Drum  gear 
H ■ — Traverse  driving  gear 
J — Traverse  intermediate  gear 
K — Traverse  stud  gear 
L — Traverse  change  gear 
M — Traverse  intermediate  gear 
N — Builder  cam  shaft  worm  gear 
Y - — Ratio  cylinder  to  whirl 
Z — Circumference  front  roll 


Formulae  for  Figuring  Twist 


A x D x Y 

CXGXZ 


Twist  per  inch 


A X D X Y 
G X Z 


= Twist  constant 


T wist  constant  . . 

. — — = 1 wist  per  inch 

I wist  change  gear 


Twist  constant  _ . , 

77, — ; . — r = 1 wist  change  gear 

1 wist  per  inch 


Tables  of  twist  constants  on  following  pages 


579 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


38*  STANDARD  TWISTER  BAND  DRIVE 


7"  Diam.  Cyl. 

Front  Roll  IK" 

Diam. 

Front  Roll  Gear  102  Teeth 

Whirl 

Diam. 

Cyl.  54  T 
Stud  65  T 

I 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  80  T 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  108  T 

Cyl.  30  T 
Stud  90  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  96  T 

Cyl.  30  T 
Stud  120  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  120  T 

i" 

163 

246 

332 

406 

542 

542 

677 

i*' 

152 

230 

311 

380 

506 

506 

634 

i W 

141 

213 

288 

352 

469 

469 

588 

1 3 if 
A16 

136 

205 

277 

339 

451 

451 

564 

IK" 

130 

197 

266 

325 

433 

433 

542 

1 5 it 
1 16 

125 

189 

255 

312 

416 

416 

520 

IK" 

121 

182 

246 

301 

401 

401 

502 

1 X" 

111 

168 

226 

277 

369 

369 

462 

M" 

103 

156 

211 

258 

343 

343 

430 

iM" 

96.5 

146 

197 

240 

320 

320 

401 

2" 

85.3 

129 

174 

212 

283 

283 

354 

8"  Diam.  Cyl. 

Front  Roll  IK" 

Diam. 

Front  Roll  Gear  102  Teeth 

Whirl 

Diam. 

Cyl.  54  T 
Stud  65  T 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  80  T 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  108  T 

Cyl.  30  T 
Stud  90  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  96  T 

Cyl.  30  T 
Stud  120  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  120  T 

l" 

184 

278 

375 

458 

611 

611 

764 

iA' 

177 

268 

362 

442 

589 

589 

736 

IK" 

162 

244 

330 

402 

537 

537 

672 

iA" 

155 

234 

316 

386 

516 

516 

644 

i*T 

149 

224 

303 

370 

494 

494 

618 

iA' 

142 

215 

290 

355 

473 

473 

592 

iH" 

139 

210 

284 

346 

462 

462 

578 

lK" 

128 

193 

261 

318 

425 

425 

531 

M' 

119 

179 

242 

296 

394 

394 

493 

IK" 

111 

167 

226 

276 

368 

368 

461 

2" 

98.1 

148 

200 

244 

326 

326 

408 

580 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


38"  STANDARD  TWISTER  TAPE  DRIVE 


7"  Diam.  Cyl. 

Front  Roll  IK" 

Diam. 

Front  Roll  Gear  102  Teeth 

Whirl 

Diam. 

Cyl.  54  T 
Stud  65  T 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  80  T 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  108  T 

Cyl.  SO  T 
Stud  90  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  9G  T 

Cyl.  SO  T 
Stud  120  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  120  T 

i" 

175 

264 

356 

435 

581 

581 

726 

W 

165 

250 

337 

413 

550 

550 

688 

i k" 

157 

238 

321 

393 

523 

523 

654 

iA' 

148 

224 

304 

370 

493 

493 

616 

IK" 

139 

210 

283 

346 

461 

461 

576 

1 5 // 

134 

202 

273 

333 

444 

444 

556 

IK' 

126 

191 

257 

315 

419 

419 

524 

IV?" 

115 

174 

235 

288 

384 

384 

480 

IK" 

107 

161 

217 

266 

354 

354 

443 

lM" 

99.2 

150 

202 

247 

329 

329 

412 

2" 

86.8 

131 

177 

216 

288 

288 

361 

8"  Diam.  Cyl. 

Front  Roll  IK" 

Diam. 

Front  Roll  Gear  102  Teeth 

Whirl 

Diam. 

Cyl.  54  T 
Stud  65  T 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  80  T 

Cvl.  44  T 
Stud  108  T 

Cyl.  30  T 
Stud  90  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  96  T 

Cyl.  30  T 
Stud  120  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  120  T 

1" 

199 

302 

407 

497 

662 

662 

828 

1*" 

189 

286 

385 

471 

628 

628 

785 

IK" 

180 

272 

367 

448 

597 

597 

748 

iA' 

169 

256 

345 

422 

563 

563 

704 

IK" 

158 

239 

323 

395 

526 

526 

658 

iA' 

153 

231 

312 

380 

507 

507 

634 

IK" 

144 

218 

294 

359 

479 

479 

599 

IK" 

132 

199 

269 

329 

438 

438 

548 

IK" 

122 

184 

248 

306 

404 

404 

506 

IK" 

113 

171 

231 

282 

376 

376 

470 

2" 

99.2 

150 

202 

247 

329 

329 

412 

10"  Diam.  Cyl. 

Front  Roll 

Diam. 

Front  Roll  Gear  102  Tseth 

Whirl 

Diam. 

Cyl.  54  T 
Stud  65  T 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  80  T 

Cyl.  44  T 
Stud  108  T 

Cyl.  SO  T 
Stud  90  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  96  T 

Cyl.  30  T 
Stud  120  T 

Cyl.  24  T 
Stud  120  T 

1" 

250 

377 

508 

622 

828 

828 

1036 

1A" 

236 

357 

482 

588 

786 

786 

982 

IK" 

225 

340 

458 

560 

746 

746 

934 

! iA" 

212 

320 

432 

528 

704 

704 

880 

iK' 

198 

300 

404 

494 

658 

658 

823 

1 5 // 
A16 

191 

288 

389 

476 

634 

634 

793 

IK" 

180 

272 

367 

449 

598 

598 

749 

IK" 

165 

250 

337 

412 

549 

549 

687 

1 IK" 

152 

230 

310 

380 

506 

506 

633 

IK" 

141 

214 

288 

352 

470 

470 

588 

r 

124 

187 

253 

309 

411 

411 

515 

581 


Detail  of  Gearing  — Type  “A”  and  " C ” Frames 


582 


Schedule  of  Gearing 

(Refer  to  cut  on  opposite  page) 

A — Front  roll  gear 
B - Large  intermediate  roll  gear 
C — Twist  change  gear 
D — Stud  gear 
E — Jack  change  gear 
F — Jack  gear 
G — Drum  gear 
H Traverse  driving  gear 
J — Traverse  intermediate  gear 
K — Traverse  stud  gear 
L — Traverse  change  gear 
M — Wind-up  gear 
N — Builder  cam  shaft  worm  gear 
Y — Ratio  cylinder  to  whirl 
Z — Circumference  front  roll 

Formulae  for  Figuring  Twist 

AXDXFXY  ^ . . , 

CXEXGXZ  = Twist  per  lnch 

Multiply  and  divide,  as  above,  leaving  out  “C,”  to  get  twist  constant 

Twist  Constant  „ . . , 

rp  ■ . pi r- = Twist  per  inch 

I wist  change  Gear 

Twist  Constant  . , 

rp  • . r — t-  = Twist  change  gear 

1 wist  per  Inch 

Table  of  Twist  Constants  on  following  page 


583 


M 


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584 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


A 

Q 


M 


co 

Pi 

S 

CO 


N 

■«*< 


8"  Diameter  Cylinder  Front  Rolls  1%’  and  2"  Diameter  Front  Roll  Gear  108  Teeth 

Jack  Ch.  62  T 
Cyl.  Ch.  30  T 

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585 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


w 

Si 

H 


HH  a 
33  3) 

uu 

Ilf 


isisma  isiihp 


IsiSlssllssSSsS 


E-E- 

S3 

dJ 

11 


hh 

dd 

11 


3 


c* 

ro 


a 

£ 

-4-» 

a 

2 


£ 

O 

rt 

4-> 

a 

2 

& 

(VI 

T3 

§ 


e-h 

8§ 

dd 

11 


HH 

g£ 

dd 

II 


HE-" 


dd 


IIIllISsISsISSI 


sSs51iSislsl!s2 


iSiSgiSiSSlsigg 


sissIlSIllsiaal 


•51111111111112 


Sllsllli™!!! 


isisssiieisiis 


? Illlsslllllilll 


llgllSslIllSsil 


IlilislllisISlI 


HE-1 

35 

dd 

11 


3gS||3g2sll£§li 


HH 

S3 

dd 

11 


--cowocc 

33SS3i§ggS  SgSS3£ 
^ 


.S.S 

uo 


HE- 

SS 

J3JB 

UU 


SS5  = §gg§g3??2§ls:| 


|Sii33|g2gll2lg 


2||ggSS3SS§1^5 


§SISSiS2l22Sl=» 


||2|ggSSSg2Sall 


31 g ssssssssssssss* 


g|;fjs8M8sSSS£S8«* 
dd  = 

111  m.mmmm 


Mr,  s 


= .2  U -£X"2-t-^. 


5S6 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


« 

Q 

W 

Si 


c n 

<& 


w 

H 


CO 


I— I 

p 

H 


A 

S 


8"  Diam.  CyL  1)4"  and  2"  Front  Rolls  Front  Roll  Gear  108  T Cyl.  Gear  47  T Jack  Gear  48  T 

Jack  Ch.  31  T 
Stud  Ch.  61  T 

2"  Roll 

-f>  © 

X t-1  O Ol  ^ “O  f"  O t-  1-1  i'  »© 

OiCWO»r-003t'©«5«HOOOl> 

Of  Ol  Cl  Ol  Cl  rl  pH  rH  r- 

«’*coooo‘oc!)L-5o>ceot'0 

cc«wnc<ciaic<o<c<--tpHHp-p- 

Jack  Ch.  28  T 
Stud  Ch.  04  T 

ll°H  „8  1 

© 

ocit',0’i,cc5»oxt'icnoici' 

C0©J©*®t©t©J©<®J>— -“•I—  — 

Jack  Ch.  50  T 
Stud  Ch.  42  T 

| 2"  Roll 

e^iQNNO-HaoM- 
© ©*  ^ © ©’  -ft?  CC  ■*?  ©’  CO  '|J'  t>  ©i 

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o 

©X©X«-©'$>©.-<©©*e®.-4«»®© 
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a 

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‘C'd'nci^p-ooiaxt'C*©^1^ 

Jack  Ch.  24  T 
Stud  Ch.  68  T 

a 

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00©^Ot©©t^»QCOp-<C0©«5O<© 

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Jack  Ch.  45  T 
Stud  Ch.  47  T 

2"  Roll 

ceNo^qcO'j|co 

©e©t^©r-«t^^ai»®C3©©i*©©© 

♦focaip-«®oaoot'0«>0'^x 

j I > Roll 

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f 

© I>  oq  ® «-< 

xt^©*o^^c©©»  — ©©xt^©»® 

Jack  Ch.  23  T 
Stud  Ch.  09  T 

o 

& 

CO©»*'?OJ©©^-t>©©©X©«'*J» 

©X©'*J'©J©©©-f'®*©t>COC©»-i 

^COMMCCMSKCKNOI^p-php-^ 

Jack  Ch.  40  T 
Stud  Ch.  52  T 

1I°H  *8 

qxsi^qq 

tcoxxc^oot'doNaN® 

t'©*-C«i'nMClH©©Xt'®CTf 

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k 

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MOMkCUIP-XitXHOOWpH^io 

o 

q © © 

Wp-OXU5XX'>f9»CIO«ciNd 

W«lrt©Xl'®iO'4,CC-OaM8 

©t©*©*—!,-.,-.,-.— 

Jack  Ch.  20  T 
Stud  Ch.  72  T 

o 

■'■POO©— <■»?  — ©©c^^o^^©^ 

x <c  r:  -<  xt-  o ci  c;  t'  -hc;  o r. 

Jack  Ch.  38  T 
Stud  Ch.  54  T 

3 

©* 

© q ©*  ©* 

HHV«l©IOXebXiQ'fiO«'i? 

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X 

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laojwMw^oO'fOHiooMin 

*t-®-t-*C5C2CRC;XCIXe5-X 

o©»o*o*C'f-^|-^'eoco«oto<o<^ 

a 

ft 

©J  ©J 

‘©—•©©©jio^ce*©-?©©*^-''?©* 

CKRddd-c-MMp.H^r- 

Jack  Ch.  10  T 
Stud  Ch.  70  T 

_ 

“o 

X 

%, 

X'^OC»NMC»'JI©a»t'(N'^>H-H 
CC©J>^©X©0»©©  — MU5- «C0 
©0*©‘©*0-f‘''*-'J<XC©CO®*©t©*,— 1 

Jack  Ch.  32  T 
Stud  Ch.  60  T 

*o 

©t 

« 

WIQMOMH 

tCMClHO®X©i.C«fOlH©cOt« 

©8©4  01©*©<p=..-«F=*.=<i~.— IHH 

1 

»®  © © ©*  t^>  »o  — ittCJadNox-? 
a®M'0®otci.C'>fT?nn(RQ< 

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«-ox®io^9<®®©^coi-<a 

«ClMCI©l9ISI©l9lrt«-<HH 

Whirl 

Diam. 

'-■  — >—  •— ■ «-«  — •—  ""61  G*  Q<  GO  CO 

Whirl 

Diam. 

587 


o> 

ro 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


589 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


590 


Table  of  Twist  Constants 


591 


Ratio  of  Cylinder  to  Whirl 


592 


10"  CYLINDER.  TAPE  DRIVE 


593 


10"  CYLINDER.  BAND  DRIVE 


R.  P.  M. 

of 

Spindle 

11  mi  mi  mi  mi  mil 

R.  P.  M.  of  Driving  Pulley  for  Indicated  Spindle  Speeds 

Diameter  of  Whirl 

* 

o» 

il  Bill  §111  1151  lie  ; : 

on 

§1  Ills  Ills  5111  llll  1 : : : 

*0. 

11  1111  lll|  %m  llll  111  j 

11  llll  Bill  ills  Sill  III?  : 

k 

5 

il  mi  mi  iii|  mi  inn 

il  iiii  sin  ill's  1111  §s~n 

k 

si  iiii  mi  mi  iiii  inn 

:§  iiii  iiii  nil  iiii  lull 

: §§£2  2SS2  22S5  SS2SS 

■ • -*■■*-*  *o  1-~  t-  x x x c;  c:  c;  o o © 

: ; ; ;ii  ms  sin  mi  inn 

% 

: ; : : ; : llll  llll  1151  Iiii! 

: ill  III!  llll  mil 

; : ; ; : : ; : :»  llll  nil  Hill 

: : 5115  ISIS  Hill 

R.  P.  M. 
of 

Spindle 

11  IIII  ill!  ill!  III!  IIIII 

594 


CYLINDER.  TAPE  DRIVE 


Q 


Ph 

Q 


595 


DRIVING  PULLEY  SPEED 


Ii.  P.  M. 
of 

Spindle 

ii  mi  mi  mi  mi  mu 

R.  P.  M.  of  Driving  Pulley  for  Indicated  Spindle  Speeds. 

Diameter  of  Whirl 

C* 

Gf 

si  nsi  mi  iss  \ ww  \\\w 

is  ills  l§il  $m  i\\\ 

is  1111  ISSI  ms  IIS  = : : : : : 

Vj 

11  Sill  5f§  = HU  HU  1 : : : 

£ 

SI  lill  Sill  III!  III!  III  : : 

* 

IS  sill  sisl  ISSS  ISIS  Slsl : 

£ 

is  mi  sill  ni|  nil  mu 

s 

ii  sin  ms  mi  sm  mm 

V 

;§  ssis  nss  mi  n=i  sun 

: : 1111  ms  mi  ii||  Hill 

: : :sis  sill  ISIS  1111  l|l!l 

! \m  ISIS  Sill  “ill  ilsll 

: : i : :§  S1S1  Sill  1EIS  Slits 

Vs 

; : : : ; : §i$i  Sill  1115  121=1 

^ =3 

* o.S 

II  111!  III!  III!  III!  Hill 

596 


CYLINDER.  BAND  DRIVE 


Q 


Ph 

Q 


R.  P.  M. 
of 

Spindle 

oo  oooo  oooo  oooo  oooo  ooooo 

0*0  0*0  0*0  0*0  0*0  0*0  0*0  0*0  0*0  0*00*00 

*Ot>  0^*0  1'  0 0»*0t'  0 0»*0t'  © CM  *0  t>  OOUOt'O 

<M  CM  CO  00  CO  GO  Tj*  ■*}<  *$»  *o  *o  *o  *o  OOOO  t>  t>  t>  t>  CO 

R.  P.  M.  of  Driving  Pulley  for  Indicated  Spindle  Speeds 

Diameter  of  Whirl 

Of' 

937 

1030 

1124 

1217 

1311 

1405 

1498 

1592 

1085 

V 

cm 

851 

936 

1921 

1106 

1190 

1275 

1360 

1446 

1531 

1616 

1701 

- 

4 

*0  — QO^ON  COOOCO  0)00) 

O'*  M®  N Tf  cm  © t>  *o  OOGO  ■ ....  

i>00  0500-—'  CM  X X -1-  *000-  ....  

sc 

O CO  HMO-f  HOO^f  — © <M  • • • 

i>-f<  — -1<  — X — X *0  — X *0  ©*  • • • 

O t-  COCOOO  © — CM  O)  COrfT*<o  O • • ■ 

£ 

O 50  000*0  00'-'^^  © CM  *0  X — rft  . . 

COO  *0  — X — ONCOO)  *-0  CM  X — — b-  

OO  X X © OO  — — OOOCOtP  *o  *o 

l>  O OOOf-  © X t>  »0  »f  CM  — O X t>  O *0  

CO  -f  © O CM  X coco-  t>  x © *o  © O CM  X 

*0  O t>  X X OOO—  — 1 <M  <M  CO  — — *0  *0  

O-f*  X 0>  O © -I'  X CM  O O ® 8)  O © -S'  X CM  O • • • 

-#*o  — © *o  — O — b-  <M  x x x -t  o*-oo*-o  — o - • - 

*0*0  Ot't'X  X O O O o — HOI  CM  X -S'  -S'  *0*0  - • - 

b-  x O CM  CO  *o  t^xo—  co*oox  o — «*o  oxo—  • 

— o oinou'  cm  x x x x x x -*■  o Tf  c ^ o*oo  • 

*0*0  O O J>  b-  XX©©  OO  — — O»CMC0C0  ifTju.0  0 ■ 

5 

•CM  CM  — OO  OXXN  O O »0  -S'  -s*  x ©»  — — © © © X 

• -s«  © -s«  © t*  xxx  x x x x x x x x x x x t>  <m  t- 

■ *o  *ooot>  i>  X X © OOO—  — O*  CM  CO  — *0*0 

• • 0 0*00  •f  a-tx  X X CM  b-  — O — *0  © *0  © -S'  © 

• • X X CM  —*0  0-1*  © X X CM  I-  — O © *0  © X X CM 

• • *0*000  b-  X X XOOO  © — — CM  CM  CM  X X -* 

- 

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■ • • — *0  0 X b-  — *0  © X b — *0  © X b-  — *0  © X b- 

- ■ -*0*0*0  O O b-  b-  b-  X X O OOOO  — — — CM  CM 

. . . .<Mb-  ONON  SlbMX  XXXX  X X X O -1* 

• • • -OO*  00X0  © X b © 'ft--**  X — *OX(M 

• ■ ■ • -1<  *o  *0*0  00  b b b X xxoo  oooo  — 

O XOX—  1005)  — b © <M  *0X0X0 

• • • • ■ O CM  *0  X <M  *0  X — *0  X — *OX  — -S'  X — -P 

• • • ■ ■ — *0*0*0  0 © O b b b»  X X X OOOOO 

sc 

• • • • ■ • Tf*0*0»0  *0000  O b b b b X X X © 

X — — b-  0X00  CM  *0  X — -f<  b O X O 

-#>*0»0*0  OOOO  b b b X XXOOO 

R.  P.  M. 
of 

Spindle 

OO  OOOO  OOOO  OOOO  ©OOO  OOOOO 

0*0  0*00*0  0*00*0  0*00*0  0*0  0*0  0*00*00 

*Ob  © CM  *0  b-  © CM  *0  b © CM  *0  b © <M  *0  b OOI»ONO 

CM  01  XXXX  -P  "S'  -S'  -P  *0  *0  *0  *0  OOOO  b b b b X 

597 


TWO  PLY  TWIST  TABLE 


Twist  per  Inch  j 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

00 

'JOOhio  © © © b — * o»  x © © © o'  — x — © u;  r.  -•  o gj  © © © cc  © -* 

c o co  n ?o  co  a o a co  b © ■*$<  — © © x © © x © x — b o'  co  co  o.  o.  i*  c >.*  c •*  c. 

*o  co  c.  - n c co  n co  ci  © — — oi  ed  -$<  x «:  cW  cd  ad  ci  ci  © © — oi  o»  oi  cd  r- 

— — »— i — — * — — r->  .-I  oj  Gj  o»  o'  o'  o'  O'  o'  o'  o»  o»  o'  o'  o»  o»  x x r,  r.  cc  r.  r.  r! 

b 

OOC1HO  OWO--N  © 00  CO  X -3*  HNOOJCN  © CO  X CO  O'  X © b © X C*.  O N C N <y 

CO  X rH  CO  00  © OOffiN  O CO  H x *0  O'  CO  X — b CO  X -*  © X O *5  O «5  C X © •?  © X x 

x b © © — 6i  i«  o co  b cd  ci  © © — — - • o>"  co  co  -$*  -*  x"  x cd  n n x x d a d c d •-  — 

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b 

X © CC  © b 6)  O O IO  IO  6>  IO  IO  6»  t*  © — © b X CC  6>  *5  *0  ■**  O'  © © — © © X © 00  O 

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© 

oocoato  co  co  o o co  -f  x co  © © co«ooos«5  cos-totco  — cc  o>  x b © © © © © x 

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r-  HHHHH  nHHHH  — — — O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  C'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O' 

© 

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o>  o co  cq  o>  © b -q  © t>  cq  cq  -q  q >t  o q -q  © cq  b o'  q q •?  q 5;  0 c - - -* 

tj3  cd  i>  cd  ci  © — oi  oi  cd  *t  * *o  d d cd  t>  od  cd  cd  ci  ci  0 0"  — - 6*  o»  o*  cd  cd  -*-*-*’  -*  »d 

1 — ' ' »— • 1 — 1 —I  HHHr-H  — . — hhO)(»OI  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  O'  o* 

X 

X 

OO-tXO  COClOl'O  © co  x x © x -*  © x © 6*  »*  10  *o  *o  X — ' X -f  © X © — X — — 

co  *o  n m-  x oi  o q co  q q q q 0 *00  ioc:co  x 0*  © 0 — x o»  *-o  c.  r.  cc  0 x © 0 co 

cd  x cd  t>  cd  ci  © — — oi  oi  cd  x x cd  cd  cd  b b-’  cd  cd  d d ©*©©’©  — — oi  oi  oi  x x 

HHHH  rlrlHr-H  , — — * —I  l-H  — p-  6<  C<  61  W 6»  6»  5*  6<  V 0* 

X 

■^OCObH  0X0— ■ X XIOIOXC1  -?  CC  © — — © CO  © O'  CO  Ob-^b  © © — o»  o'  — 

IOOHOCJ  COCOOCOm  t>  OI  b o>  CO  — x © -f-  cc  o'  X © X © © X b © X © © X © C.  O' 

cd  x cd  t>  b H 2-  — 2 23  23  |2  i3  © cd  cd  t-  b cd  cd  ad  © © ©’©’©’©©  — 

CO  © — © — © O'  © -*  © X X CC  — X X O'  © b X XX©©—*  X X X 5)0*I3  0»  © 

hioiocof-i  b -q  © x © »q  © -h*  © cq  b h 1.0  ® e»  x © o'  x © o'  *q  x — -q  b © o*  *o  x © 

cd  t}5  x cd  b b ad  © ci  © © — — — oi  oi  cd  cd  x"  — ’ -*  — ’ *d  *-d  »d  ©‘  © cd  t-i  td  bx  x x x d 

X © © © 0»  X X © X X©©X*C>  —©©XX  ©t^©©-f>  <^©b>X©  XOOOX  b- 

x © © © x © -*  © ^ © x co  oi  i-o  ci  co  © © x © co  o'  ‘O  x — q b q q ■*  t>  © ox  -*  t-  © 

©i  -}i  Tji  x cd  cd  i>  cd  cd  cd  ci  ci  © © © — — oi  oi  oi  oi  cd  cd  cd  -*  x x’  x ©"  ©*  ©’  © cd 

CO 

© © X X © X © 6<  X — XX©©  © — © © b-  rb  — b 03  X 0<©©X©  X003X-*  X 

*f  x o*  © x © x © -?■  x o^  x ©.  O'  x © o'  i-o  b o co  cq  x — x © x — x x t>  © 03  -q  cq  ® 

oi  cd  rji  ^ x cd  cd  t>  t>  i>  cd  oo  x ci  ci  ©’©’©’©’—  — — — oi  oi  oi  oi  cd  x"  x’  od  — -*  -*  -*■  «* 

CO 

©>  © X © — © © — FfXX-fO)  XX©  X©  WXb©-  O'O'XC'^  — © © b-  X T. 

— © © o'  b-  o>cq©xi>  ©cqcqcoo^  ^ b q q b-  © — x cq  acoo'-q©  cq  © — x x b 

oi  x cd  ^ ^ x x cd  © cd  b b t-i  b x oo  oo  ci  ci  © ©’©’©©’©’  © — — — — — O'  oi  oi  oi  O' 

C3 

b © © -?"  x XX©©©  ©xxotx  b©©— * © © X © ^ O'  © ©O'  x -*©©  — © — 

b x © x © x © © cq  x oo  — cq  cq  ao  © o'  x b © — o'  -q  © x © — cq  »q  cq  oq  © — cq  -q  © 

r-i  oi  cd  cd  cd  -f>  -*  x x x x cd  cd  cd  cd  b b b b b oo  oc  oo  oo  oo  ©’©’©’©’©’  ©’©©©©  c 

03 

— 1 © X x © © *^  © rf«  b ©©©©X  ©xo©^  XXXXb  — X X O'  X b © O'  X b © 

o -*  x — t}>  b o oi  q cq  © — O'  -q  cq : x © — cq  -q  © b © cq  o'  x -q  cq  b x © — O'  cq  -q 

— O'  oi  ®i  cd  cd  cd  Tt  -fi  T}i  -?■  X X X X X cd  © © cd  ©"  ©’  © b bbb  b b b 00  cd  X X X 

X©TfrO'b  ©—©XX  0*XXb—  — t-  © C'  — ©X©©©  — — — — < — — © © X b © 

©xx  — x cq  cq  cq  — cq  x cq  oo  © — O'  x x © b cq©oo'cq  -q  x © b cq  © © © — o'  x 

^ ^ oi  oi  oioicdcdcd  odcdcdcd^?  — r*  -*  x x x x x x x"  x x©©©©’  © 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

w — , _«  —i  o>  — © — © x © © © © x©oo»o<  © b — •»•  © © — O'  X X b©  O'  XX  X 

o©oi-x  Xb©0'X  -*XX-?X  0'-©X©  -f  — © © X O b -*  © b XC©0'X  - 

b © o'  x b®Or-6(  X Tf  x © b x © © © — O'  x x Tf  X cq  ©b  x cq  ca  © © - — v 

— — oi  oi  oi  oi  oi  oi  oi  oi  oioicdcdcd  cdxxxx  nwnnn  x 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

x © x © x © x © x © x © x © x © x © x © x © x © x © x © x © *-q  © x © *q  © 

oi  oi  cdcd^rji»d  xcdcdbb  cdcd©’©‘©  ^ 23  — — — i3  — — — 23  ^ 

Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

HNCO^ld  © b X © O HNMFflO  © b X © © — 03  X X ID  b CO  © © r?  S 5 - 

^ HHHHH  rH— i— i— *03  0303030303  03  03  03  03  X XXXXX  « 

598 

CO 

34.41 

34.87 

35.33 

35.78 

36.22 

36.66 

37.10 

37.52 

37.94 

38.37 

38.78 
39.19 
39.60 
4ft  on 

40.40 

40.79 

41.18 
41.57 

41.95 

42.34 

42.71 

43.08 

43.45 

43.82 

44.18 
44.54 
44.90 
45.26 

45.31 

45.96 

46.31 
46.64 
46  99 

1 11 

t- 

32.26 

32.69 

33.12 
33.54 

33.96 
34.37 
34.78 
35.18 
35.57 

35.97 

36.36 
36.74 

37.13 
37.50 

37.88 

38.24 

38.61 

38.97 
39.33 

39.69 
40.04 
40.39 

40.73 

41.08 

41.42 
41.76 
42.10 

42.43 
42.46 

43.09 
43.41 

43.73 
44.06 

44.37 

44.69 
45.00 

30.11 

30.51 

30.91 
31.30 

31.70 

32.08 

32.46 

32.83 

33.20 

33.57 

33.94 

34.29 

34.65 

35.00 

35.35 

35.69 

36.04 

36.37 

86.71 

37.04 

37.37 

37.70 
38.02 
38.34 

38.66 
38.98 

89.29 
39.60 

39.91 

40.22 

40.52 
40.82 

41.12 
41.41 

41.71 

42.00 

© 

53x2§  S?gg§  £22S§  mg®23  S§ 

Saga  SfiggS  SSSg'S  Massif  am  £££§§£  a 

CO 

25.81 

26.15 

26.50 

9683 

SSS22  £§g?§  ggg£2  SSSgg  25SSS  gg 

&8;8;Sa  gaaag  g.ggSS  gagas  SSSgg  Si 

id 

23.66 
23.97 
24.29 

24.60 

24  90 
25.21 

25.50 
25.80 
20.09 

26.38 

26.66 
20.94 
27.23 

27.50 

27.78 

28.04 

28.31 
28.58 
28.84 

29.11 

29.36 

29.62 

29.87 

30.12 

30.38 

30.62 

30.87 
31.11 

31.36 

31.60 
31.83 
32.07 

32.31 
82.54 

32.77 

83.00 

IO 

SS23S  aSSgSi  2§g2g  SSiSS  g?S2£g  g§ 

SSSSgf  SSSS8  aSSSa  ggiss  SSgaS  SSiSS  as 

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SSSi  iSSSS  sssaa 

£§££§  SSSSS  SggggS  £g 

aSSSa  SSSSS  SaSSS  am  as 

t? 

17.20 

17.44 

17.06 

17.89 

18.11 

18.33 

18.55 

18.76 

18.97 

19.18 
19.39 
19.00 
19.80 
an  no 

sssss  sgsas  gsas 

sagaa  sssss  sasss  saas: 

1 11 

$ 

CO 

15.05 

15.26 

15.46 

15.65 

15.85 
16.04 
16.23 
10.42 

16.60 

16.79 
16.97 
17.15 

17.33 

17.50 

17.68 

17.85 
18.02 
18.19 
18.35 

18.52 

18.69 

18.85 
19.01 

19.17 

19.33 
19.48 
19.65 

19.80 
19.95 

20.11 

20.25 

20.40 

20.56 

20.71 

20.75 

21.00 

CO 

12.90 
13.08 
13.25 

33.42 

13.58 

13.75 

13.91 
14.07 

14.23 

14.39 

14.54 

14.70 
14.85 

15.00 

15.15 
15.30 
15.44 

15.59 
15.73 

15.88 

16.02 

16.16 
16.29 

10.43 

16.57 

16.70 
16.84 
16.97 

17.10 

17.24 
17.36 
17.49 
17.62 

17.75 

17.77 

18.00 

-IggSS  ggg^g  g2S?g§  S8gg§ 

« 2253  33333  32222  22222  22222 

« 

ggSS  §£SSjS  §?S®§  2§ggg  SSSSS 

cocoooco  d si  d d ci  eicicicio  ©’©©©©  © © © © © 

H 

SSSS  a^sssa 

<d  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  t>  i>  i>  i>  t>  *>  t>  t>  t>  t>  06  x cc  cc 

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Self 


2?! 


II  llsll 


35 


>SI§  g 


f ^ ■«*  •**  "*  •*■?  ^ *d  10*0*0*^ 


approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

18.5 

19.0 

19.5 

20.0 

15211 

23.0 

23.5 

24.0 

24.5 

25.0 

»d  © »d  © »d 

aaasia 

28.0 

28.5 

29.0 

29.5 

30.0 

30.5 

31.0 

31.5 

32.0 

82.5 

33.0 

33.5 

34.0 

34.5 

35.0 

35.5 

36.0 

pill 

sssss 

sssss 

32SSS  3S“S° 

599 


TWO  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  peb 

Inch 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

4 34 

6 

5M 

6 

6'A 

7 

73 

36.5 

6.042 

24.17 

27.19 

30.21 

33.23 

36.25 

39.27 

42.29 

74 

37.0 

6.083 

24.33 

27.37 

30.41 

33.46 

36.50 

39.54 

42.58 

76 

37.5 

6.124 

24.50 

27.56 

30.62 

33.68 

36.74 

39.81 

42.87 

76 

38.0 

6.164 

24.66 

27.74 

30.82 

33.90 

36.99 

40.07 

43.15 

77 

38.5 

6.205 

24.82 

27.92 

31.02 

34.13 

37.23 

40.33 

43.44 

78 

39.0 

6.245 

24.98 

28.10 

31.22 

34.35 

37.47 

40.59 

43.72 

79 

39.5 

6.285 

25.14 

28.28 

31.42 

34.57 

37.71 

40.85 

44.00 

80 

40.0 

6.325 

25.30 

28.46 

31.62 

34.79 

37.95 

41.11 

44.28 

81 

40.5 

6.364 

25.46 

28.64 

31.82 

35.00 

38.18 

41.37 

44.55 

82 

41.0 

6.403 

25.61 

28.81 

32.02 

35.22 

38.42 

41.62 

44.82 

83 

41.5 

6.442 

25.77 

28.99 

32.21 

35.43 

38.65 

41.87 

45.09 

84 

42.0 

6.481 

25.92 

29.16 

32.41 

35.65 

38.88 

42.13 

45.37 

86 

42.5 

6.519 

26.08 

29.34 

32.60 

35.85 

39.11 

42.37 

45.63 

86 

43.0 

6.557 

26.23 

29.51 

32.79 

36.06 

39.34 

42.62 

45.90 

87 

43.6 

6.596 

26.38 

29.68 

32.98 

36.28 

39.57 

42.87 

46.17 

88 

44.0 

6.633 

26.53 

29.85 

33.17 

36.48 

39.80 

43.11 

46.43 

89 

44.5 

6.671 

26.68 

30.02 

33.35 

36.69 

40.02 

48.36 

46.70 

90 

45.0 

6.708 

26.83 

30.19 

33.54 

36.89 

40.25 

43.60 

46.96 

91 

45.5 

6.745 

26.98 

30.35 

33.73 

37.10 

40.47 

43.84 

47.22 

92 

46.0 

6.782 

27.13 

30.52 

33.91 

37.30 

40.69 

44.08 

47.47 

93 

46.5 

6.819 

27.28 

30.69 

34.10 

37.50 

40.91 

44.32 

47.73 

94 

47.0 

6.856 

27.42 

30.85 

34.28 

37.71 

41.13 

44.56 

47.99 

96 

47.5 

6.892 

27.57 

31.01 

34.46 

37.91 

41.35 

44.80 

48.24 

96 

48.0 

6.928 

27.71 

31.18 

34.64 

38.10 

41.57 

45.03 

48.50 

97 

48.5 

6.964 

27.86 

31.34 

34.82 

38.30 

41.79 

45.27 

48.75 

98 

49.0 

7.000 

28.00 

31.50 

35.00 

38.50 

42.00 

45.50 

49.00 

99 

49.5 

7.036 

28.14 

31.66 

35.18 

38.70 

42.21 

45.73 

49.25 

100 

50.0 

7.071 

28.28 

31.82 

35.36 

38.89 

42.43 

45.96 

49.50 

101 

50.5 

7.106 

28.42 

31.98 

35.53 

39.08 

42.64 

46.19 

49.74 

102 

51.0 

7.141 

28.56 

32.13 

35.70 

39.28 

42.85 

46.42 

49.99 

103 

51.5 

7.176 

28.70 

32.29 

35.88 

39.47 

43.06 

46.64 

50.23 

104 

52.0 

7.211 

28.84 

32.45 

36.06 

39.66 

43.27 

46.87 

50.48 

106 

52.5 

7.246 

28.98 

32.61 

36.23 

39.85 

43.47 

47.10 

50.72 

106 

53.0 

7.280 

29.12 

32.76 

36.40 

40.04 

43.68 

47.32 

50.96 

107 

53.5 

7.314 

29.26 

32.91 

36.57 

40.23 

43.89 

47.54 

51.20 

108 

54.0 

7.349 

29.40 

33.07 

36.74 

40.42 

44.09 

47.77 

51.44 

109 

64.5 

7.382 

29.53 

33.22 

36.91 

40.60 

44.29 

47.98 

51.67 

110 

55.0 

7.416 

29.66 

33.37 

37.08 

40.79 

44.50 

48.20 

51.91 

111 

55.5 

7.450 

29.80 

33.53 

37.25 

40.98 

44.70 

48.43 

52.15 

112 

56.0 

7.483 

29.93 

33.67 

37.42 

41.16 

44.90 

48.64 

52.38 

113 

56.5 

7.517 

30.07 

33.83 

37.58 

41.34 

45.10 

48.86 

52.62 

114 

57.0 

7.550 

30.20 

33.98 

37.75 

41.53 

45.30 

49.08 

52.85 

116 

57.5 

7.583 

30.33 

34.12 

37.91 

41.71 

45.50 

49.29 

53.08 

116 

58.0 

7.616 

30.46 

34.27 

38.08 

41.89 

45.69 

49.50 

53.31 

117 

58.5 

7.649 

30.60 

34.42 

38.24 

42.07 

45.89 

49.72 

53.54 

118 

59.0 

7.681 

30.72 

34.56 

38.41 

42.25 

46.09 

49.93 

53.77 

119 

59.5 

7.714 

30.86 

34.71 

38.57 

42.43 

46.28 

50.14 

54.00 

120 

60.0 

7.746 

30.98 

S4.S0 

38.73 

42.60 

46.48 

50.35 

54.22 

121 

60.5 

7.778 

31.11 

35.00 

38.89 

42.78 

46.67 

50.56 

54.45 

122 

61.0 

7.810 

31.24 

35.15 

39.05 

42.96 

46.86 

50.77 

54.67 

123 

61.5 

7.842 

31.37 

35.29 

39.21 

43.13 

47.05 

50.97 

54.89 

124 

62.0 

7.874 

31.50 

85.43 

39.37 

43.31 

47.24 

51.18 

55.12 

126 

62.5 

7.906 

31.62 

35.58 

39.53 

43.48 

47.43 

51.S9 

55.34 

126 

63.0 

7.937 

31.75 

35.72 

S9.69 

43.65 

47.62 

5 1.59 

55.56 

600 


TWO  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  per  Inch 

Sq 

uare  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

lA 

6 

5A 

6 

6 H 

7 

127 

63.5 

7.969 

31.88 

35.86 

39.84 

43.83 

47.81 

51.80 

55.78 

128 

64.0 

8.000 

32.00 

36.00 

40.00 

44.00 

48.00 

52.00 

56.00 

129 

64.5 

8.031 

32.12 

36.14 

40.16 

44.17 

48.19 

52.20 

56.22 

130 

65.0 

8.062 

32.25 

36.28 

40.31 

44.34 

48.37 

52.40 

56.43 

131 

65.5 

8.093 

32.37 

36.42 

40.47 

44.51 

48.56 

52.60 

56.65 

132 

66.0 

8.124 

32.50 

36.56 

40.62 

44.68 

48.74 

52.81 

56.87 

133 

66.5 

8.155 

32.62 

36.70 

40.77 

44.85 

48.93 

53.01 

57.09 

134 

67.0 

8.185 

32.74 

36.83 

40.93 

45.02 

49.11 

53.20 

57.30 

135 

67.5 

8.216 

32.86 

36.97 

41.08 

45.19 

49.30 

53.40 

57.51 

13G 

68.0 

8.246 

32.98 

37.11 

41.23 

45.35 

49.48 

53.60 

57.72 

137 

68.5 

8.277 

33.11 

37.25 

41.38 

45.52 

49.66 

53.80 

57.94 

138 

69.0 

8.307 

33.23 

37.38 

41.53 

45.69 

49.84 

54.00 

58.15 

139 

69.5 

8.337 

33.35 

37.52 

41.68 

45.85 

50.02 

54.19 

58.36 

140 

70.0 

8.367 

33.47 

37.65 

41.83 

46.02 

50.20 

54.39 

58.57 

141 

70.5 

8.396 

33.58 

37.78 

41.98 

46.18 

50.38 

54.57 

58.77 

142 

71.0 

8.426 

33.70 

37.92 

42.13 

46.34 

50.56 

54.77 

58.98 

143 

71.5 

8.456 

33.82 

38.05 

42.28 

46.51 

50.73 

54.96 

59.19 

144 

72.0 

8.485 

33.94 

38.18 

42.43 

46.67 

50.91 

55.15 

59.40 

146 

72.5 

8.515 

34.06 

38.32 

42.58 

46.83 

51.09 

55.35 

59.61 

146 

73.0 

8.544 

34.18 

38.45 

42.72 

46.99 

51.26 

55.54 

59.81 

147 

73.5 

8.573 

34.29 

38.58 

42.87 

47.15 

51.44 

55.72 

60. 0t 

148 

74.0 

8.602 

34.41 

38.71 

43.01 

47.31 

51.61 

55.91 

68.21 

149 

74.5 

8.631 

34.52 

38.84 

43.16 

47.47 

51.79 

56.10 

60.42 

160 

75.0 

8.600 

34.64 

38.97 

43.30 

47.63 

51.96 

56.29 

00.62 

161 

75.5 

8.689 

34.76 

39.10 

43.45 

47.79 

52.13 

56.48 

60.82 

162 

76.0 

8.718 

34.87 

39.23 

43.59 

47.95 

52.31 

56.67 

61.03 

153 

76.5 

8.746 

34.98 

39.36 

43.73 

48.10 

52.48 

56.85 

61.22 

164 

77.0 

8.775 

35.10 

39.49 

43.88 

48.26 

52.65 

57.04 

61.48 

156 

77.5 

8.803 

35.21 

39.61 

44.02 

48.42 

52.82 

57.22 

61.62 

166 

78.0 

8.832 

'35.33 

39.74 

44.16 

48.58 

52.99 

57.41 

61.82 

167 

78.5 

8.860 

35.44 

39.87 

44.30 

48.73 

53.16 

57.59 

62.02 

168 

79.0 

8.888 

35.55 

40.00 

44.44 

48.88 

53.33 

57.77 

62.22 

169 

79.5 

8.916 

35.66 

40.12 

44.58 

49.04 

53.50 

57.95 

62.41 

160 

80.0 

8.944 

35.78 

40.25 

44.72 

49.19 

53.66 

58.14 

62.61 

161 

80.5 

8.972 

35.89 

40.37 

44.86 

49.35 

53.83 

58.32 

62.80 

162 

81.0 

9.000 

36.00 

40.50 

45.00 

49.50 

54.00 

58.50 

63.00 

163 

81.5 

9.028 

36.11 

40.63 

45.14 

49.65 

54.17 

58.68 

63.20 

164 

82.0 

9.055 

36.22 

40.75 

45.28 

49.80 

54.33 

58.86 

63.39 

165 

82.5 

9.083 

36.33 

40.87 

45.42 

49.96 

54.50 

59.04 

63.58 

166 

83.0 

9.110 

36.44 

41.00 

45.55 

50.11 

54.66 

59.22 

63.77 

167 

83.5 

9.138 

36.55 

41.12 

45.69 

50.26 

54.83 

59.40 

63.97 

168 

84.0 

9.165 

36.66 

41.24 

45.83 

50.41 

54.99 

59.57 

64.16 

169 

84.5 

9.192 

36.77 

41.36 

45.96 

50.56 

55.15 

59.75 

64.34 

170 

85.0 

9.220 

36.88 

41.49 

40.10 

50.71 

55.32 

59.93 

64.54 

171 

85.5 

9.247 

36.99 

41.61 

46.24 

50.86 

55.48 

60.11 

64.73 

172 

86.0 

9.274 

37.10 

41.73 

46.37 

51.01 

55.64 

60.28 

64.92 

173 

86.5 

9.301 

37.20 

41.85 

46.51 

51.16 

55.81 

60.46 

65.11 

174 

87.0 

9.327 

37.31 

41.97 

46.64 

51.30 

55.96 

60.63 

65.29 

176 

87.5 

9.354 

37.42 

42.09 

46.77 

51.45 

56.12 

60.80 

65.48 

176 

88.0 

9.381 

37.52 

42.21 

46.91 

51.60 

56.29 

60.98 

65.67 

177 

88.5 

9.407 

37.63 

42.33 

47.04 

51.74 

56.44 

61.15 

65.85 

178 

89.0 

9.434 

37.74 

42.45 

47.17 

51.89 

56.60 

61.32 

66.04 

179 

89.5 

9.460 

37.84 

42.57 

47.30 

52.03 

56.76 

61.49 

66.22 

180 

90.0 

9.487 

37.95 

42.69 

47.44 

52.18 

66.92 

61.67 

66.41 

601 


I 


THREE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE 


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32.34 

32.66 

32.98 

33.30 

33.62 

33.94 
34.26 

34.57 

34.87 

35.18 
35.48 
35.78 

36.06 

36.37 

36.67 

36.95 
37.24 

37.52 

37.81 

38.09 

38.37 
38.65 

38.92 

39.19 

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THREE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Y arn  '■ 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  peb  Inch 

Sq 

uare  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

6 

512 

6 

6 Vi 

7 

73 

24.33 

4.933 

19.73 

22.20 

24.66 

27.13 

29.60 

32.06 

34.53 

74 

24.07 

4.967 

19.87 

22.35 

24.83 

27.32 

29.80 

32.29 

34.77 

75 

25.00 

5.000 

20.00 

22.50 

25.00 

27.50 

30.00 

32.50 

35.00 

76 

25.33 

5.033 

20.13 

22.65 

25.17 

27.68 

30.20 

32.71 

35.23 

77 

25.67 

5.006 

20.26 

22.80 

25.33 

27.86 

30.40 

32.93 

35.40 

78 

2G.00 

5.099 

20.40 

22.95 

25.50 

28.04 

30.59 

33.14 

35.69 

79 

26.33 

5.132 

20.53 

23.09 

25.66 

28.23 

30.79 

33.36 

35.92 

80 

20.67 

5.164 

20.66 

23.24 

25.82 

28.40 

30.98 

33.57 

36.15 

81 

27.00 

5.196 

20.78 

23.38 

25.98 

28.58 

31.18 

33.77 

36.37 

82 

27.33 

5.228 

20.91 

23.53 

20.14 

28.75 

31.37 

33.98 

36.60 

83 

27.67 

5.260 

21.04 

23.67 

26.30 

28.93 

31.56 

34.19 

36.82 

84 

28.00 

5.292 

21.17 

23.81 

26.46 

29.11 

31.75 

34.40 

37.04 

85 

28.33 

5.323 

21.29 

23.95 

26.61 

29.28 

31.94 

34.60 

37.26 

86 

28.67 

5.354 

21.42 

24.09 

26.77 

29.45 

32.12 

34.80 

37.43 

87 

29.00 

5.385 

21.54 

24.23 

26.93 

29.62 

32.31 

35.00 

S7.70 

88 

29.33 

5.416 

21.66 

24.37 

27.08 

29.79 

32.50 

35.20 

37.91 

89 

29.67 

5.447 

21.79 

24.51 

27.23 

29.96 

32.68 

35.41 

38.13 

90 

30.00 

5.477 

21.91 

24.65 

27.39 

30.12 

32.86 

35.60 

38.34 

91 

30.33 

5.508 

22.03 

24.79 

27.54 

30.29 

33.05 

35.80 

38.56 

92 

30.67 

5.538 

22.15 

24  92 

27.69 

30.46 

33.23 

36.00 

38.77 

93 

31.00 

5.568 

22.27 

25.06 

27.84 

30.62 

33.41 

36.19 

38.98 

94 

31.33 

5.598 

22.39 

25.19 

27.99 

30.79 

33.59 

36.39 

39.19 

96 

31.67 

5.627 

22.51 

25.32 

28.14 

30.95 

33.76 

36.58 

39.39 

96 

32.00 

5.657 

22.63 

25.46 

28.28 

31.11 

33.94 

36.77 

39.60 

97 

32.33 

5.686 

22.74 

25.59 

28.43 

31.27 

34.12 

36.96 

39.80 

98 

32.67 

5.716 

22.86 

25.72 

28.58 

31.44 

34.30 

37.15 

40.01 

99 

33.00 

5.745 

22.98 

25.85 

28.72 

31.60 

34.47 

37.34 

40.22 

100 

33.33 

5.774 

23.10 

25.98 

28.87 

31.76 

34.64 

37.53 

40.42 

101 

33.67 

5.802 

23.21 

26.11 

29.01 

31.91 

34.81 

37.71 

40.61 

102 

34.00 

5.831 

23.32 

26.24 

29.15 

32.07 

34.99 

37.90 

40.82 

103 

34.33 

5.860 

23.44 

26.37 

29.30 

32.23 

35.16 

38.09 

41.02 

104 

34.67 

5.888 

23.55 

26.50 

29.44 

32.38 

35.33 

38.27 

41.22 

106 

35.00 

5.916 

23.66 

26.62 

29.58 

32.54 

35.50 

38.45 

41.41 

106 

35.33 

5.944 

23.78 

26.75 

29.72 

32.69 

35.67 

38.64 

41.61 

107 

35.67 

5.972 

23.89 

26.87 

29.86 

32.85 

35.83 

38.82 

41.80 

108 

36.00 

6.000 

24.00 

27.00 

30.00 

33.00 

36.00 

39.00 

42.00 

109 

80.33 

6.028 

24.11 

27.13 

30.14 

33.15 

36.17 

39.18 

42.20 

110 

36.67 

6.055 

24.22 

27.25 

30.28 

33.30 

36.33 

39.36 

42.39 

111 

37.00 

6.083 

24.33 

27.37 

30.41 

33.46 

36.50 

39.54 

42.58 

112 

37.33 

6.110 

24.44 

27.50 

30.55 

33.61 

36.66 

39.72 

42.77 

113 

37.67 

6.137 

24.55 

27.62 

30.69 

33.75 

36.82 

39.89 

42.96 

114 

38.00 

6.164 

24.66 

27.74 

30.82 

33.90 

36.99 

40.07 

43.15 

116 

S8.33 

6.191 

24.76 

27.86 

30.96 

34.05 

37.15 

40.24 

43.34 

116 

38.67 

6.218 

24.87 

2798 

31.09 

34.20 

37.31 

40.42 

43.53 

117 

39.00 

6.245 

24.98 

28.10 

31.22 

34.35 

37.47 

40.59 

43.72 

118 

39.33 

6.272 

25.09 

28.22 

31.36 

34.50 

37.63 

40.77 

43.90 

119 

39.67 

6.298 

25.19 

28.34 

31.49 

34.64 

37.79 

40.94 

44.09 

120 

40.00 

6.32-5 

25.30 

28.46 

31.62 

34.79 

87.95 

41.11 

44.28 

121 

40.33 

6.351 

25.40 

28.5S 

31.76 

34.93 

33.11 

41.28 

44.46 

122 

40.67 

6.377 

25.51 

28.70 

31.89 

35.07 

38.26 

41.45 

44.64 

123 

41.00 

6.403 

25.61 

28. SI 

32.02 

35.22 

S8.42 

41.62 

44.S2 

124 

41.33 

6.429 

25.72 

28.93 

32.15 

35.36 

38.57 

41.79 

45.00 

125 

4'  67 

6.455 

25.82 

29.05 

32.28 

35.50 

38.73 

41.96 

45.19 

126 

42.00 

6.481 

25.92 

29.16 

32.41 

35.65 

38.89 

42.13 

45.37 

604 


THREE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  per 

Inch 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

434 

5 

5 a 

6 

6j| 

7 

127 

42.33 

6.506 

26.02 

29.28 

32.53 

35.78 

39.04 

42.29 

45.54 

128 

42.67 

6.532 

26.13 

29.39 

32.66 

35.93 

39.19 

42.46 

45.72 

129 

43.00 

6.557 

26.23 

29.51 

32.79 

36.06 

39.34 

42.62 

45.90 

130 

43.33 

6.583 

26.33 

29.62 

32.92 

36.21 

39.50 

42.79 

46.08 

131 

' 43.67 

6.608 

26.43 

29.74 

33.04 

36.34 

39.65 

42.95 

46.26 

132 

44.00 

6.633 

26.53 

29.85 

33.17 

36.48 

39.80 

43.11 

46.43 

133 

44.33 

6.658 

26.63 

29.96 

33.39 

36.62 

39.95 

43.28 

46.61 

i 134 

44.67 

6.683 

26.73 

30.07 

33.42 

36.76 

40.10 

43.44 

46.78 

1 135 

45.00 

6.708 

26.83 

30.19 

33.54 

36.89 

40.25 

43.60 

46.96 

136 

45.33 

6.733 

26.93 

30.30 

33.67 

37.03 

40.40 

43.76 

47.13 

137 

45.67 

6.758 

27.03 

30.41 

33.79 

37.17 

40.55 

43.93 

47.31 

138 

46.00 

6.782 

27.13 

30.52 

33.91 

37.30 

40.69 

44.08 

47.47 

139 

46.33 

6.807 

27.23 

30.63 

34.04 

37.44 

40.84 

44.25 

47.65 

140 

46.67 

6.831 

27.32 

30.74 

34.16 

37.57 

40.99 

44.40 

47.82 

141 

47.00 

6.856 

27.42 

30.85 

34.28 

37.71 

41.14 

44.56 

47.99 

142 

47.33 

6.880 

27.52 

30.96 

34.40 

37.84 

41.28 

44.72 

48.16 

143 

47. C7 

6.904 

27.62 

31.07 

34.52 

37.97 

41.42 

44.88 

48.33 

144 

48.00 

6.928 

27.71 

31.18 

34.64 

38.10 

41.57 

45.04 

48.50 

i 145 

48.33 

6.952 

27.81 

31.28 

34.76 

38.24 

41.71 

45.19 

48.66 

146 

48.67 

6.976 

27.90 

31.39 

34.88 

38.37 

41.86 

45.34 

48.83 

147 

49.00 

7.000 

28.00 

31.50 

35.00 

38.50 

42.00 

45.50 

49.00 

148 

49.33 

7.024 

28.10 

31.01 

35.12 

38.63 

42.14 

45.66 

49.17 

149 

49.67 

7.048 

28.19 

31.72 

35.24 

38.76 

42.29 

45.81 

49.34 

150 

50.00 

7.071 

28.28 

31.82 

35.36 

38.89 

42.43 

45.96 

49.50 

161 

50.33 

7.095 

28.38 

31.93 

35.48 

39.02 

42.57 

46.12 

49.67 

152 

50.67 

7.118 

28.47 

32.03 

35.59 

39.15 

42.71 

46.27 

49.83 

153 

51.00 

7.142 

28.57 

32.14 

35.71 

39.28 

42.85 

46.42 

49.99 

164 

51.33 

7.165 

28.66 

32.24 

35.83 

39.41 

42.99 

46.57 

50.18 

165 

51.67 

7.188 

28.75 

32.35 

35.94 

39.53 

43.13 

46.72 

50.32 

166 

52.00 

7.211 

28.84 

32.45 

36.06 

39.66 

43.27 

46.87 

50.48 

157 

52.33 

7.234 

28.94 

32.55 

36.17 

39.79 

43.40 

47.02 

50.64 

168 

52.67 

7.257 

29.03 

32.66 

36.29 

39.91 

43.54 

47.17 

50.80 

169 

53.00 

7.280 

29.12 

32.76 

36.40 

40.04 

43.68 

47.32 

50.96 

1 160 

53.33 

7.303 

29.21 

32.86 

36.52 

40.17 

43.82 

47.47 

51.12 

161 

53.67 

7.326 

29.30 

32.97 

36.63 

40.29 

43.96 

47.62 

51.28 

162 

54.00 

7.348 

29.39 

33.07 

36.74 

40.41 

44.09 

47.76 

51.44 

163 

54.33 

7.371 

29.48 

33.17 

36.86 

40.54 

44.23 

47.91 

51.60 

164 

54.67 

7.394 

29.58 

33.27 

36.97 

40.67 

44.36 

48.06 

51.76 

166 

55.00 

7.417 

29.67 

33.38 

37.09 

40.79 

44.50 

48.21 

51.92 

166 

55.33 

7.439 

29.76 

33.48 

37.20 

40.91 

44.63 

48.35 

52.07 

167 

55.67 

7.461 

29.84 

33.57 

37.31 

41.04 

44.77 

48.50 

52.23 

168 

56.00 

7.483 

29.93 

33.67 

37.42 

41.16 

44.90 

48.64 

52.38 

169 

56.33 

7.506 

30.02 

33.78 

37.53 

41.28 

45.04 

48.79 

52.54 

170 

56.67 

7.528 

30.11 

33.88 

37.64 

41.40 

45.17 

48.93 

52.70 

171 

57.00 

7.550 

30.20 

33.98 

37.75 

41.53 

45.30 

49.08 

52.85 

172 

57.33 

7.572 

30.29 

34.07 

37.86 

41.65 

45.43 

49.22 

53.00 

173 

57.67 

7.594 

30.38 

34.17 

37.97 

41.77 

45.56 

49.36 

53.16 

174 

58.00 

7.616 

30.40 

34.27 

38.08 

41.89 

45.70 

49.50 

53.31 

176 

58.33 

7.638 

30.55 

34.37 

38.19 

42.01 

45.83 

49.65 

53.47 

176 

58.67 

7.659 

30.64 

34.47 

38.30 

42.12 

45.95 

49.78 

53.61 

177 

59.00 

7.681 

30.72 

34.56 

38.41 

42.25 

46.09 

49.93 

53.77 

178 

59.33 

7.703 

30.81 

34.66 

38.52 

42.37 

46.22 

50.07 

53.92 

179 

59.67 

7.724 

30.90 

34.76 

38.62 

42.48 

46.34 

50.21 

54.07 

180 

! . — 

60.00 

7.746 

30.98 

34.80 

38.73 

42.60 

46.48 

50.35 

54.22 

FOUR  PLY  TWIST  TABLE 


00 

4.00 
5.66 

6.93 

8.00 

8.94 

sss§§ 

d d - o>  of 

SS5q5 

cd  cd  -*  i*  d 

ifssa 

to  to  o l-  £- 

£22S§ 

cd  cd  © © d 

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$ 

b- 

CO  *0.  to  t>  GO 

33SS$ 

oiao-H 

11313 

g = SSS 

U5  4-0  *o  c=  to 

Sggss 

b»  b*  t>  00  00 

55S23 

£2222 

llsss 

Of  Of  Of  Of  Of 

b- 

ggggg 

CO  ^ tO  t>  b» 

sssss? 

oo  02  a © ^ 

S2S2S 

^ of  of  co  d 

gSSSS 

'f  d d d d 

33222 

d to  to  t-  t> 

b-  X X X 02 

?g2  = = 
£2222 

£ 

tO 

sgsss 

cd  d d to  b~ 

gg£2S 

b“  co  d d d 

ill 

§5222  §SS§S  SSjSSg 

CO  CO  CO  -f  -f  ■**  40  *c  *-o  o>  to  •=  b b b 

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o 

g=2g= 

£S5g5 

b t*  oo  d d 

02  o o — *“< 

§S2S3 

o»  ai  ai  w « 

2S52g 

cd  d d d 

gg£23 

*0  40  40  to  O 

25252 

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g 

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2S2S2 

Of  CO  d d tO* 

22222 
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2SSSS 

acicioo 

S2252 

gg£52 

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« 3 » © S 

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3 

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to 

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£Sq  = S 

tdtobbb 

ggqg§ 

oo  oo  d d d 

S3S§2 

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52g£| 

2s2?§ 

Of  of  co  co  cd 

^-2§S 

CO  — — -*  — 

c- 

I 

$ 

•># 

S2iS§ 

Of  CO  CO  'f  *o 

£§£2  = 
*£5  d tO  tO  b" 

22  = 31  = 

t>  t>  cd  cd  cd 

§SS5g 

d © d d o 

322SS 

dcoHH 

:ssi  18151 

1 

■«* 

g25g$ 

of  oi  co  ^ 

§ssssj 

40  fO  to  to 

gg=5= 

to  to  t>  »>  t> 

g8523 

cd  cd  cd  oo  co 

=gggg 

02  02  02  05  O 

ggg=g 

© © d © d 

15!!!  . 

CO 

2SSS5 

<-•  Of  CO  CO  CO 

53333 

S.OqSg 

*o  to  to  to  to 

g§S§S 

bbbbb 

33333 

g§85§ 

cc  d d cc  d 

2i§=g  . 

dcodd 

CO 

g=ggg 

r-i  Of  Of  CO  CO 

Hills 

© of  5 to  oo 

•d  d d d d 

g2g;S  = 

to  © to  to  to 

SSSgg 

tO  t>  b-  £>  £> 

S21gS  25=25 

t>  tS  tS  x"  cd  ccxadcc'cd 

C<J 

g==gg 

-«9«a{<» 

§3SS§ 

co  co  co  co  co 

33333 

g2f?S5 

d d d d d 

2ig£S 

d d to  d to 

g§S22 

to  to  to  to  to 

g = 52? 

CO  b b b b 

C-l 

g = 2gS 

5S£g2 

of  of  of  cd  cd 

£5  = 25 

od  cd  cd  cd  cd 

g2SS$ 

d d d d d 

sssi.s 

d’f’f’fd 

2 § 2 g;  5 

d d d d d 

d d d 4a  d 

2gggg 

OHfHHH 

33235 

^ ^ 00  32 

Of  Of  Of  Of  Of 

g§2SS 

cd  cd  cd  cd  cd 

SS§g2 

cd  cd  cd  cd  cd 

Si5§  = 

co  n co  ■<* 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 

§ 

>4 

1=11= 
© O 6 H H 

81=1®  IHsl  USSi 

ri  - ™ ™ -i 

pin 

Of  Of  Of  Of  Of 

lilii  gissi 

Of  Of  Of  Of  Of  Of  Of  Of  Of  Of 

*1 

I'l 

1 

s§2gg 

S2§SS 

»-«  Of  Of  Of 

2§8S2 

gsggg 

SS2g§ 

§2gg§ 

2§SS2 

bS  cd  cd  cd  go 

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! 

Sjs 

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= 22  = 2 

sssss 

25SSS 

sssss  : 

£ 

3 

£ 

?- 

I 

H 

2222S 

606 


Square  Root  Multiplied  by  j 

oo 

£g£3  ggg?S3  23£g| 
S§§§S  &ES§g 

S838S  ggggg  SSggS  SSgSS  S3 
g§i§ii  igggg  sees??  sssssi  ss 

l:s 

22.81 

23.12 

23.42 
23.72 

24.02 

24.30 

24.59 
24.88 
25.10 

25.43 
25.71 
25.98 
26.25 

26.52 

26.78 

27.05 

27.30 
27.56 

27.81 

28.07 

28.31 
28.50 

28.81 

29.05 

29.29 

29.53 
29.76 
30.00 
30.23 

30.46 

30.70 

30.92 

31.15 

31.37 

31.60 
31.82 

fr- 

iE£2  sgJggJS  SSSSg  §S3Si  23SS5  £?£gg$  SSSoS 

ssssi  liijgiss  gjssss  §§s§§  §§si§si  sisisiss  sssss  ss 

'£> 

£ggg  £§SSg  SSgg? 
s§§§  ississi  gisigss 

S3§£2  S3SSE  ggggg  sgggs 
SSS38S5!  SSSSS  SSSSS  ggggsi  Si  Si 

<£> 

SSSE  S3S§22  3ESoi<  3§SoS  3SSS5  3SS§2  S§Sg2  giS 
2222  S22£i  §§§S3  SSSSS  §i5§SS  SJSSSS  S5SSSS  SS 

X 

io 

16.73 

16.95 

17.18 

17.39 

17.61 

17.82 
18.03 

18.24 

18.45 

18.65 

18.85 

19.05 

19.25 

19.45 

19.64 

19.83 
20.02 
20.21 

20.39 

20.58 

20.76 

20.94 

21.13 

21.30 

21.48 

21.65 

21.83 
22.00 

22.17 

22.34 
22.51 
22.68 

22.84 
23.01 

23.17 

23.34 

to 

15.21 

15.41 

15.62 
15.81 

16.01 

16.20 

16.39 

16.58 

16.77 

16.96 

17.14 

17.32 

17.50 

17.68 

17.85 

18.03 
18.20 

18.37 
18.54 

18.71 

18.87 

19.04 

19.20 

19.37 

19.53 

19.69 

19.85 
20.00 
20.16 

20.31 

20.46 

20.62 

20.77 
20.92 

21.07 

21.21 

13.68 
13.87 
14.05 

14.23 

14.41 

14.58 
14.76 
14.93 

15.09 

15.26 

15.43 

15.59 
15.75 
15.91 

16.07 

16.23 
16.38 
16.53 

16.69 

16.84 

16.99 

17.14 

17.28 

17.43 

17.57 

17.72 

17.86 

18.00 

18.14 

18.28 

18.42 
18.55 

18.69 
18.82 

18.96 

19.09 

2SS-3  SSS&Z  §££§2  E2SS5  §SS§§2  SE3S5 

©i  o*  o>  j>*  ©*  ©*  cd  c©  cd  cd  cd  cd  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ jo  ^o  jci  io  jo  »o  co  co  o o jo  cc  cs  cd  cd 

S 

CO 

OOOH  r-J  —<  r-  r-  -4  ^ 04  ^ O 

12.50 

12.62 

12.74 
12.86 
12.98 

13.10 

13.21 

13.33 
13.44 
13.56 

13.67 

13.78 

13.89 

14.00 

14.11 

14.22 

14.33 
14.43 
14.54 
14.64 

14.75 
14.85 

co 

9.12 

9.25 

9.37 

9.49 

9.61 

9.72 

9.84 

9.95 

10.06 

10.17 

10.28 

10.39 

10.50 

10.61 

10.71 
10.82 
10.92 
11.02 

11.12 

11.23 

11.33 

11.42 

11.52 

11.62 

11.72 
11.81 
11.91 
12.00 
12.09 

12.19 

12.28 

12.37 

12.46 

12.55 

12.64 

12.73 

X 

M 

iSSS  S2gf,g  “ESS® 

t>  cdcdodcdod  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo 

Sq2£Sj  S^SSS 

cd  C5  C5  05  C5  05  05  05  05*  05* 

03 

sssi?  ?gs§s  sssss 

cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  t>  t>  i>  t>  t>  t>  i>  t>  t>  *>  i> 

3 

SSS2  gSSgg  gSiSg 

^ ^ ^ »d  10*0*0*0*0  *d  *d  *o  *o  *d  *d  *d  *o  *d  *d 

|3i|  E8SS  59333  3533S  SSSSS  SESSS  5SSSS  SS$Sg  SS 

£ o~H 


607 


FOUR  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yarn 


Approx. 
No.  of 


Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 


Twist  per  Inch 


Square  Root  Multiplied  by 


Twisted 

Yarn 

Yarn 

4 

6 

5 H 

6 

6 'A 

7 

73 

18.25 

4.272 

17.09 

19.22 

21.36 

23.50 

25.63 

27.77 

29.90 

71 

18.50 

4.301 

17.20 

19.35 

21.51 

23.66 

25.81 

27.96 

30.11 

76 

18.75 

4.330 

17.32 

19.49 

21.65 

23.82 

25.98 

28.15 

30.31 

76 

19.00 

4.359 

17.44 

19.62 

21.79 

23.97 

26.15 

28.33 

30.51 

77 

19.25 

4.388 

17.55 

19.75 

21.94 

24.13 

26.33 

28.52 

30.72 

78 

19.50 

4.416 

17.66 

19.87 

22.08 

24.29 

26.50 

28.70 

30.91 

79 

19.75 

4.444 

17.78 

20.00 

22.22 

24.44 

26.66 

28.89 

31.11 

80 

20.00 

4.472 

17.89 

20.12 

22.36 

24.60 

26.83 

29.07 

31.30 

81 

20.25 

4.50u 

18.00 

20.25 

22.50 

24.75 

27.00 

29.25 

31.50 

82 

20.50 

4.528 

18.11 

20.38 

22.64 

24.90 

27.17 

29.43 

31.70 

83 

20.75 

4.555 

18.22 

20.50 

22.78 

25.05 

27.33 

29.61 

31.89 

84 

21.00 

4.583 

18.33 

20.62 

22.92 

25.21 

27.50 

29.79 

32.08 

86 

21.25 

4.610 

18.44 

20.75 

23.05 

25.36 

27.66 

29.97 

32.27 

86 

21.50 

4.637 

18.55 

20.87 

23.19 

25.50 

27.82 

30.14 

32.46 

87 

21.75 

4.664 

18.66 

20.99 

23.32 

25.65 

27.98 

30.32 

32.65 

88 

22.00 

4.690 

18.76 

21.11 

23.45 

25.80 

28.14 

30.49 

32.83 

89 

22.25 

4.717 

18.87 

21.23 

23.59 

25.94 

28.30 

30.66 

33.02 

90 

22.50 

4.743 

18.97 

21.34 

23.72 

26.09 

28.46 

30.83 

33.20 

91 

22.75 

4.770 

19.09 

21.47 

23.85 

26.24 

28.62 

31.00 

33.39 

92 

23.00 

4.796 

19.18 

21.58 

23.98 

26.38 

28.78 

31.17 

33.57 

93 

23.25 

4.822 

19.29 

21.70 

24.11 

26.52 

28.93 

S1.34 

33.75 

94 

23.50 

4.848 

19.39 

21.82 

24.24 

26.66 

29.09 

31.51 

33.94 

96 

23.75 

4.873 

19.49 

21.93 

24.37 

26.80 

29.24 

31.67 

34.11 

96 

24.00 

4.899 

19.60 

22.05 

24.49 

26.94 

29.39 

31.84 

34.29 

97 

24.25 

4.924 

19.70 

22.16 

24.62 

27.08 

29.55 

S2.01 

34.47 

98 

24.50 

4.950 

19.80 

22.28 

24.75 

27.23 

29.70 

32.18 

34.65 

99 

24.75 

4.975 

19.90 

22.39 

24.87 

27.36 

29.85 

32.34 

34.83 

100 

25.00 

5.000 

20.00 

22.50 

25.00 

27.50 

30.00 

32.50 

35.00 

101 

25.25 

5.025 

20.10 

22.61 

25.12 

27.64 

30.15 

32.66 

35.18 

102 

25.50 

5.050 

20.20 

22.73 

25.25 

27.78 

30.30 

32.83 

35.35 

103 

25.75 

5.074 

20.30 

22.83 

25.37 

27.91 

30.45 

32.98 

35.52 

104 

26.00 

5.099 

20.40 

22.95 

25.50 

28.04 

30.59 

33.14 

S5.69 

106 

26.25 

5.124 

20.50 

23.06 

25.62 

28.18 

30.74 

33. SI 

35.87 

106 

26.50 

5.148 

20.59 

23.17 

25.74 

28.31 

30.89 

33.46 

36.04 

107 

26.75 

5.172 

20.69 

23.27 

25.86 

28.45 

31.03 

33.62 

36.20 

108 

27.00 

5.196 

20.78 

23.38 

25.98 

28.58 

SI. 18 

33.77 

36.37 

109 

27.25 

5.220 

20.88 

23.49 

26.10 

28.71 

31.32 

33.93 

36.54 

110 

27.50 

5.244 

20.98 

23.60 

26.22 

28.84 

31.46 

34.09 

36.71 

111 

27.75 

5.268 

21.07 

23.71 

26.34 

28.97 

31.61 

34.24 

36.88 

112 

28.00 

5.292 

21.17 

23.81 

26.46 

29.11 

31.75 

34.40 

37.04 

113 

28.25 

5.315 

21.26 

23.92 

26.58 

29.23 

31.89 

34.55 

37.20 

114 

28.50 

5.339 

21.36 

24.03 

26.69 

29.36 

32.03 

34.70 

37.37 

116 

28.75 

5.362 

21.45 

24.13 

26.81 

29.49 

32.17 

34.85 

37.53 

116 

29.00 

5.385 

21.54 

24.23 

26.93 

29.62 

32.31 

35.00 

37.70 

117 

29.25 

5.408 

21.63 

24.34 

27.04 

29.74 

32.45 

35.15 

37.86 

118 

29.50 

5.431 

21.72 

24.44 

27.16 

29.87 

32.59 

35.30 

38.02 

119 

29.75 

5.454 

21.82 

24.54 

27.27 

30.00 

32.73 

S5.45 

38.18 

120 

30.00 

5.477 

21.91 

24.65 

27.39 

30.12 

32.86 

35.60 

38.34 

121 

30.25 

5.500 

22.00 

24.75 

27.50 

30.25 

33.00 

35.75 

38.50 

122 

30.50 

5.523 

22.09 

24.85 

27.61 

30.38 

33.14 

35.90 

S8.66 

123 

30.75 

5.545 

22.18 

24.95 

27.73 

30.50 

33.27 

36.C4 

38.82 

124 

31.00 

5.568 

22.27 

25.06 

27.84 

30.62 

33.41 

36.19 

38.98 

126 

81.25 

5.590 

22.36 

25.16 

27.95 

30.75 

33.54 

36.34 

39.13 

126 

31.50 

5.613 

22.45 

25.26 

28.06 

30.87 

33.68 

36.48 

39.29 

60S 


FOUR  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yam 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  per 

Inch 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

4 H 

6 

5'A 

6 

6 Vi 

7 

127 

31.75 

5.635 

22.54 

25.36 

28.17 

30.99 

33.81 

36.63 

39.45 

128 

32.00 

5.657 

22.63 

25.46 

28.28 

31.11 

33.94 

36.77 

39.60 

129 

32.25 

5.679 

22.72 

25.56 

28.39 

31.23 

34.07 

36.91 

39.75 

130 

32.50 

5.701 

22.80 

25.65 

28.50 

31.36 

34.21 

37.06 

39.91 

131 

32.75 

5.723 

22.89 

25.75 

28.61 

31.48 

34.34 

37.20 

40.06 

132 

33.00 

5.745 

22.98 

25.85 

28.72 

31.60 

34.47 

37.34 

40.22 

133 

S3. 25 

5.766 

23.06 

25.95 

28.83 

31.71 

34.60 

37.48 

40.36 

134 

33.50 

5.788 

23.15 

26.05 

28.94 

31.83 

34.73 

37.62 

40.52 

135 

33.75 

5.810 

23.24 

26.15 

29.05 

31.96 

34.86 

37.77 

40.67 

136 

34.00 

5.831 

23.32 

26.24 

29.15 

32.07 

34.99 

37.90 

40.82 

137 

34.25 

5.852 

23.41 

26.33 

29.26 

32.19 

35.11 

38.04 

40.96 

138 

34.50 

5.874 

23.50 

26.43 

29.37 

32.31 

35.24 

38.18 

41.12 

139 

34.75 

5.895 

23.58 

26.53 

29.47 

32.42 

35.37 

38.32 

41.27 

140 

35.00 

5.916 

23.66 

26.62 

29.58 

32.54 

35.50 

38.45 

41.41 

141 

35.25 

5.937 

23.75 

26.72 

29.69 

32.65 

35.62 

38.59 

41.56 

142 

S5.50 

5.958 

23.83 

26.81 

29.79 

32.77 

35.75 

38.73 

41.71 

143 

35.75 

5.979 

23.92 

26.91 

29.90 

32.88 

35.87 

38.80 

41.85 

144 

36.00 

6.000 

24.00 

27.00 

30.00 

33.00 

36.00 

39.00 

42.00 

146 

36.25 

6.021 

24.08 

27.09 

30.10 

33.12 

36.13 

39.14 

42.15 

146 

36.50 

6.042 

24.17 

27.19 

30.21 

33.23 

36.25 

39.27 

42.29 

147 

86.75 

6.062 

24.25 

27.28 

30.31 

33.34 

36.37 

39.40 

42.43 

148 

37.00 

0.083 

24.33 

27.37 

30.41 

33.46 

36.50 

39.54 

42.58 

149 

37.25 

6.103 

24.41 

27.46 

30.52 

33.57 

36.62 

39.67 

42.72 

150 

37.50 

6.124 

24.50 

27.56 

30.62 

33.68 

36.74 

39.81 

42.87 

151 

37.75 

6.144 

24.58 

27.65 

30.72 

33.79 

36.86 

39.94 

43.01 

152 

88.00 

6.164 

24.66 

27.74 

30.82 

33.90 

36.98 

40.07 

43.15 

163 

38.25 

6.185 

24.74 

27.83 

30.93 

34.02 

37.11 

40.20 

43.30 

164 

38.50 

6.205 

24.82 

27.92 

31.03 

34.13 

37.23 

40.33 

43,44 

156 

38.75 

6.225 

24.90 

28.01 

31.13 

34.24 

37.35 

40.46 

43.58 

156 

SO. 00 

6.245 

24.98 

28.10 

31.23 

34.35 

37.47 

40.59 

43.72 

157 

39.25 

6.265 

25.00 

28.19 

31.33 

34.40 

37.59 

40.72 

43.86 

168 

39.50 

6.285 

25.14 

28.28 

31.43 

34.57 

37.71 

40.85 

44.00 

169 

39.75 

6.305 

25.22 

28.37 

31.53 

34.68 

37.83 

40.98 

44.14 

160 

40.00 

6.325 

25.30 

28.46 

31.63 

34.79 

37.95 

41.11 

44.28 

161 

40.25 

6.344 

25.38 

28.55 

31.72 

34.89 

38.06 

41.24 

44.41 

162 

40.50 

6.364 

25.46 

28.64 

31.82 

35.00 

38.18 

41.37 

44.55 

163 

40.75 

6.384 

25.54 

28.73 

31.92 

35.11 

38.30 

41.50 

44.69 

164 

41.00 

6.403 

£5.61 

28.81 

32.02 

35.22 

38.42 

41.62 

44.82 

165 

41.25 

6.423 

25.69 

28.90 

32.12 

35.33 

38.54 

41.75 

44.96 

166 

41.50 

6.442 

25.77 

28.99 

32.21 

35.43 

38.65 

41.87 

45.09 

167 

41.75 

6.461 

25.84 

29.07 

32.31 

35.54 

38.77 

42.00 

45.23 

168 

42.00 

6.481 

25.92 

29.16 

32.41 

35.65 

38.89 

42.13 

45.37 

169 

42.25 

6.500 

26.00 

29.25 

32.50 

35.75 

39.00 

42.25 

45.50 

170 

42.50 

6.519 

26.08 

29.34 

32.60 

35.85 

39.11 

42.37 

45.63 

171 

42.75 

6.538 

26.15 

29.42 

32.69 

35.96 

39.23 

42.50 

45.77 

172 

43.00 

6.557 

26.23 

29.51 

32.79 

36.00 

39.34 

42.62 

45.90 

173 

43.25 

6.576 

26.30 

29.59 

32.88 

36.17 

39.46 

42.74 

46.03 

174 

43.50 

6.595 

26.38 

29.68 

32.98 

36.27 

89.57 

42.87 

46.17 

176 

43.75 

6.614 

26.46 

29.76 

33.07 

36.38 

39.68 

42.99 

46.30 

176 

44.00 

6.633 

26.53 

29.85 

33.17 

36.48 

39.80 

43.11 

46.43 

177 

44.25 

6.652 

26.61 

29.93 

33.26 

36.59 

39.91 

43.24 

46.56 

178 

44.50 

6.671 

26.68 

30.02 

33.36 

36.69 

40.03 

43.36 

46.70 

179 

44.75 

6.690 

26.76 

30.11 

33.45 

36.80 

40.14 

43.49 

46.83 

180 

45.00 

6.708 

26.83 

30.19 

33.54 

36.89 

40.25 

43.60 

46.96 

6U9 


FIVE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE 


610 


: 

i 

■ H 
O 

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S3 

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On 

& 

to 

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611 


FIVE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  peb 

[XCH 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

i'A 

5 

5 K 

6 

6J4 

7 

73 

14.6 

3.821 

15.28 

17.19 

19.10 

21.02 

22.93 

24.84 

26.75 

74 

14.8 

3.847 

15.39 

17.31 

19.24 

21.16 

23.08 

25.01 

26.93 

75 

15.0 

3.873 

15.49 

17.43 

19.37 

21.30 

23.24 

25.17 

27.11 

76 

15.2 

3.899 

15.60 

17.55 

19.49 

21.44 

23.39 

25.34 

27.29 

77 

15.4 

3.924 

15.70 

17.66 

19.62 

21.58 

23.55 

25.51 

27.47 

78 

15.6 

3.950 

15.80 

17.78 

19.75 

21.73 

23.70 

25.68 

27.65 

79 

15.8 

3.975 

15.90 

17.89 

19.87 

21.86 

23.85 

25.84 

27.83 

80 

16.0 

4.000 

16.00 

18.00 

20.00 

22.00 

24.00 

26.00 

28.00 

81 

16.2 

4.025 

16.10 

18.11 

20.12 

22.14 

24.15 

26.16 

28.18 

82 

16.4 

4.050 

16.20 

18.23 

20.25 

22.28 

24.30 

26.33 

28.35 

83 

16.6 

4.074 

16.30 

18.33 

20.37 

22.41 

24.45 

26.48 

28.52 

84 

16.8 

4.099 

16.40 

18.45 

20.50 

22.54 

24.59 

26.64 

28.69 

85 

17.0 

4.123 

16.49 

18.55 

20.62 

22.63 

24.74 

26.80 

28.86 

86 

17.2 

4.147 

16.59 

18.66 

20.74 

22.81 

24.88 

26.96 

29.03 

87 

17.4 

4.171 

16.68 

18.77 

20.86 

22.94 

25.03 

27.11 

29.20 

88 

17.0 

4.195 

16.78 

18.88 

20.98 

23.07 

25.17 

27.27 

29.37 

89 

17.8 

4.219 

16.88 

18.99 

21.10 

23.20 

25.31 

27.42 

29.53 

90 

18.0 

4.243 

10.97 

19.09 

21.22 

23.34 

25.46 

27.58 

29.70 

91 

18.2 

4.268 

17.06 

19.20 

21.33 

23.46 

25.60 

27.73 

29.86 

92 

18.4 

4.290 

17.16 

19.31 

21.45 

23.60 

25.74 

27.89 

30.03 

93 

18.6 

4.313 

17.25 

19.41 

21.56 

23.72 

25.88 

28.03 

30.19 

94 

18.8 

4.336 

17.34 

19.51 

21.68 

23.85 

26.02 

28.18 

30.35 

96 

19.0 

4.359 

17.44 

19.62 

21.80 

23.97 

26.15 

28.33 

30.51 

96 

19.2 

4.382 

17.53 

19.72 

21.91 

24.10 

26.29 

28.48 

30.67 

97 

19.4 

4.405 

17.62 

19.82 

22.03 

24.23 

26.43 

28.63 

30.84 

98 

19.6 

4.427 

17.71 

19.92 

22.14 

24.35 

26.56 

28.78 

30.99 

99 

19.8 

4.450 

17.80 

20.03 

22.25 

24.48 

26.70 

28.93 

31.15 

100 

20.0 

4.472 

17.89 

20.12 

22.36 

24.60 

26.83 

29.07 

31.30 

101 

20.2 

4.494 

17.98 

20.22 

22.47 

24.72 

26.97 

29.21 

SI. 46 

102 

20.4 

4.517 

18.07 

20.33 

22.59 

24.S4 

27.10 

29.36 

31.62 

103 

20.6 

4.539 

18.16 

20.43 

22.70 

24.96 

27.23 

29.50 

31.77 

104 

20.8 

4.561 

18.24 

20.52 

22.81 

25.09 

27.37 

29.65 

31.93 

105 

21.0 

4.583 

18.33 

20.62 

22.91 

25.21 

27.50 

29.79 

32.08 

106 

21.2 

4.604 

18.42 

20.72 

23.02 

25.32 

27.63 

29.93 

32.23 

107 

21.4 

4.020 

18.50 

20.82 

23.13 

25.44 

27.76 

30.07 

32.S8 

108 

21.6 

4.648 

18.59 

20.92 

23.24 

25.56 

27.89 

SO. 21 

S2.54 

109 

21.8 

4.669 

18.68 

21.01 

23.35 

25.68 

28.01 

SO. 35 

32.68 

110 

22.0 

4.690 

18.76 

21.11 

23.45 

25.80 

2S.14 

30.49 

32.83 

111 

22.2 

4.712 

18.85 

21.20 

23.56 

25.92 

28.27 

30.63 

32.98 

112 

22.4 

4.733 

18.93 

21.30 

23.67 

26.03 

2S.40 

30.76 

33.13 

113 

22.6 

4.754 

19.02 

21.39 

23.77 

26.15 

2S.52 

SO. 90 

33.28 

114 

22.8 

4.775 

19.10 

21.49 

23.88 

26.26 

28.65 

31.04 

33.43 

116 

23.0 

4.796 

19.18 

21.58 

23.98 

26.S8 

28.78 

31.17 

33.57 

116 

23.2 

4.817 

19.27 

21.68 

24.09 

26.49 

28.90 

S1.S1 

33.72 

117 

23.4 

4.837 

19.35 

21.77 

24.19 

26.60 

29.02 

31.44 

SS.86 

118 

23.6 

4.858 

19.43 

21.86 

24.29 

26.72 

29.15 

SI. 58 

34.01 

119 

23.8 

4.879 

19.52 

21.96 

24.40 

26.83 

29.27 

31.71 

34.15 

120 

24.0 

4.899 

19.60 

22.05 

24.50 

26.94 

29.39 

31.84 

34.29 

121 

24.2 

4.919 

19.68 

22.14 

24.60 

27.05 

29.51 

31.97 

S4.43 

122 

24.4 

4.940 

19.76 

22.23 

24.70 

27.17 

29.64 

S2.ll 

S4.58 

123 

24.0 

4.960 

19.84 

22.32 

24.80 

27.28 

29.76 

S2.24 

S4.72 

124 

24.8 

4.980 

19.92 

22.41 

24.90 

27.39 

29.88 

S2.S7 

S4.S6 

125 

25.0 

5.000 

20.00 

22.50 

25.00 

27.50 

30.00 

S2.50 

35.00 

126 

25.2 

5.020 

20.08 

22.59 

25.10 

27.61 

30.12 

32.63 

S5.14 

612 


FIVE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  per 

Inch 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

4M 

5 

ny2 

6 

6Ji 

7 

127 

25.4 

5.040 

20.16 

22.68 

25.20 

27.72 

30.24 

32.76 

35.28 

128 

25.6 

5.060 

20.24 

22.77 

25.30 

27.83 

30.36 

32.89 

35.42 

129 

25.8 

5.079 

20.32 

22.86 

25.40 

27.93 

30.47 

33.01 

35.55 

130 

26.0 

5.099 

20.40 

22.95 

25.50 

28.04 

30.59 

33.14 

35.69 

131 

26.2 

5.119 

20.48 

23.04 

25.60 

28.15 

30.71 

33.27 

35.83 

132 

26.4 

5.138 

20.55 

23.12 

25.69 

28.26 

30.83 

33.40 

35.97 

133 

26.6 

5.158 

20.63 

23.21 

25.79 

28.37 

30.95 

33.53 

36.11 

134 

26.8 

5.177 

20.71 

23.30 

25.89 

28.47 

31.06 

33.65 

36.24 

136 

27.0 

5.196 

20.78 

23.38 

25.98 

28.58 

31.18 

33.77 

36.37 

136 

27.2 

5.215 

20.86 

23.47 

26.08 

28.68 

31.29 

33.90 

36.51 

137 

27.4 

5.235 

20.94 

23.56 

26.18 

28.79 

31.41 

34.03 

36.65 

138 

27.6 

5.254 

21.02 

23.64 

26.27 

28.90 

31.52 

34.15 

36.78 

139 

27.8 

5.273 

21.09 

23.73 

26.37 

29.00 

31.64 

34.40 

36.91 

140 

28.0 

5.292 

21.17 

23.81 

26.46 

29.11 

31.75 

34.40 

37.04 

141 

28.2 

5.310 

21.24 

23.90 

26.55 

29.21 

31.86 

34.52 

37.17 

142 

28.4 

5.329 

21.32 

23.98 

26.65 

29.31 

31.97 

34.64 

37.30 

143 

28.6 

5.348 

21.39 

24.07 

26.74 

29.41 

32.09 

34.76 

37.44 

144 

28.8 

5.367 

21.47 

24.15 

26.84 

29.52 

32.20 

34.89 

37.57 

146 

29.0 

5.385 

21.54 

24.23 

26.93 

29.62 

32.31 

35.00 

37.70 

146 

29.2 

5.404 

21.62 

24.32 

27.02 

29.72 

32.42 

35.13 

37.83 

147 

29.4 

5.422 

21.69 

24.40 

27.11 

29.82 

32.53 

35.24 

37.95 

148 

29.6 

5.441 

21.76 

24.48 

27.21 

29.93 

32.65 

35.37 

38.09 

149 

29.8 

5.459 

21.84 

24.57 

27.30 

30.02 

32.75 

35.48 

38.21 

160 

30.0 

5.477 

21.91 

24.65 

27.39 

30.12 

32.86 

35.60 

38.34 

161 

30.2 

5.495 

21.98 

24.73 

27.48 

30.22 

32.97 

35.72 

38.47 

162 

SO. 4 

5.514 

22.06 

24.81 

27.57 

30.33 

33.08 

35.84 

38.60 

163 

30.6 

5.532 

22.13 

24.89 

27.66 

30.43 

33.19 

35.96 

38.72 

164 

30.8 

5.550 

22.20 

24.98 

27.75 

30.53 

33.30 

36.08 

38.85 

166 

31.0 

5.568 

22.27 

25.06 

27.84 

30.62 

33.41 

36.19 

38.98 

166 

31.2 

5.586 

22.34 

25.14 

27.93 

30.72 

33.52 

36.31 

39.10 

157 

31.4 

5.604 

22.42 

25.22 

28.02 

30.82 

33.62 

36.43 

39.23 

168 

31.6 

5.621 

22.48 

25.29 

28.11 

30.92 

33.73 

36.54 

39.35 

169 

31.8 

5.639 

22.56 

25.38 

28.20 

31.01 

33.83 

36.65 

39.47 

160 

32.0 

5.657 

22.63 

25.46 

28.29 

31.11 

33.94 

36.77 

39.60 

161 

32.2 

5.675 

22.70 

25.54 

28.38 

31.21 

34.05 

36.89 

39.73 

162 

S2.4 

5.692 

22.77 

25.61 

28.46 

31.31 

34.15 

37.00 

39.84 

163 

32.6 

5.710 

22.84 

25.70 

28.55 

31.41 

34.26 

37.12 

39.97 

164 

32.8 

5.727 

22.91 

25277 

28.64 

31.50 

34.36 

37.23 

40.09 

166 

33.0 

5.745 

22.98 

25.85 

28.73 

31.60 

34.47 

37.34 

40.22 

166 

33.2 

5.762 

23.05 

25.93 

28.81 

31.69 

34.57 

37.45 

40.33 

167 

33.4 

5.779 

23.12 

26.01 

28.90 

31.78 

34.67 

37.56 

40.45 

168 

33.6 

5.797 

23.19 

26.09 

28.99 

31.88 

34.78 

37.68 

40.58 

169 

33.8 

5.814 

23.26 

26.16 

29.07 

31.98 

34.88 

37.79 

40.70 

170 

34.0 

5.831 

23.32 

26.24 

29.16 

32.07 

34.99 

37.90 

40.82 

171 

34.2 

5.848 

23.39 

26.32 

29.24 

32.16 

35.09 

38.01 

40.94 

172 

34.4 

5.865 

23.46 

26.40 

29.33 

32.26 

35.19 

38.13 

41.06 

173 

34.6 

5.882 

23.53 

26.47 

29.41 

32.35 

35.29 

38.23 

41.17 

174 

34.8 

5.899 

23.60 

26.55 

29.50 

32.44 

35.39 

38.34 

41.29 

176 

35.0 

5.916 

23.66 

26.62 

29.58 

32.54 

35.50 

38.45 

41.41 

176 

35.2 

5.933 

23.73 

26.70 

29.67 

32.63 

35.60 

38.56 

41.53 

177 

35.4 

5.950 

23.80 

26.78 

29.75 

32.73 

35.70 

38.68 

41.65 

178 

35.6 

5.967 

23.87 

26.85 

29.84 

32.82 

35.80 

38.79 

41.77 

179 

35.8 

5.983 

23.93 

26.92 

29.92 

32.91 

35.90 

38.89 

41.88 

180 

86.0 

6.000 

24.00 

27.00 

30.00 

33.00 

36.00 

39.00 

42.00 

SIX  PLY  TWIST  TABLE 


H 

O 

z 

a: 

u 

H 

m 

H 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

co 

53231  §3312  23SS2  SSSSS  51112  isigg  52?g?; 

co  *d  © 4>  06  06  ci  ci  o d ^ »-<  ©4  oj  cd  co  co  ^ *-d  id  ©’  co  © © t-i  t>  i>  ce  x*  x d d 

§3322  25152  23322  821S5  §1113  53552  §g.#g  = 

co  ^ *o  «o  cd  td  oo  co  ci  ci  © © *-« —<  *-•  w ©i  o>  co  co  '*-*•-*  co  »d  »d  © © © r»  t-  t-  co 

23221  §2153  5121.5  2222?  23218  52223  322  = 3 

©i  -<d  *d  d i-  h x x ci  oi  ci  © © *-<  v c*  ci  cd  cd  cd  -*-**s»oco  »a  e c c s 

CO 

2SSSS  21311  22528  33255  25215  22352  5335? 

©4  cd  -»J<  *d  »d  © t>  t>  t'i  X cocicicid  OOHHH  ©i  ©4  ©4  « cd  cd  « -?  -*  -*  »*  o o c-  o 

© 

2 2 3 § 5 §2332  22222  22221  S22iS  22122  31.555 

oico-^-^d  cdddt^t>  co  oo  co  d d d o o d d ■—  — — oi  oi  ©i  ©i  ©>  x cd  co  so  -?  •?  -? 

~ ~ ^ HHHHH  — — — — — 

35233  23232  3S232  15223  5.2515  25211  §2115 

©i  cd  cd  *d  *o  *d  d d t>  t>  t>  cd  x*  oo  cd  d oi  ci  © doc—  — — — — *ji  oi  ^ — 2 

lO 

32312  §2522  55233  52112  31513  33112  52211 

©i  ©J  cd  *010*00®  cd  t>  t>  t>  t>  cdooxcdd  oi  ci  ci  © © ddco—  — — oi 

33212  33333  11532  25533  23312  53511  5125* 

r-i  oi  co  co  ^ ^ co  *0  *0  d cd  d cd  t>  t>  i>  06  x’  cd  x’  x*  c Ci  d deed  d c d c c 

* 

13252  §1512  22321  22223  5111.2  15313  13231 

■— < oi  ai  co  co  -d  -d  *d  *0  *0  *0  ® ® d d d t>  t>  i>  t>  i>  oo*  cd  xcdxx'oc  d d d d d 

CO 

5122?  12355  52222  51131  25212  52152  11322 

— oi  oi  oi  cd  cd  cd  -d  ^^*o*d*d  *o*dddd  d d d t>  t>  i>  td  id  id  t>  t>xx'xx 

CO 

«N 

« 

82233  13515  13225  11535  32512  52512  32323  ! 

— ■ -h  04  ©4  04  cdcdcdcdcd  ddddd  *o*o*odd  d d d d d d d t>  id  id 

13538  25212  23232  =3252  15112  32522  25223  : 

— ■ — — * 04  04  04  04  04  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  -*■-*'*'*■•*•  d d d d d d d d d d dic*;*:^ 

C4»fl--««  © CO  — < *C  X 1— 1 CO  '"f  CO  CO  t**  © © »©  »*«o>cx  © -?  ©4  © t-  «5  04  © © CO 

X »-*-*©  00  C — X -f*  *.©  00  Ci  © — 04  CO  -*  *0  © 1>  00  Ci  O O — 04  co  -f;  ^ *5  CO  C N X 

O 1-i  h H H 04  04  04  04  04  04  04  04  CO  GO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  COcdcdd’i* 

HNOMN  © ©4  X *f  »f  M O*  h C5  t*  *Q  04  © f"f  *-  1^  *•  © © 0»X'*0*0  — © 04  t'  04  | 

© CO  © ©4  X «5  © X 05  © — * 04  04  X -cf  iC  © © r-  00  CO  Ci  © © — — 04  co  co  *0  *0  © 

d © — P--  r-i  04  04*04  04  04  04  04  04  04  04  oi  oi  oi  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  x*  ed  sd 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

55533  il3|g  mis  iliii  5sllS  %%U%  PPi  \ 

dodo©  — — P-*  ,-H  — — — — — ,-4  ^ ^ , CH  (V  O'  04  04  04  04  0404  04*  0404  d 

Ms 

52252  12215  21222  52122  25212  22521  22252  1 

dddod  ^ oi  oi  04  04  oi  oi  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  d d -*-*■**  -d  *d  ddddo  ; 

Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

614 


r 

! 

N' 

Si  Z 

v M 

E g 
£ ? 

B * 

li 

£ 

ffl 

« 

t- 

fc 

I 

H 

a 

p.j 

(X 

H 

a 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by  j 

00 

CO-xf©?©  *— • c©  • U0  X G<  © © X us  x © o<  hJ)  C©  © © ph  © 0<  O*  X h?  X -f  0>  X o>  ph 

CO  — < 'f  © OS  pH  'J*  CO  CS  pH  CO  CO  (X  pH  CO  US  t>  © <M  CO  GO  © CO  US  tq  CS  pq  CO  US  tq  C5  pq  CO  «5t^ 

©so©©  ©h^Ihh  o<  ©<  <m  o<  cd  cd  cd  cd  ^ ^ io  ^ us  us  us  © © cd  ed  © 

HO<QiQl  CM  CM  <M  CM  CM  CM  CM  <M  <M  CM  <MO<0<O<G<  G<<M0<0<0<  0<0<0<0<0<  0<0<0<0<0<  G<  CM 

£ 

t- 

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©OO'-'CO  © GO  © © US  © ©<  h*  CO  00  © 0<  US  o ©S>-JCOUSt^  OS  h co  -$<  © CC  © O'  -f<  © cq  © 

oo  oo  © os  os©’©©"©  ©’o^rH^J  rHo<o<o<o<  oi  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  ^ hjS  us  us  us  us  us  us 

p_  PH  rH  ©<  o<  0<  0<0<0<0<0<  O<O<CMCMO<  <M0<O<O<O<  <MO<O<G<O<  CMCM<M0<0<  CM  CM 

OOCMUSt^  © G<  -f<  © t>  CO  © © pH  -h  h pH  © © © 05  © US  CO  CM  © 00  © -^  CM  © -f  pH  ecus 

© © oo  © co  *<s  t'  a -h  co  us  © © o<  *j«  e©  co  © o<  x us  t>  © ph  co  us  © oo  © <m  cq  *o  tq  © © cm 

t^i>t^od  ad  cd  cd  od  © ©©©’©©  odd  hh  p4«^-^o<  <m<mo<<mco  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  ^ ^ 

HHHH  hhhhh  hhhiMiK  CMO<G<CMO<  <MO<O<<MO<  <MO<CMO<O<  <MO<O<O<O<  <M  0< 

co 

<**'  © CO  CO  © © © © © © © 00  00  t>  USpfO»©00  © CO  pH  CO  us  CO  © © GO  © © 0<  © pf  © © o> 

pH  CO  US  05  <M  CO  CO  ©pHCOUSJ>  C5rHC0‘O©  00  © CM  CO  US  tq  05  © ©<  CO  US  tq  00  © G<  CO  US 

ed  ed  ed  ed  <d  <>  t^  t-^  t>  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  oo©©’©©  dddod  © © ph  ph  -h  h h h ci  oi  oi  cm 

pH  pH  pH  pH  ,1  pH  pH  r-H  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  PHO<<M0<O<  <MO<<MO<G<  0<0<0<<M<M  CM  <M 

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©©©©  oo  oo  © us  eo  ph  © t->  us  cm  ©eox©t-  co  © us  cm  r-  co  © ^ © us  ©usous©  ^ eo 

© -x  CO  ©OOOO'rp  CO  tq  05  pH  CO  us  © 00  © pH  CO  -q  CO  00  05  ph  CM  ^ © tq  CS  © CM  CO  US  © tq 

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pH  pH  PH  pH  pH  PH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  PH0<0<0<0<  <M  0< 

to 

CO  -f  X © 00  us  G<  © © GO  © US  G<  00  nfi  © US  © US  © US  © US  © rfQOCMOO  00  0>  US  © CMU5 

©00©0<  C0U5t>00©  CM  CO  us  O 00  © pH  CO  US  CO  00  © ph  G<  CO  us  © GO  © pH  CM  CO  US  © t>  © © 

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<M  00  US  pH  t<.  CO  © •**  © US  © -f<  © -f»  CO  0<  © © ^ CO  pH  »/S  oo  pH  b-  © CO  © CO  -H  co  © 00  © -M 

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4 y2 

11.17 

11.33 
11.47 
11.62 

11.76 

11.91 

12.05 

12.19 

12.33 

12.46 
12.59 
12.73 
12.86 

12.99 

13.12 

13.25 

13.37 
13.50 
13.63 

13.75 

13.87 

13.99 
14.11 
14.23 

14.35 

14.47 

14.58 
14.70 
14.81 

14.93 

15.04 

15.15 

15.26 

15.37 

15.48 

15.59 

go  © co  © oo  ph  © © oo  © ph  eo  us  © oo  © © ph  <m  eo  ^ -f<  us  © © © © © t^  t»  co  © © © 

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t^eo©©  CO  © US  G<  GO  Hfi©©o<tH  CO  © -^  © US  hcccjnv 

C5  © ph  ph  cm<mco^tj<  us  © © t>  t>  oq  oo  os  © © ph  ph  o<  <m  cq 

ud  us  us  us  us  us  us  ud  ususususus  »d*duscdcd  coeded©’©’ 

1 H 

G<  CO  CO  O <M  b*  <M  © pH  us  © ^<  © co  GO  G<  © © ** 

t-  t-  cq  cq  os  os  © © ph  ph  os  cm  cm  cq  cq-^-^usus  us©©t>»t^ 

cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  ^ *<j5  ^ hjJ  hjS  h-’  pfi  ^ ^ ^ ^ 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

©<>©CM  ^<©t-00©  ©0000®b»  ©-^0<©00  US0S©©0<  ©>0©©pH  ^ V N h © ©-^« 

COpHUSOO  pH^tp©C0  © © CM  us  OO  pH  pf  t-  © CN  USX  © © © X ph  rf  © © p--t<©©pH  hJ<  o 

-jhususus  cq©©tHi>  tp<>cqoqcq  ososos©©  ©©phphph  PHO<0<0<0<  cq  cq  cq  cq  h; 

CM  0<  CM  CM  <M<MO<<MO<  <MO<<MO<<M  G<  0<  G<  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  COCO 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

x © 0 x © co  © i>  x © x ot'XOt'  x © x © r^x©t^x  ©<^x©t»  x© 

ph  cq  us  © obophcous  © cq  © rq  cq  us©co©ph  cquscqcq©  pncqus©cq  © pq  cq  us  cq  cq© 

cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  t>  t>  j>  t>  i>  £>  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  © © ©©©©©  © © © © © 

Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

t-  X © © pl«M^10  © tp  X © O © t-  X © © HNCCt}<l3  © t-  X © © rH  « 

MW«^  Tj<  Hj<  «t}<  H}<  rj<  us  ID  ID  10  ID  ID  ID  ID  ID  ID  © © © © © © © © © © f.  t- 

615 


SIX  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Number 
of  Yam 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  per  Inch 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

6 

53-2 

6 

VA 

7 

73 

12.17 

3.488 

13.95 

15.70 

17.44 

19.18 

20.93 

22.67 

24.42 

74 

12.33 

3.512 

14.05 

15.80 

17.56 

19.32 

21.07 

22.83 

24.58 

76 

12.50 

3.536 

14.14 

15.91 

17.68 

19.45 

21.21 

22.98 

24.75 

76 

12.67 

3.559 

14.24 

16.02 

17.80 

19.57 

21.35 

23.13 

24.91 

77 

12.83 

3.582 

14.33 

16.12 

17.91 

19.70 

21.49 

23.28 

25.07 

78 

13.00 

3.606 

14.42 

16.23 

18.03 

19.83 

21.63 

23.44 

25.24 

79 

13.17 

3.629 

14.52 

16.33 

18.14 

19.96 

21.77 

23.59 

25.40 

80 

13.33 

8.651 

14.60 

16.43 

18.26 

20.09 

21.91 

23.74 

25.56 

81 

13.50 

3.674 

14.70 

16.53 

18.37 

20.21 

22.04 

23.88 

25.72 

82 

13.67 

3. 697 

14.79 

16.64 

18.48 

20.33 

22.18 

24.03 

25.88 

83 

13.83 

3.719 

14.88 

16.74 

18.60 

20.45 

22.31 

24.17 

26.0$ 

84 

14.00 

8.742 

14.97 

16.84 

18.71 

20.58 

22.45 

24.32 

26.19 

86 

14.17 

3.764 

15.00 

16.94 

18.82 

20.70 

22.58 

24.47 

26.35 

86 

14.33 

3.786 

15.14 

17.04 

18.93 

20.82 

22.72 

24.61 

26.50 

87 

14.50 

3.808 

15.23 

17.14 

19.04 

20.94 

22.85 

24.75 

26.66 

88 

14.67 

3.830 

15.32 

17.24 

19.15 

21.07 

22.98 

24.89 

26.81 

89 

14.83 

3.851 

15.40 

17.33 

19.26 

21.18 

23.11 

25.03 

26.96 

90 

15.00 

3.873 

15.49 

17.43 

19.36 

21.30 

23.24 

25.17 

27.11 

91 

15.17 

3.894 

15.58 

17.52 

19.47 

21.42 

23.37 

25.31 

27.26 

92 

15.33 

3.916 

15.66 

17.62 

19.58 

21.54 

23.50 

25.45 

27.41 

93 

15.50 

3.937 

15.75 

17.72 

19.69 

21.65 

23.62 

25.59 

27.56 

94 

15.67 

3.958 

15.83 

17.81 

19.79 

21.77 

23.75 

25.73 

27.71 

96 

15.83 

3.979 

15.92 

17.91 

19.90 

21.8S 

23.87 

25.86 

27.85 

96 

16.00 

4.000 

16.00 

18.00 

20.00 

22.00 

24.00 

26.00 

28.00 

97 

16.17 

4.021 

16.08 

18.09 

20.10 

22.12 

24.13 

26.14 

28.15 

98 

16.33 

4.042 

16.17 

18.19 

20.21 

22.23 

24.25 

26.27 

28.29 

99 

16.50 

4.062 

16.25 

18.28 

20.31 

22,34 

24.37 

26.40 

28.43 

100 

16.67 

4.082 

16.33 

18.37 

20.41 

22.45 

24.49 

26.53 

2S.57 

101 

16.83 

4.103 

16.41 

18.46 

20.51 

22.57 

24.62 

26.67 

28.72 

102 

17.00 

4.123 

16.49 

18.55 

20.62 

22.68 

24.74 

26.80 

2S.S6 

103 

17.17 

4.143 

16.57 

18.64 

20.72 

22.79 

24.86 

26.93 

29.00 

104 

17.33 

4.163 

16.65 

18.73 

20.82 

22.90 

24.98 

27.06 

29.14 

106 

17.50 

4.183 

16.73 

18.82 

20.92 

23.01 

25.10 

27.19 

29.28 

106 

17.67 

4.203 

16.81 

18.91 

21.02 

23.12 

25.22 

27.32 

29.42 

107 

17.83 

4.223 

16.89 

19.00 

21.11 

23.23 

25.34 

27.45 

29.56 

108 

18.00 

4.243 

16.97 

19.09 

21.21 

23.34 

25.46 

27.58 

29.70 

109 

18.17 

4.262 

17.05 

19.18 

21.31 

23.44 

25.57 

27.70 

29.83 

110 

18.33 

4.282 

17.13 

19.27 

21.41 

23.55 

25.69 

27.83 

29.97 

111 

18.50 

4.301 

17.20 

19.35 

21.51 

23.66 

25.81 

27.96 

30.11 

112 

18.67 

4.321 

17.28 

19.44 

21.60 

23.77 

25.93 

28.09 

30.25 

113 

18.83 

4.340 

17.38 

19.53 

21.70 

23.87 

26.04 

28.21 

30.38 

114 

19.00 

4.359 

17.44 

19.62 

21.79 

23.97 

26.15 

28.33 

30.51 

116 

19.17 

4.378 

17.51 

19.70 

21.89 

24.08 

26.27 

28.46 

30.65 

116 

19.33 

4.397 

17.59 

19.79 

21.98 

24.18 

26.S8 

28.58 

30.78 

117 

19.50 

4.416 

17.66 

19.87 

22.08 

24.29 

26.50 

28.70 

30.91 

118 

19.67 

4.435 

17.74 

19.96 

22.17 

24.39 

26.61 

28.83 

81.04 

119 

19.83 

4.454 

17.82 

20.04 

22.27 

24.50 

26.72 

28.95 

31.17 

120 

20.00 

4.472 

17.89 

20.12 

22.36 

24.60 

26.S3 

29.07 

31.30 

121 

20.17 

4.491 

17.96 

20.21 

22.45 

24.70 

26.94 

29.19 

31.44 

122 

20.33 

4.509 

18.04 

20.29 

22.55 

24.80 

27.05 

29.31 

31.56 

123 

20.50 

4.528 

18.11 

20.38 

22.64 

24.90 

27.17 

29.43 

31.70 

124 

20.67 

4.546 

18.18 

20.46 

22.73 

25.00 

27.28 

29.55 

S1.S2 

126 

20.83 

4.564 

18.26 

20.54 

22.82 

25.10 

27.38 

29.67 

31.95 

126 

21.00 

, 

4.583 

18.33 

20.62 

22.91 

25.21 

27.50 

29.79 

32.08 

616 


SIX  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  (Continued) 


Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

Twist  per  Inch 

Sq 

uare  Root  Multiplied  by 

4 

4M 

5 

5 Vi 

6 

6 J 2 

7 

127 

21.17 

4.601 

18.40 

20.70 

23.00 

25.31 

27.61 

29.91 

32.21 

128 

21.33 

4.619 

18.48 

20.79 

23.09 

25.40 

27.71 

30.02 

32.33 

129 

21.50 

4.637 

18.55 

20.87 

23.18 

25.50 

27.82 

30.14 

32.46 

130 

21.67 

4.655 

18.62 

20.95 

23.27 

25.60 

27.93 

30.26 

32.59 

131 

21.83 

4.673 

18.69 

21.03 

23.36 

25.70 

28.04 

30.37 

32.71 

132 

22.00 

4.690 

18.76 

21.11 

23.45 

25.80 

28.14 

30.49 

32.83 

133 

22.17 

4.708 

18.83 

21.19 

23.54 

25.89 

28.25 

30.60 

32.96 

134 

22.33 

4.726 

18.90 

21.27 

23.63 

25.99 

28.36 

30.72 

33.08 

136 

22.50 

4.743 

18.97 

21.34 

23.72 

26.09 

28.46 

30.83 

33.20 

136 

22.07 

4.761 

19.04 

21.42 

23.80 

26.19 

28.57 

30.95 

33.33 

137 

22.83 

4.778 

19.11 

21.50 

23.89 

26.28 

28.67 

31.06 

33.45 

138 

23.00 

4.796 

19.18 

21.58 

23.98 

26.38 

28.78 

31.17 

33.57 

139 

23.17 

4.813 

19.25 

21.66 

24.07 

26.47 

28.88 

31.28 

33.69 

140 

23.33 

4.830 

19.32 

21.74 

24.15 

26.57 

28.98 

31.40 

33.81 

141 

23.50 

4.848 

19.39 

21.82 

24.24 

26.66 

29.09 

31.51 

33.94 

142 

23.67 

4.865 

19.46 

21.89 

24. 32 

26.76 

29.19 

31.62 

34.06 

143 

23.83 

4.882 

19.53 

21.97 

24.41 

26.85 

29.29 

31.73 

34.17 

144 

24.00 

4.899 

19.60 

22.05 

24.49 

26.94 

29.39 

31.84 

34.29 

146 

24.17 

4.916 

19.66 

22.12 

24.58 

27.04 

29.50 

31.95 

34.41 

146 

24.33 

4.933 

19.73 

22.20 

24.66 

27.13 

29.60 

32.06 

34.53 

147 

24.50 

4.950 

19.80 

22.28 

24.75 

27.23 

29.70 

32.18 

34.65 

148 

24.67 

4.967 

19.87 

22.35 

24.83 

27.32 

29.80 

32.29 

34.77 

149 

24.83 

4.983 

19.93 

22.42 

24.92 

27.41 

29.90 

32.39 

34.88 

160 

25.00 

5.000 

20.00 

22.50 

25.00 

27.50 

30.00 

32.50 

35.00 

161 

25.17 

5.017 

20.07 

22.58 

25.09 

27.59 

30.10 

32.61 

35.12 

162 

25.33 ' 

5.033 

20.13 

22.65 

25.17 

27.68 

30.20 

32.71 

35.23 

163 

25.50 

5.050 

20.20 

22.73 

25.25 

27.77 

30.30 

32.83 

35.35 

164 

25.67 

5.066 

20.26 

22.80 

25.33 

27.86 

30.40 

32.93 

35.46 

166 

25.83 

5.083 

20.33 

22.87 

25.42 

27.96 

30.50 

33.04 

35.58 

166 

26.00 

5.099 

20.40 

22.95 

25.50 

28.04 

30.59 

33.14 

35.69 

167 

26.17 

5.115 

20.46 

23.02 

25.58 

28.13 

30.69 

33.25 

35.81 

168 

26.33 

5.132 

20.53 

23.09 

25.66 

28.23 

30.79 

33.36 

35.92 

169 

26.50 

5.148 

20.59 

23.17 

25.74 

28.31 

30.89 

33.46 

36.04 

160 

26.67 

5.164 

20.66 

23.24 

25.82 

28.40 

30.98 

33.57 

36.15 

161 

26.83 

5.180 

20.72 

23.31 

25.90 

28.49 

31.08 

33.67 

36.26 

162 

27.00 

5.196 

20.78 

23.38 

25.98 

28.58 

31.18 

33.77 

36.37 

163 

27.17 

5.212 

20.85 

23.46 

26.06 

28.67 

31.27 

33.88 

36.48 

164 

27.33 

5.228 

20.91 

23.53 

26.14 

28.75 

31.37 

33.98 

36.60 

166 

27.50 

5.244 

20.98 

23.60 

26.22 

28.84 

31.46 

34.09 

36.71 

166 

27.67 

5.260 

21.04 

23.67 

26.30 

28.93 

31.56 

34.19 

36.82 

167 

27.83 

5.276 

21.10 

23.74 

26.38 

29.02 

31.66 

34.29 

36.93 

168 

28.00 

5.292 

21.17 

23.81 

26.46 

29.11 

31.75 

34.40 

37.04 

169 

28.17 

5.307 

21.23 

23.88 

26.54 

29.19 

31.84 

34.50 

37.15 

179 

28.33 

5.323 

21.29 

23.95 

26.62 

29.28 

31.94 

34.60 

37.26 

171 

28.50 

5.339 

21.36 

24.03 

26.70 

29.36 

32.03 

34.70 

37.37 

172 

28.67 

5.354 

21.42 

24.09 

26.77 

29.45 

32.12 

34.80 

37.48 

173 

28.83 

5.370 

21.48 

24.17 

20.85 

29.54 

32.22 

34.91 

37.59 

174 

29.00 

5.385 

21.54 

24.23 

26.93 

29.62 

32.31 

35.00 

37.70 

176 

29.17 

5.401 

21.60 

24.30 

27.01 

29.71 

32.41 

35.11 

37.81 

176 

29.33 

5.416 

21.66 

24.37 

27.08 

29.79 

32.50 

35.20 

37.91 

177 

29.50 

5.431 

21.72 

24.44 

27.16 

29.87 

32.59 

35.30 

38.02 

178 

29.67 

5.447 

21.79 

24.51 

27.24 

29.96 

32.68 

35.41 

38.13 

179 

29.83 

5.462 

21.85 

24.58 

27.31 

30.04 

32.77 

35.50 

38.23 

180 

30.00 

5.477 

21.91 

24.65 

27.39 

30.12 

32.86 

35.60 

38.34 

SEVEN  PLY  TWIST  TABLE 


» 

3.04 

4.47 
5.43 

6.04 
6.76 

7.40 

8.00 

8.54 

9.08 

9.57 

10.03 

10.47 

10.91 

11.31 

11.71 

14.14 

14.48 

14.83 
13.18 

13.53 

13.85 

14.17 

14.54 
14.81 

15.14 

15.43 

15.74 

16.00 

16.47 

16.57 

16.83 
17.10 
17.38 
17.63 
17.87 

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Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

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18.12 

18.38 

18.63 

18.87 

13.13 

19.37 
19.60 

19.82 
20.10 
20.28 

20.50 

20.73 

20.93 

21.17 

21.38 

21.59 

21.78 
22.00 
22.31 
22.43 

22.62 

22.82 
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24.00 

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24.93 
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15.86 

16.09 

16.30 

16.52 

16.74 

16.94 

17.13 
17.34 
17.54 

17.73 

17.93 

18.14 

18.32 

18.50 

18.73 

18.89 

19.07 

19.25 

19.45 

19.63 

19.78 

19.97 

20.15 

20.33 
20.47 

20.68 

20.82 

21.00 

21.16 

21.33 

21.50 
21.66 
21.82 

21.98 
22.13 

3? 

to 

o 

14.73  1 

14.95  ! 
15.15 

15.35 
15.56 

15.73 
15.93 
16.09 
16.25 

16.37 

16.67 

16.84 

17.04 

17.18 

17.38 

17.55 

17.72 

17.88 
18.06 
18.23 

18.38 

18.54 
18.71 

18.88 
19.03 

19.19 

19.35 
19.50 
19.65 

19.81 

19.96 
20.11 
20.27 
20.41 

20.55 

g£g2g  SSSSSS  S>!$gSS  SSSSS?  ££g28  3S§gg 

d d d -p  d d d d d d d d d d cd  6 d d d ddddd  d d cc  x cd  ccdddd 

to 

xa 

ggggS  gSSSS  23S§?  SSSfeS  S&ggg  ggSSg 

G»  G*  d G>  « CG  CG  CG  CG  cd  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ 

ggggg  ?S£SS  SSSSjg  §§£?§  2&8S8  ££g28  ggggg 

d d d d d g^  oi  o>  sJ  g*  oi  cd  cg  cd  cd  cg  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ *d  *g  *d  ddddd 

§2283  SSSS3  8SgS2  §Sggg  gg§£3 

© deed  © d — — « r-3  oi  g>  o*  g>  oi  g»  G4  Gi  cd  cd  cd  cd  ^ 2 2 ddddd 

g § g 3 S g§S33  85$S§  33528  32SS2  S5§22  gg$g§ 

ddddd  d d d c o ©dodo  oohhh  — — > — — ^ d d d sicioicisi 

p*  p-4  »-«  »-i  pn  pn  p* 

CO 

g§£gg  5SSS3  &&5S8  SS§£3  fi.S2§  SSSSS  SSStS 

t--  co  x cc  co  cd  cd  od  o6  oo  eddddd  ddddd  ddooo  coco  © ooooh 

CO 

§§§§2  §§'§§3  g;5£g§  228SS  SggSS  g|gg33 

d d t>  t>  d t>  t>  t>  r>  i>  i>  t>  t>  t>  d od  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  od  cd  oo  cdooddd  ddddd 

e* 

giSSSS  §2283  SSSSS  ggggq  o 2 8 8 ot  83g§g  §SiSS 

*d  *d  *d  *d  d ddddd  ddddd  ddddd  t>  t>  t>  t>  d ddddd 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

mil  psis  IlslS  l|pl  Illli  1SII1  sisp 

ddddd  ddddoi  ddddd  ddddd  ddddd  ddddd  ddddd 

< 

~ls 

282SS  gg283  SKSgS  85SSg  82835  giggSS  Sgggg 

ddddd  ddddd  ddddd  ddddd  oo  d oo  oo  oo  ddddd  ddddd 

Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

85882  33333  3532S  SSSSS  SSSSS  S28SS  85$2S 

619 


SEVEN  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


CO 

2-S3g2  §S§i?§  8ISS3£  §f§Si  § ?: 2 s 5 3*225 
3§3§g  §§§§S  33333  iSSSS  SSSsS  f;s§S5 

t- 

£§£§§  ?:$§§§  s$gg2  §222  = §2§§§  £££?.£ 
£3333  53£££  SSSSs  §g?g§  33333  335?? 

c- 

*25£S  SS3SS  §3232  SS5&2  Sags?  gtSSH 
SSSSg  §§PS5S  £3333  33333  SSSSS  §§?.§§ 

X 

o 

2£g2?,  S§£3§  0 55 is 24 S §5gSSS  3§?S§  §SS?5 

?§oio»o»  ©>  ©»  ©*  ©>  ©»  ©*  ©»  ©>  6>  ©>  ©'©>©?©?©?  ©?  ©»  ©>  ©>  ©?  ©»  ©»  0#  5 d* 

CD 

2SgS3  3£S2S  gSSgg  32S2S  SS3§2  3h2§S 
22222  22i§g  ggggi  33333  333?!3  gSliSS 

2" 

S3S8S  2Si?§  3Sffl§2  §£§§2  SS£2g  32g§2 

i>  *>  cc  2222^  2 * cc  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000  00000 

m 

SSSSfe  SSSgg  §2§|S?  ggggg  §28£2  §§?§? 

CO  O CO  CD  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  t>  t>  l'-  06  06  CO  CC  CC  CO  06  CD  X X 

8?S§2  £ £ § 2 g SS§§g  gsggs  S332S  SgSSS 

-*  ^ ~t>  -*■  -*•  co  c©  in  *c  »n  »©  »©  *d  «j  »n  «5  co  cd  co  co  co  0 co  co  co  0 co  t'- 

2£Sgs  23£2§  §2233  SSSSS  5§§S3  £§S§2 

©>’  0!  ©>  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  co  cd  co  co  •*-»—"->«*  -«•  «*  -*  rf  -*■-*■-*  »d  »© 

" 

2i3£2  3S£g£  g g 0 2 2 33  = 215  ggggg  i = 22r; 

r-l  — — ^ — r-l  — r-^  — ‘ — — — ©>’  ©»  ©J  o»  ©»  o>  o>  ©»  ©i  ©>  o»  n>  c*  o 0 o 0 

CO 

ggggs  ggsife  SSjS§2  S£§§2  SiSSS  20S5g 

o’o’o’oo  OOOOO  OOOOO  OOOCO  OOOO—  r-  ^ — — 

<N 

gg§22  3iig?2  §5323  3£igg  g§223  §3  = 22 

t>  06  06  00  CO  00  06  00  0C  00  K 03  CC  X x oc  06  co  cc  x’  ddd©  0 00.00  0 

o'o-g 


mu  mm  nm  pt§i  11111  m%i 

cd  «'  cd  cd  cd  « cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  co  co  cd  co  co  co  co  co  to  k r:  k r.  k cd  co  co  co  c 


His 

MI* 


-giSSS  §§2i§  SgggS  §2fe2§  §S§3S  ?§§: 

o o o’  o o’  o'  rn  ,-J  r-  ©i  ©J  ©*©*©$©<  ©!  co  co  co  co  co  cd  co  -?■  - 


ill! 

Z~  H 


sssss  ssssg  sssss  sssss 


620 


621 


EIGHT  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


CO 

1G.96 

17.22 

17.43 

17.66 

17.88 

18.19 

18.33 

18.54 

18.75 

18.98 

2?SS§ 

ddddd 

ggggg 

sssss 

2§S2i 

©4  ©<  ©4  0>  04 

255§i 

ilsglgjgf 

gSg53 

23355 

t» 

SSJ*SE 

40  CO  CO  CO  CO 

g2?;gi 

CO  t-  t-  t-* 

§23&.!2 

t-  x cd  cd  cd 

S23S5 

X © ~ © C5 

ss-ggs 

2§§ig 

2$§3£ 

©5  ©4  ©>  ©?  ©* 

SSSeS 

22222 

t- 

sssss 

d d id  id  id 

10  *0  CO  CO  CO 

“S2SS 

ddhb  t- 

qqq^q 

d d X X X 

S§3§2 

cd  cd  oo  d d 

ggSSI 

d d d d d 

25?§? 

SSSSjg 

<0 

“g2£g 

cd  cd  -*  d -* 

2££g2 
^ d d d 

«So.oS 

*0  «-o  *o  co  co 

3SSS§ 

d d d co  t- 

ggsgg 

t>  t>  t-  t-  f- 

328S3 

22222 

$£§23 

x x cd  d ~ 

g 

25 

S 

>> 

-C 

(0 

CO  O N >C  c» 

i>  o © ©j ; -* 
d d co  cd  cd 

^ 2 — — — 

“qqqq 

d<  ^ -4  d«  d 

2;;55g 

d d d d d 

l§2?;3 

ddddd 

2iS§2 

d d co  d d 

sgggg 

d d d d 

3 

s 

\<N 

10 

2S2i 

SS££§ 

©i  ©i  ©I  ©»  cd 

SSSSS 

cd  cd  co  x cd 

g§£gi? 

cd  -f  -*■  -?  -f 

to  §®oo 
^ d 

2S5SS 

d *o  *0  *-©  d 

i^3=2 

4-0  40  CO  CO  CO 

CW 

1 

10 

SSS32 

odd  — — 

£$225 

g^sss 

SS5SS 

x x x x cd 

SqS=5 

X X -*■  -?  — 

ssssss 

•*  -f  -f  **  — 

H 

1 

£ 

«# 

3gg3S 

d d d d d 

S53SSS 

dodod 

$$gS3 

d d — — — 

SSSSS 

SSSS S S3§2§ 
22222  222 2 

q§.2q“ 

©4  X X X X 

s?  s«2§gs 

cd  cd  cd  oo  cd 

SSS*? 

d d d d d 

cooooo 

10  t>  C5  © 

d d d d d 

§2§£? 
d d o d d 

gS2i§ 

dodod 

o”«»4 

222s! 

X 

CO 

t>  C*  t»  C* 

SS22S 

t>  cd  cd  cd  oo 

gggs:2 

X X 00  X X 

3§S§2 

oo  oo  d d d 

§S3S§ 

d © d d d 

S2Sii 

ddddd 

S2352 
o o o o c 

CO 

S23S;: 

d d d d d 

SSS3S 

cd  cd  cd  d i> 

SS33S 

t>  t>  t>  d d 

SS22S 

ddddd 

ssms 

X X X X 

$£2?s 

oo  oo  cd  oo  cd 

= = SS£ 

cd  x xxx 

<N 

ssssg 

to  »o  *o  *o  *o 

qSix§ 

ddddd 

g§S2S 

d d d d d 

3g?§§ 

CO  CO  CO  co  CO 

gigpg 
d d d d d 

Sq  = = 2 

COOt'M' 

ssass 

t-  t-  £>  £> 

cn  o^1 


sssii  nm  ism  psii  nip  mu  mm 

oi  01  oi  o'  ©4  ©J  ©4  d ©i  ©i  ©i  d ©i  ©i  d ddddd  d ©4  d d d d ©i  d d d ddddd 


g§g|§  pisi  i2iISI  illli  flip  pip  Pill 

iq  o 10  ic  o *rj  d cd  cd  cd  ® d d d d t- 1-  t-  cd  cd  x x x x x 


|ji- 


SSSSg  3SS3S  32SSS  SSSSS  SSSSS  S33SS  SSSSg 


622 


EIGHT  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


Twist  per  Inch  1 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

CO 

CO  -*  -?  -*  ** 

O<O<O<OIO<  0<0<0<0<0< 

25.47 

25.61 

25.78 

25.91 

26.08 

26.22 

26.38 

26.53 

26.68 

26.82 

26.98 

27.12 

27.27 
27.41 
27.58 

27.70 

27.85 

28.00 

28.13 

28.28 

SSSSS  2S3SS  £§£33  g-£§2 

gigjgjgigj  8SSS58  S33S3  SSSSS  SSSSS 

t- 

££§§2  SSSSS  SBSSS 

gsssd  sssss  gj^gjgiil  sgggg  gggss  ssissis 

x 

19.37 

19.50 

19.61 

19.77 

19.91 

20.03 
20.17 
20.30 
20.13 
90  55 

g£S§2  gSSg?  SSS&S 

ggg££  SSSSS  §!£££§; 

• 

17.86 

18.00 

18.13 

18.25 

18.37 

18.48 

18.62 

18.73 

18.81 

18.97 

19.08 

19.20 
19.32 
19.43 

19.55 

19.67 

19.77 
19.88 
20.00 
20.12 

20.24 

20.31 

20.47 

20.55 

20.68 

20.78 
20.90 
21.00 
21.10 

21.20 

16.39 

16.50 
16.62 
16.73 

16.85 

16.95 
17.07 
17.18 
17.29 

17.39 

17.51 
17.61 
17.72 
17.82 
17.93 

18.04 
18.12 

18.24 

18.35 

18.45 

18.55 

18.65 

18.76 

18.85 

18.96 

19.05 
19.16 

19.25 

19.35 

19.45 

• 

ggssg  SSSJIS  sjgqgfj  gS£S£  £§§2S  £353$ 

*d  »d  *d  *d  »d  *d  *d  Jd  *d  d <d  <d  to  d cd  cd  cd  <d  so  d cd  t'  n t-*  t>  t-» 

13.41 

13.50 
13.60 
13.69 
13.78 

13.87 

13.96 

14.05 

14.14 

14.23 

14.32 

14.41 

14.50 

14.58 

14.67 

14.76 

14.82 

14.93 

16.01 

15.09 

15.18 

15.26 

15.35 

15.43 

15.51 

15.59 

15.67 
15.75 
15.84 
15.91 

11.93 
12.00 
12.08 

12.17 
12.25 

12.33 

12.42 
12.50 

12.57 
12.65 

12.73 

12.82 

12.88 

12.96 

13.03 

13.12 

13.18 
13.27 

13.34 

13.42 

13.49 

13.57 
13.64 
13.70 
13.78 

13.85 

13.93 
14.00 
14.07 
14.14 

£ 

co 

10.43 

10.50 

10.58 

10.64 

10.72 

10.79 

10.86 

10.93 
11.00 
11.07 

11.14 

11.21 

11.28 

11.34 

11.41 

11.48 

11.53 

11.61 

11.68 

11.74 

11.81 

11.87 

11.94 
12.00 
12.06 

12.12 

12.19 

12.25 

12.32 

12.38 

CO 

2§S22  SSSSS  S3£SB  22SSS  SSSSf 

cdoicioici  cioicicioi  cicJoicici  oioioioo  oo’oo'o  odooc 

<N 

7.45 

7.50 

7.56 
7.60 

7.66 

7.71 
7.76 
7.81 
7.86 
7.91 

7.96 

8.01 

8.06 

8.10 

8.15 

8.20 

8.25 

8.29 

8.34 

8.39 

8.43 

8.48 

8.53 

8.57 
8.62 

8.66 

8.71 
8.75 
8.80 
8.84 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

2.980 

3.000 

3.022 

3.041 

3.063 

3.082 

3.103 

3.123 

3.143 

3.162 

3.183 

3.202 

3.222 

3.240 

3.260 

3.279 

3.298 

3.317 

3.336 

3.354 

3.373 

3.391 

3.410 

3.428 

3.447 

3.464 

3.483 

3.500 

3.519 

8.536 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

8.875 
9.000 
9.125 
9.250 
9.375 

9.500 

9.625 

9.750 

9.875 
10.000 

10.125 

10.250 

10.375 

10.500 

10.625 

10.750 

10.875 
11.000 

11.125 

11.250 

11.375 

11.500 

11.625 

11.750 

11.875 

12.000 

12.125 

12.250 

12.375 

12.500 

Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

SSSSS  SSSSS  £5SS§  SS5S5SS  SS£S§ 

623 


PLY 


00 

2.66 

3.77 

4.57 

5.33 

5.96 

6.52 

7.05 

7.45 

8.00 

8.43 

8.83 

9.23 

9.60 

10.00 

10.33 

|o«"q 

12.20 

12.49 

12.80 

13.07 

13.33 

ssa^s 

r.  r. 

SSSSS 

^ *©  *©  4©  4© 

n\ 

t- 

III!! 

ssggs 

c©  © c©  t- 1- 

gsssg 

CO  GO  oS  05  d 

10.02 

10.32 

10.61 

10.89 

11.17 

3£gS3 

S£g3S 

o'  o»  cd  co  d 

g2S5S 

CO  -f  -*■  -f  -* 

III!! 

4©  d d i>  t> 

”q?SS 

£-  CO  CO  CO  © 

©3  C5  05  c d 

ggS3§ 

O © p-  p-  -4 

mm 

gsss? 

©>  co  co  co  ri 

£ 

to 

2§£S?S 

oJ  CO  CO  -* 

n”o°® 
4©  4©  d d d 

2?S2S 

t>  i>  cd  cd 

SS2S5 

cd  oo  ci  d ci 

g2?$g 

ci  o o o o 

11.05 

11.26 

11.47 

11.67 

11.87 

©4  O'  ©4  0>  04 

H 

>. 

X 

1 

o 

mm 

ggggg 

*t<  •©  *d  cd  cd 

gggSS 

cd  cd  t>  t>  i> 

SS32S 

cc  cd  cd  cd  cd 

2S^S 

ci  d ci  ci  o 

c © © © © 

2g§gS 

g 

s 

lO 

mm 

sssss 

•*  4-0  i©  *o 

qSSSS 

cd  cd  cd  cd  t> 

SS£g2 

t-i  ti  t>  cd  oo 

llils 

S32£  = 

d d ci  d d 

© © © © © 

Cu 

1 

1 

lO 

on®”” 

pH  ©t  ®<  C©  CO 

g;s§g 

•**  '"*•»*»©  *d 

S&gSS 

4©  4©  cd  cd  cd 

£$SS? 

cd  cd  i>  i>  i> 

S*g2g 

t>  t>  oo  cd  cd 

gS££2 

oc  cd  cd  cd  ci 

g2S2i 

ci  d © Ci  © 

I 

pH  o<  o<  CO  CO 

S£2g? 

CO  CO  r*  TP 

i©  *d  *d  *d 

g2gS2 

cd  cd  cd  cd  cd 

£§gg§ 

d t>  t>  fc»  t-’ 

SiSSSi 

£>  t-  £>  X CO 

g?g£$ 

oc  cd  cd  x oc 

mim 

§^es 

C0  CO  CO  ■<? 

3§gg2 

h?  ^ *©  *© 

SSiSS 

4©  4©  4©  4©  4© 

2S§SE: 

c©  o © © cc 

gg§2g 

CC  C 1-  [' 

S3ggg 

t*t*t*t*l» 

co 

ss§s?s 

-HHcicici 

SqSSi 

G*  CO  CO  CO  cd 

sssss 

CO  ^ '#  '#  TP 

SSggg 

^ 4©  4© 

4©  4©  4©  4©  4© 

gg2?g 

4©  d cd  cd  cd 

^ © t-  X §: 

cd  cd  cd  cd  cd 

CO 

ci  © ©* 

d pi  pi  ©<  ©i 

sssis 

©i  oi  ©i  co  co 

K2gSS> 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

o ©>  -<f  c©  t> 

C H 31  CO  ** 
^ ^ 

sssss 

^ Tf  ^ d 

25^5 

4©  4©  4©  4©  4© 

ss.SSS 

4©  4©  4©  4©  4© 

<N 

££5gg 

o§”S3 

cioiaioi®; 

g£g28 

©^  ©i  co  cd  co 

szzs™ 

cd  cd  cd  cd  cd 

Sgg§2 

cd  cd  ^ *-j>  ■<? 

§sss? 

■<* 

SSSSiS 

-?  r*  Tf.  --<■<? 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

mm  ssiii  iiiii  mm  mm  mm  sssis 

doddd  dddr-.pi  pi  pi  ri  pi  Pi  pi  pi  pi  pi  H1HHP  pi  pi  r_  pi  pi  P1PPP 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

31111  I&11S  18311  gllHl  llllg  11311  31111 

doddd  d d d pi  pi  pi  pi  p-  -1  p-pi©i©iai  ©J  ©i  ©<©*©<  ©iddcdcd  odcdodsdcd 

Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

624 


j.  fiiinuea.) 


: 


NINE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


5 

£ 

3 

1 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by 

CO 

5 S5So  SigSgS  g2??32  333£§  25? 3g 

gjgiSSS  838«S  S5SSSS  SSSSS  SSSSS  SSSSi 

X 

SSgSS  ££§§;?  gSSSS  2S??2  = ?£££§ 

S oJ G* 5i <N  S S ® 6^  ^ ^ ct  d*  6?  S 6'  S 6?  S hk  c<  o<  o*  6*  ««o!«ci 

§2§S?  £?§?$;  §2£gS?  S3£S3  SS3S5  ggSSg 
£SS§§  ggSii  SS5S55  SS5S85  gglgigiS  Sggg? 

o 

gg£3S  £§2§2°  ggf3Si  2S83S  S££g2  £S?§£ 
S2222  S3SSS  23333  ggggg  gggdd  SSSS3 

o 

££§2g  gjSSSS  ggSS?  SSSSofe  g25g?  SSSS  = 

co  --£  t^ ^ axxxx  » ^ cc  co  co  o cc  ^ c;  ^ 

X 

to 

3B§55>  io§g?  ?§??§  e3§g§  22$f:$  ggSSg 

*d  co  co  co  co  co  co  co  co  co  p- x x x x 

iO 

32333  g-32£S  g$S5£  ?S§2S  ggSSS  g??g§5 

-t  >2  »o  to  jo  »o  jo  »o  jo  >o  o jo  jo  co  co  ^ co  oc  ^ co  cd 

X 

32£gi  S2S33  ggggg  Sg£2S  £g?3S  g&£g§ 

tt»  CM  OMV  oi  CO  X X X CO  X*  X CO  X X CO  -f*  -*  X -f-  -?  -»  — -i-  — — 

S?S8§  §S2gg  533§§  £S58g  &2gt;3 

— J -H  J-.  J—  J-H  oj  o»  o>  OJ  cjojojojo^  2 2 X X X X X 

X 

CO 

S?£S2  tSnn?  gggiS  gg£S£  S2S£g  533=5 

dodo®  o’  oo.oo’  66  66  6 coo  — — — — — — — — — 

CO 

S?ss§i  SJSSSS  ggssg  §a§?32  3§3§i?  g§t§§ 

cc  od  cd  od  od  oo  oo  cd  cd  oo  d d d o d deed®  deed®  d d d d o’ 

£ 

c* 

SS22S!  ggg:;?  SSSSS  ggSi?  SSSSg 

i>  t>  t>  i>  i>  t>  t>  i>  t>  »>  t>  t>  t>  i>  i>  i>  i>  i>i>o6cco6  cc  xx  x x 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

lllii  lliii  fill!  ipsi  isssi  pisi 

d d d d o*  doioioisi  x cd  cd  cd  cd  x cd  cd  cd  x’  cd  x cd  x cd  cd  od  od  cd  cd 

*0^3 

11211  nm  §2112  Sign  21111  IS112 

t>  x od  cd  od  ododooodoo  ddddd  odd  do  66666  coo  — — 

Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

SSSSS  SSSSS  SSSSS  S5SSS  SSSSS  SSSSS 

626 


627 


TEN  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


TEN  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  (Continued) 


00 

&§3?S 

©*  ©*©<©<  ©*  si  si  oj  si  & 

23321$  3§2£§  2SS3S  f:g§2g 
83883  33333  S3E3SSSE  53333 

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§2S£S  g3£§S  m?35g  §2SS§  SS£§2 
2S§§§  gggss  SSSSS  £83  S 8 fSUSSS  gjgjggjgj 

fr- 

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t-  t>  t>  00  GO  CO  GC 

SSRSS  S2gj§§  SSSSS 

CO  GO  00  00  CO  C5C5C5C5C5  00505  05  O 

PH  |H  iH  r— ( pH  pH  pH  iH  pH  i— I pH  l-H  pH  iH  ©. 

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13 

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13 

33S§§  Sqqq2  8 q 3 ® S fe  2 §3  g § § 2 § 3 3 3S32S 
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§S23I£  525-SS  £§£32  ig£2S  £S2§£  3§§2Si 

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o o d d o 22222  22222  ^ — o>  ©i  ©>©*©>  © 

ill 

is 

CO 

§j§g£g  q3S3§  §2338  SjggSS  §2322  SggSS 

C50C50C5  ci  cs  05  ci  oi  eiodod  o’ o’ o' oo  o’ o’ o’ oo  o'  o o p—  — < 

co 

§3222  &3??33  SS§§8  §§§§§  322§g  §g?32 

i>  00*  CO  GO  00*  00  CO  GO  OO  GO  CO  CO  CO  00  CO  00  GO  oo’  00  05  C5  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  C5 

IN 

3Sg§3  S333S  222S§  3 8 3 2 § 3 § § 5 3 223SS 

o’  o’  o cd  o’  O O O t>  l>  i>  i>  £>  i>  i>  i>  t>  £>  £>  {>  i>  t>  i>  i>  t>  l>J>l>t>t> 

Pi 


Ilill  suS; 

oi  cjj  ci  o * oi  oi  ©<  ©J  c 


111  II 


sills  ISSS1 

cdcdcdcdcd  n wnnci 


6 o £ c 
c,  o-~  S 


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■g 

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SSE2SS  SSS2§  SSSSS  «5“SS  SS32S  SSSSg 


629 


ELEVEN  PLY  TWIST  TABLE 


ssssg  gssss  isssg  ££?§£  ss&gg;  ssss& 

ci  cd  cd  >d  *o  *o  © © i>  t>  cd  cd  oo  oi  ci  ftdddd  — — — — ci  ci  ci  oi  cd  cd  «««*-! 


^ SSSSS  §3322  §325?  £§§£§  S§3Si5  s?i22  g??:ifc 

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csggg  §s§gc  sks?:?  sisss  ggsss 

i oi  cd  -d  *d  *0  d d d d t>  td  id  id  cd  cd  cd  cd  d d d ?.  6 c d do — -d  — oi  v oi 


T ^§  = « SSS£§  SSSSg  §§S|g?  £2?gg  £2SS2  £§85  = 

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*§3So  32222  §S2jg§  8$£§S  S3££§  S5Sg§  SS3Sg 

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2!  & « S m 2 

us  h 51  01  n n 


is?  S2&23  38333  ig§2S  3§23§  32.353 

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;22S£  §£2S2  SS38S  3S3S2  ©§323  2x222  23522 

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| x SS3C8  2S2S2  §2853  3§22S  gggSS  32233  22232 

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„ 32§32  S23S3  828SS  322?,??  Si§2§§  22223  28232 

rn  r-<  ci  ci  cicdcdcdcd  ^ ^ d d d id  ddddd  doddd  © © © t>i  t«i 


S §3858  §2223  So®®®  Sji3§?  §§§58  23332  g£s2S 

co  r-i  >h  ph  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  cd  cd  cdcdcdcd^  '■*-*-*'*-*  ddddd  id  »d  »d  id  cd  ddddd 


„ 38355  S2238  §2822  §3333  3333S  33222  32853 

' OPH-Hoi  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  cdcdcdcdcd  cdcdcdcd’d  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ >d  -d  -d  ^ -d  id  *d  *d  *d  *d 


22232  32288  §3283  83888  33322  38i§2  §522?! 

c^  ohhp-h  ri  r->  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cdcdcdcdcd  cdccx-d'f*  -d  -d  -d  -d  d 


III  § 

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ts'SH 


mm.  mm  um.  mm  mm  mm  mm 


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iisii  iigsi  iiigi  ppe  nm  mm  iiiii 

© © © © © ©©<©©’©  ^ ^ ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  ci  cicixxx 


Pi 


<Nc^.u,  ^.-xmo  S222g  SS3S5SS  S58SS  SSSSS 


630 


(Cu/tu/mtu; 


c 

u 

X. 

e 

tj 

C- 

H 

cn 

£ 

H 

Square  Root  Multiplied  by  | 

00 

nn*qnn  voooot^  r-  © © © oc^oin  © © t>.  gs  © © © -*  r-  co  ©©©©r- 

■*?  © CO  © © CO  © «-i  © *G  CO  GO  © G<  vo  £>  © 05  OC  © »0  CO  00  C5  i”<  G*  © t-  © © ■— 

■*j3  c-j  v_d  vd  »d  vd  cd  cd  cd  © cd  cd  t>  t>  t>  t>  t>  r4  t>  cd  cd  ©’  cd  ©°  cd  os  os  os  ©"©’os©© 

_ P_  r-i  r-4  *-H  >-H  r-.  r—  |H  rl  r-HH  rhHHrtH  r-<  >— < >— 1 pH  r-  -H  M r-l  r-.  r-  QJ  (J< 

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© © © ^ -^  -d  *d  © vd  *d  *d  *d  cd  ©©’©©’©  ©’  i>  t>  t>  t-4  t-*  t-4  cc  oo  oo  co  oo  cd  co 

t> 

© © © © t-»  G>  f"  © © © © © © © 1>  © vO  © »G  © « © »G  © GS  »G  G*  «S  © © © »G 

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G>  G)  © © © CG  © CG  -d  -d  -f*  vg  cj  »G  *G  *d  *G  vg  © © © © © © © r-‘  ^4  f,'  f-4 

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r4 »-'<  os  o>  os  os  os  oi  ©’  cd  cd  ©’  cd  cd  © ^ -f>  vg  vg  vg  *g  »g  vg  *d  vg  © © © © 

© 

»G  © © © VG  © © © © t-  © © {^  © © tJc  © 00  OS  ©VGi>©G*  © -<f  t-  © © © OS  vO  vg 

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6 m ri  h h p=^  r-J  g»  os  os’  os'  os  os  gs  ed  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  -*d  'd  ^ »*■**<  -d  »d  *d 

to 

VG  © OS  b-  © OS  © © OS  *G  © © C>  © VG  © © © © < OB  © © »G  © © t>  © S'-  ©t^t^t>r» 

a © o*  © ©t>©©«— i g»  © -^  © i>  ooc5©rH©  >^vG©t>cq  ciohg^w  •*?<  *g  © t>  © 

c;  © © © © © © ©’  >-4  ,-4  i-I  r-3  ^4  .-I  ^4  --4  >-4  os  os  os  os  os  os  os’  os  g>  cd  cd  cd  cd  ©’  cd  cd  cd  cd 

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05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  ©’©  © ©’©’©’  © © © © r4  .-4  ,=4  *4  .-4  ,4  ^4  ,4  os  os  os  os  os  os  oi 

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© *G  vg  © © ©©©©©  ©©©©©  ©©t>»©  vg  © G)  G)  ©©t^vG-3»  ©i-'©t^CG 

f-~*G»©^*G  © l>  © © i— • G*  G*  © *G  © © t>  GO  © © i-j  G*  © "^  *G  CO©t^OO©  GV  C "5 

©'cdcdodcd  cd  cd  cd  05  os  ososososos  ososcsos’©  ©oo©'©  ©©©"©"©  r4^4i-Ir4p4 

■^•'^©©^  G>  — — • © 05  cCt-  »G  »G  © G>©©t>-^<  ©f-»©t^t>  ©©©-?©  ©©■»?©© 

GV  © rf*  *G  © l>  00  05  © © rH  G<  © ^ *G  CO  l>  l>  00  05  © ^ ^ GV  © ^ VG  VG  © i>  ©C0C5©© 

cd  ©'  cd  oo  cd  cd  cd  ©’od©’©’od  ososcsosos  os  os  os  os’  os  os  os  os  © © 

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©‘©©cd©  cd  © © t-’  i>  i>t4©’cdod  oo  oo  oo  ©’  cd  cd  cd  cd  x cc 

CO 

© © l>  VG  © © © © © © © © © -^  © © G)  © VG  rH  t-  © 05  -H  GS  © © © VG  © © GV  © 

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vd»G*dvG*d  »G*G»Gcdcd  cdcdcd©’cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd©’cdcdt>  i>  i>  t>  ^4  j>'  ^4  i> 

CO 

G»  © VG  © G*  © ■*?  © G*  i-i  © GS  © -f  © © ->*  © t}>  © ©-?©©©  © G»  © i-h 

*G*G©l>i>  00  00  05©©  HHGtG»W  © -^  -^  *G  *G  ©©l>t>00  ©©©©©  ^ G»  SV  © 

•*^t}VtJ«vg»G  VG  »G  *G  *G  *0  «5  «j  G «S  «5  »G  *G  *G  vrj  VG  *G*dvd©"cd  cdcd©"cdcd 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

© © •.■?  © r->  G>  © O*  *G  © © G»  © >G  © © © © © © »G  l>  © -f  ->?  © i-t  © © © -p  G< 

© © vg  © © M *G  r*  © Gt  **©©—<©  ©t>©^<©  VGN©  i-©  »G  l>  © >— ' © *G©X©G< 

CC  CO  © 00  CS  05  05  ©©©  OOOrHH  HHHi^Gj  G»  GV  G1  © © ©©©•’J'-fv  -t<  -f<  -•  »G  © 

r4  r4  ^4  r-4  r4  r4  r4  r4  Gf  G<  G<  G<  G<  oi  G<  G<  OC  oi  Gi  G<  oi  G«  G»  G<  G<  GC  G»  oi  oi  GV  G5  G»  GJ 

Approx. 
No  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

© >G  © © t^©©©^  G»  © -B  »G  © ©l^©x©  *— < G*  © ■*?>  VO  ©©t^O©  © i— < GS  © »S< 

© *G  ^ © O?  i— ' O O © © © © -+  © G*  <—  © © © © i>  © »G  ^©(Np-O  ©©©l>© 

G*©^|vg©  l>  00  05  © © G5  © -f*  ‘G  CO  t>  00  CS  © ©■— G»©-^  iG©t^©©  ©©.—  G*© 

cd  cd  © © w ©©©■^,'j<  'f  -d  *g  »g  »d  *d  *d  vg  vg  vd  vg  vg  ©"cdcdcdcd 

Number 
of  Yarn 
! to  be 

i Twisted 

ccNcfia  © © r-  © © © i~t.  m in  %a  © t-  © o>  o c<j  © ^ © © e-  © cn  o 

© © © © ^ T}<  t*4  Tt<  ^ to  to  U5  a©  la  IG  to  to  to  to  CO  ©©©co©  © © © © t* 

631 


ELEVEN  PLY  TWIST  TABLE 


CO 

20.33 

20.17 

20.00 

20.76 

20.88 

21.02 

21.16 

21.30 

21.13 

21.56 

21.70 

21.81 

21.98 

22.10 

22.23 

22.37 

22.50 

22.62 

22.73 

22.89 

§23£g  S5£§2 
sssssisj  S3SSS 

£ 

t- 

&255S  £££23!  £5S5S  £2?£5  S££§S  2Ss23 
22222  222g£  §§§£?,  SSSSS  SS5535  33  3 S3 

c- 

££§2§  £5£££  £23£5  §££££  23S5S  £££§2 

h i' » co » x x oo  x cd  oaaoo  © d d o © © © © ~ — 

£ 

o 

16.52 
10.63 

16.75 
16.86 

16.97 

17.09 

17.20 
17.31 
17.12 

17.52 

17.61 

17.75 
17.86 

17.97 
18.07 

18.17 

18.29 
18.38 
18.19 

18.59 

18.09 
18.79 
18.91 
19.01 

19.10 

19.21 

19.29 
19.10 
19.50 

19.60 

to 

15.25 

15.35 

15.16 

15.55 

15.67 

15.77 

15.87 

15.97 
16.08 

16.17 

16.27 

16.38 

16.18 
16.57 

16.68 

16.77 

16.88 

16.97 

17.07 
17.17 

17.23 

17.31 

17.15 

17.55 
17.62 

17.73 

17.80 

17.85 

18.00 

18.08 

£ 

lO 

£gsr,£  SSSSS  ggSSfj  S5SSS  s§§£2  S35S3 

d -f-  ^ -4  -f-  *o  lei  d «5  d d d d »d  d «-o  © © © © © © © © 

lO 

£2£S§  SSSsS  5iSS£  £S2gj£  £5S3£  ££§§§ 

<v  02  02  o»  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  cd  © cd  cd  -«?»*-*  r?  <-«  ■»?-*-•  «c  d 

*1111  1111  Hi  !ii  ill  Hill 

2S5££3  SSSSg  £££S2  SSSSS5  §§322  §££§£ 

ooooo  © © © d © ~ --  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ” — ai  02 

CO 

££S£2  §S££S  gg$£S  ££££  = £2255  S£5SS 

oococicioj  cSciddcs  oiddo'd  ddddd  ddc’od  eoo  © © 

CO 

S£2£§  £S£3§  22S8S  £5232 

t>  t>  i>  i>  t>  t>  X X CG  GO  CO  CO  30  CO  00  CO  00  a 

S£”cCx  8c§S§S 

oc  co  cc  x cd  cd  cd  o6  d d 

<N 

1 

6.36 

6.10 

6.11 

6.19 
6.53 

6.57 

6.62 

6.66 

6.70 

6.71 

0.78 

6.83 

6.87 

6.91 

6.95 

6.99 

7.03 

7.07 

7.11 

7.15 

7.19 
7.23 
7.27 
7.31 
7.35 

7.39 

7.12 

7.16 

7.50 

7.51 

Sq.  Root 
of  No.  of 
Twisted 
Yarn 

33888  83883  mU  §£111  Hill  lllli 

O'  02  02  02  02  02  02  02  02  02  02  02  02  02  02  0202020202  02  02  02  02'  02  02  02  02  X X 

Approx. 
No.  of 
Twisted 
* Y arn 

6.155 

6.516 

6.636 

6.727 
6.810 

6.908 

7.000 

7.091 

7.182 

7.273 

7.361 

7.155 

7.516 

7.636 

7.727 

7.810 

7.908 

8.000 

8.091 

8.182 

8.273 

8.361 

8.155 

8.516 
8.030 

8.727 

8.810 

8.908 
9.000 
0.091 

Number 
of  Yarn 
to  be 
Twisted 

SSSSS  S33S3  SSSSS  SSSSg  SSSSg 

632 


633 


TWELVE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


00 

3§83§ 

CO  d d d d 

”S2g§ 

d d d d d 

15.65 

15.81 

16.00 

10.15 

16.33 

10.47 

16.63 

10.80 

10.97 

17.10 

17.27 

17.42 

17.05 

17.71 

17.87 

82Sj?S 

X*  X X X X 

5?i§22 

IXC.CC 

c- 

12.98 

13.17 

13.35 

13.52 

13.U8 

3S2S3 

CO  d -*  d d 

SS82S 
d d «-0  d d 

5SSS8 

d d d d d 

assss 

d d d d © 

Slip 

ddddd 

t>  t-  **■  X 

t- 

2§2§2 

0.0)222 

S§3!2!3 

©i  CO  CO  X X 

S 3:S  ” 8 

CO  CO*  d d 

CO  t-  0>  LO  CO 
-f;  4-0  1>  CO  Ci 

d d d d d 

2SSS3 

i-o  d 4-o  »-o  d 

g£325 

d d c x x 

SSSSS 

d x x x c 

£ 

tO 

11.25 

11.42 

11.57 

11.72 

11.87 

§2g:§3 

22222 

12.72 

12.83 

13.00 

13.13 

13.26 

?S§2S 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

§2S?3 

ddddd 

§£_£  = 2 
d -f  «f  d d 

ssssss 

to  40  40  d 40 

g 

s 

>> 
_C 3 

to 

8^83 

o o o o o 

2i!S?g 

gggSS  &3g2§  &S3 52 

h h oi  e<  oi  oi  o*  c>  o>  o»  oi  co  co  co  co 

CO  X X X X 

-f  -?  -*  -f  - 

X 

lO 

ggggs 

oi  05  d d © 

2S23S 

© oddo 

g£§2S 

OOHHH 

33SS2 

d — 

23§2§ 

22222 

04  04  x x r. 

1 

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3.083 

3.167 

3.250 

3.333 

3.416 

3.500 

3.583 

3.067 

3.750 

3.833 

3.010 

4.000 

4.083 

4.167 

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634 


TWELVE  PLY  TWIST  TABLE  ( Continued ) 


635 


Production  Calculations 


'T'HE  following  pages  contain  tables  of  production  for  such  com- 
binations  of  yarn,  twist  and  ply  as  are  sufficient  for  the  needs 
of  the  majority  of  mills.  The  R.  P.  M.  of  spindle  and  diameter  of 
ring  indicated  for  the  various  sizes  of  yarn  have  been  selected  as 
approximately  correct. 

The  R.  P.  M.  of  front  roll  is  the  basis  upon  which  production  is 
figured,  and  is  obtained  as  follows: 


R.  P.  M.  of  Spindle  _ „ ,,  „ 

Ff — fvs ,p  I,  = R.  P.  M.  Iront  Roll 

twist  per  inch  X Cir.  of  Iront  Roll 


The  rule  for  production  is  as  follows: 
R.  P.  M.  of  Front  Roll  X Cir.  of  Front 
Roll  X 600  (min.  in  10  hours) 
30240  (ins.  in  1 hank)  X No.  of  Twisted 
Yarn 


= Lbs.  per  Spindle  in  10 
hours’  continuous  run- 
ning 


For  example: 

2 ply,  No.  6 yarn.  No.  of  Twisted  Yarn  3.  R.  P.  M.  of  Roll  126. 
Cir.  of  Roll  4.7124. 


126  X 4.7124  X 600 
30240  X 3 


3.93  lbs. 


The  production  as  given  in  the  tables  is  a theoretical  one  and 
should  be  taken  only  as  a basis  for  figuring  actual  production.  As 
conditions  vary  in  different  mills,  it  is  not  advisable  in  the  tables 
to  deduct  for  stoppages  and  other  losses.  We  indicate  opposite  the 
percentage  which  we  have  found  to  be  approximately  correct  under 
ordinary  conditions  for  covering  losses  of  all  kinds  in  the  case  of 
ring  twisters  with  spool  creels.  If  the  actual  conditions  in  a par- 
ticular mill  indicate  that  a different  percentage  is  more  accurate, 
then  such  percentage  should  be  used. 

In  the  example  given  above  the  actual  production  according  to 
our  table  of  allowances  would  be  3.93  X .84  = 3.30. 

The  use  of  beam  creels  for  five  ply  or  higher  greatly  reduces 
the  percentage  allowance  for  stoppages,  and  with  this  process  it 
will  be  as  low  as  five  to  ten  per  cent. 

636 


RING  TWISTERS 

PERCENT  OF  ALLOWANCE  FOR  STOPPAGES 


APPROXIMATELY  CORRECT  UNDER  NORMAL  CONDITIONS 


No.  of 
Yarn  to  he 
Twisted 

2 Ply 

3 Ply 

4 Ply 

5 Ply 

6 Ply 

3 Ply 

10  Plv 

No.  of 
Yarn  to  be 
Twisted 

c 

16 

17 

18 

20 

22 

25 

30 

6 

7 

16 

17 

18 

19 

21 

24 

29 

7 

8 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

23 

28 

8 

9 

15 

16 

17 

18 

20 

23 

28 

9 

10 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

22 

27 

10 

12 

14 

15 

16 

17 

19 

22 

27 

12 

14 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

21 

26 

14 

16 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

21 

26 

16 

18 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

21 

26 

18 

20 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

20 

25 

20 

22 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

20 

25 

22 

24 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

20 

25 

24 

26 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

20 

25 

26 

28 

11 

12 

13 

15 

16 

19 

25 

28 

30 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

19 

24 

30 

32 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

19 

24 

32 

34 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 

19 

24 

34 

36 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 

18 

24 

36 

38 

9 

10 

12 

13 

15 

18 

24 

33 

40 

9 

10 

11 

13 

14 

18 

23 

40 

42 

9 

10 

11 

13 

14 

18 

42 

44 

8 

9 

11 

13 

14 

18 

44 

46 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

17 

46 

48 

8 

9 

10 

12 

13 

17 

48 

50 

7 

8 

10 

12 

13 

17 

50 

60 

7 

8 

9 

11 

12 

60 

70 

6 

7 

8 

10 

11 

70 

80 

6 

r' 

t 

8 

10 

11 

80 



637 


2-PLY  TWISTER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

POUNDS  PER  SPINDLE  PER  DAY  OF  10  HOURS—  100f 


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4-PLY  TWISTER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

OUNDS  PER  SPINDLE  PER  DAY  OF  10  HOURS  — 100% 


Multiplier 

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TWT  Sn'TTT?  PRODTirTTON  TARTK 
POUNDS  PER  SPINDLE  PER  DAY  OF  10  HOURS  — 100% 


Multiplier 

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7. 07 
5.84 
5.34 
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0.55 
0.52 
0.49 
0.43 
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641 


6-PLY  TWISTER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

POUNDS  PER  SPINDLE  PER  DAY  OF  10  HOURS  — 100% 


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642 

SPOOLERS 


Spoolers 

SPECIFICATION'S 

1 — Number  of  machines 

2 — Model  of  machine 

3 — Number  of  spindles  per  machine 

4 — Gauge 

5 — Traverse 

6 — Diameter  of  spindle  blade.  ... 

7 — Band  or  tape  drive 

{Items  8 to  11  inclusive  to  be  answered  if  winding  from  warp  wind 
bobbins.) 

8 — Are  bobbin  holders  wanted? 

9 — What  is  length  of  traverse  of  spinning  bobbin? 

10  — State  diameter  of  ring  of  spinning  frame 

11  — Are  two  live  side  spindles  wanted  for  snarl  yarn  bobbins? 

{Items  12  to  lk  inclusive  to  be  answered  if  spooling  from  twister  bobbins.) 

12  — Is  machine  to  be  equipped  with  live  side  spindles? 

13  — What  is  traverse  of  twister  bobbin? 

14  — What  is  size  of  twister  ring? 

{Items  15  to  18  inclusive  to  be  answered  if  spooling  from  filling  wind 
bobbins.) 

15  — What  style  of  tension  required? 

16  — Are  vertical  skewers  wanted  to  hold  supply  bobbins? 

17  — Are  tilting  spindles  wanted? 

18  — Send  sample  of  full  bobbin  or  spool 

19  — Style  of  thread  guides 

20  — Number  of  yarn  to  be  spooled 

21  — Will  machine  belt  from  above  or  below? 

22  — Size  of  driving  pulleys  12  x 25^"  standard 

23  — Is  empty  bobbin  carrier  wanted? . 

24  — Are  steel  side  boxes  wanted? 

25  — Are  side  shelves  wanted? 

26  — Is  traversing  supply  bobbin  carrier  wanted? 

27  — Is  steel  middle  box  wanted? 

28  — Paint 


644 


Notes  on  Specifications 

Items 

2 — For  convenient  reference  we  have  adopted  a series  of  model  numbers 

to  describe  frames  which  are  differently  equipped. 

Model  No.  1 is  equipped  with  steel  middle  boxes  and  top  shelves, 
steel  side  boxes  and  empty  bobbin  carrier,  bobbin  holder  for  warp 
wind.  Vertical  skewers  for  filling  wind  cannot  be  applied  with  the 
empty  bobbin  carrier,  and  if  this  type  of  frame  is  wanted  for  filling 
wind  we  use  a special  bracket  in  which  the  bobbin  is  supported 
horizontally.  ( See  Style  No.  If  Tension  Device  on  page  278.) 

Model  No.  2 has  the  same  equipment  as  Model  No.  1 except  that 
bobbin  carrier  is  omitted  and  vertical  side  skewers  can  be  used  if 
required. 

Model  No.  3 is  equipped  with  steel  middle  boxes  and  top  shelves 
and  adjustable  side  shelves  arranged  for  supporting  portable  side 
boxes  (boxes  furnished  by  mill). 

Model  No.  4 is  equipped  with  a steel  middle  box  and  top  shelf  with 
adjustable  side  shelves  similar  to  No.  3.  This  model  also  has  the 
empty  bobbin  carrier. 

Model  No.  .5  is  fitted  with  steel  middle  boxes  and  top  shelves  and 
adjustable  side  shelves,  the  bobbin  rail  having  a vertical  traverse 
so  that  same  distance  from  top  of  bobbin  to  thread  guide  is  main- 
tained at  all  times. 

Model  No.  5-A  is  same  as  Model  5 except  that  it  has  regular  steel 
side  boxes  instead  of  shelves  for  portable  boxes. 

3 — Standard  frame  has  100  spindles  or  over,  for  example,  we  make  an 

extra  charge  for  80,  60  or  40  spindle  frames. 

4 — Standard  gauge  is  5".  Other  gauges  can  be  furnished  in  quarter- 

inch  sizes.  The  distance  between  spindles  when  winding  straight 
side  spools,  the  full  spool  not  exceeding  diameter  of  spool  head,  can 
be  determined  by  adding  to  diameter  of  spool  head.  This 
allowance  is  inadequate  when  winding  crowned  spools  and  1 to 
1J4"  should  be  added,  depending  on  amount  of  crown  used. 

6 — Actual  traverse  runs  from  3^f"  to  7'°/%'  for  3 Yl  to  8"  spools.  A 
table  showing  traverse  change  gears  will  be  found  on  page  649. 
This  table  etched  on  brass  plate  is  attached  to  inside  of  frame  door 
for  convenient  use  of  operators. 

6 — Standard  spindles  for  5"  gauge  are  xg'  diameter.  Diameter  of  whirl 

for  band  drive  is  1 — for  tape  drive  Larger  diameter 

spindles  can  be  furnished  if  desired.  For  7”  traverse  we  recommend 
Vi'  spindles. 

7 — Tape  drive  is  recommended  as  it  insures  uniform  speed  of  spindles 

and  firmly  wound  spool.  Band  drive  cylinder  is  6J4"  diameter, 

645 


ratio  3.33.  Tape  drive  cylinder  is  8"  diameter,  ratio  8.56.  We 
recommend  the  use  of  tape  1"  wide. 

8 — Bobbin  holders  are  of  standard  construction.  (For  further  description 
see  page  271.) 

9 & 10  — This  information  is  required  in  order  to  make  bobbin  holders  of 
proper  size. 

11  — We  frequently  put  one  live  spindle  on  each  side  of  a spooler  equipped 

with  bobbin  holders  for  the  purpose  of  winding  from  bobbins  of 
snarled  yarn.  These  spindles  will  be  supplied  if  specified. 

12  — In  spooling  from  heavy  twister  spools  it  is  advisable  to  use  live  side 

spindle  to  reduce  the  strain  on  the  yarn. 

15  — We  supply  a variety  of  tensions  to  meet  different  requirements. 

( These  are  described  in  detail  on  page  278.) 

16  & 17  — These  items  apply  only  to  spooling  from  filling  wound  bobbins. 

Neither  straight  skewers  or  tilting  spindles  can  be  used  with  the 
empty  bobbin  carrier  as  arranged  on  Model  No.  1.  The  tilting 
spindle  is  arranged  for  convenience  in  putting  on  full  bobbins  and 
removing  the  empty  bobbins.  Spindles  hinge  at  the  bottom  and 
can  be  tilted  forward  when  removing  the  bobbins. 

18  — If  possible  always  send  sample  of  full  bobbin  in  order  that  skewers, 

spindles,  bobbin  holders,  etc.  can  be  properly  fitted. 

19  — The  Saco-Lowell  Combination  Thread  Guide  and  Slub  Catcher  is 

standard  equipment.  (This  is  described  fully  on  page  270.) 

22  — Standard  driving  pulleys  are  12"  diameter  by  2 face,  tight  and 

loose. 

23  — Empty  bobbin  carrier  consists  of  a travelling  chain  apron  located 

directly  in  front  of  and  below  the  spindles  onto  which  empty  bobbins 
are  dropped  and  conveyed  to  a box  at  the  end  of  machine.  This 
tends  to  prevent  mixing  the  full  and  empty  bobbins  and  makes  a 
very  convenient  arrangement. 

24  — Stationary  steel  side  boxes  are  supplied  with  the  machines.  On 

Model  No.  1 they  extend  the  whole  length  of  the  frame  except  for 
the  space  occupied  by  the  portable  box  receiving  bobbins  from  the 
empty  bobbin  carrier.  On  Model  No.  2,  5 and  5-A  they  extend  full 
length  of  frame. 

25  — Adjustable  side  shelves  are  made  up  of  angle  irons  supported  by  ad- 

justable floor  stands.  Portable  boxes  are  supplied  by  the  mills. 
Many  mills  prefer  this  arrangement  to  the  stationary  boxes  as  the 

646 


portable  boxes  are  easy  to  keep  clean  and  an  extra  handling  of  the 
bobbins  is  avoided. 

26  — This  arrangement  is  regular  equipment  on  Models  No.  5 and  5-A.  It 

is  described  in  item  No.  2. 

27  — Steel  middle  boxes  located  on  beam  between  spindles  are  supplied  on 

all  models  unless  specified  to  be  omitted. 

28  — Paint  is  our  standard  green  enamel  unless  otherwise  called  for. 


NOTES  ON  OPERATING 

Once  adjusted,  the  spooler  requires  little  attention,  aside  from  frequent 
brushing  off  and  cleaning  to  keep  working  parts  free  from  dust  and  lint. 
Driving  bands  or  tape  should  be  kept  tight  to  provide  proper  driving  of  the 
spindles. 

Oiling 

The  lifting  rod  bearings,  mangle  wheel  slide  bearing  and  pinion  shaft 
should  be  oiled  once  a day.  The  bearings  at  geared  end  are  made  readily 
accessible  by  oil  tubes  projecting  slightly  above  the  casing.  These  should  be 
oiled  twice  a day. 

Cylinder  bearings  should  be  oiled  twice  a day. 

Oil  in  spindle  bases  should  be  renewed  about  once  every  two  weeks. 
Reservoir  containing  oil  for  mangle  wheel  should  be  kept  at  the  proper 
level  and  will  require  filling  about  twice  a week. 


647 


Group  Band  Drive 

9-8-10  or  12  spindles  may  be  driven  by  a single  band 


Separate  Band  Drive 

2 spindles  may  be  driven  by  single  band,  and  at  ends  the  odd  spindle 
driven  by  extra  band. 


648 


SPOOLER  TRAVERSES 


Gears 

Actual 

Traverse 

Spool 

Gears 

Actual 

Traverse 

Spool 

40 

Ql  9 

3H 

66 

5 3"f 

41 

02  5 

°6  i 

67 

5/s 

42 

SH 

68 

m 

43 

334 

69 

5 if 

6 

44 

m 

70 

45 

3 If 

71 

5*1 

46 

3H 

4 

72 

3f  2 

47 

3ft 

73 

61V 

48 

3|| 

74 

6 Si 

49 

A3 

4jJ 

75 

6/2 

6'A 

50 

4^8 

76 

61  a 

51 

m 

77 

611 

52 

m 

4K 

78 

6H 

53 

■±H 

79 

6|f 

54 

Hi 

434 

80 

6?  8 

7 

55 

4i9f 

81 

6|i 

56 

4*1 

82 

6 If 

57 

4fi 

5 

83 

6 If 

58 

4it 

84 

Gil 

59 

4ft 

85 

60 

4 If 

5M 

86 

7S\ 

7\i 

61 

K 1 
°1  6 

87 

711 

62 

88 

7K 

63 

So 

534 

89 

7*1 

64 

3 i7; 

90 

7H 

65 

£25 

^(T4 

93 

7% 

8 

This  table  etched  on  brass  is  attached  to  inside  of  door  at  head  end  of 
spooler. 


649 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 


Production:  See  table. 

Floor  Space:  See  plan  and  table. 

Shipping  Weights: 

Following  formula  gives  approximate  weights  of  spoolers. 

Gauge  X (5  X No.  of  spindles  + .500  lbs.  = Net  Weight. 

Local  Shipping  Weight  = Net  Weight  plus  8%. 

Foreign  Shipping  Weight  = Net  Weight  plus  '20%. 

Cubic  Feet  when  packed  = Foreign  Shipping  Weight  -f-  44. 

Power  Required:  Approx.  200  to  300  spindles  per  H.  P. 

Belting:  Driving  Belt  21  2"  single,  variable  length. 

Banding:  Group  drive,  approx.  20"  per  spindle. 

Separate  drive,  approx.  1.5"  per  spindle. 

Tape:  ?4"  wide,  approx.  2'  4"  per  spindle. 

EXTRAS 

Following  equipment  is  supplied  when  required  at  extra  prices. 

Frame  shorter  than  standard  (100  spindles). 

Gauge  over  5". 

Tape  drive. 

Extra  heavy  spindles. 

Empty  bobbin  carrier. 

Live  side  spindles  with  brakes. 

Motor  drive  brackets. 

Production  Table  for  Spooler 

T'MIE  tables  given  on  opposite  page  are  based  on  average  speeds 
when  converting  from  warp-wound  bobbins,  using  bobbin 
holders. 

Spooler  spindle  speeds  are  varied  considerably  to  meet  different 
classes  of  work  and  must  be  properly  adjusted  to  suit  both  work 
and  operative. 


650 


SPOOLER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 


651 


RATIO  CYLINDERS  TO  WHIRLS 
Band  Drive  — QH"  dm*  cyl.,  1 dia.  whirl  = 3.33  ratio. 
Tape  Drive  — 8"  dia.  cyl.,  314"  dia.  whirl  = 2.56  ra'io. 


652 


Note  — To  find  over-all  length  not  including  opened  doors,  one  half 
total  number  of  spindles,  minus  one,  multiplied  by  gauge,  plus  25a*. 


LENGTH  OF  FRAMES  OVER-ALL 

GAUGE 


653 


WARPERS 


Model  Warpers 


Specifications  for 

1 — Total  Number  Warpers 

2 — How  many  R.  IT? 

3 — How  many  L.  H.? 

4 — Beam,  Leese  or  Combination  Type 

5 — Width  of  Warper 

0 — Dimensions  of  Cylinder,  length  ...  diameter 

7 — Driving  Pulleys  (11"  x 134") 

8 — Belt  from  above  or  below 

9 — Front  Comb  (Spring, dents)  (Positive,.  . .Sections  dents  each; 

10  — Back  Comb  (Spring, dents) 

11  — Leese  Comb  for ends  (Leese  or  Combination  Warper  only) 

12  — How  many  drop  wires? 

13  — How  many  rows  of  drop  wires? 

14  — Is  yarn  to  run  over  beam? 

1.5  — Is  warper  to  measure  from  measuring  roll? 

16  — Clock  arranged  for yard  raps yard  leeses 

17  — Is  Yardage  Clock  wanted? 


18  — Paint 

19  — WARPER  CREELS  for.  'Spools.  . . . 

20  — Number  of  Spools  high x wide 

21  — Dimensions  of  Spool Will  you  send  sample?  . 

22  — Iron,  porcelain  or  glass  steps 


23  — WARPER  BEAMS heads 

24  — Distance  between  beam  heads  

25  — Diameter  of  beam  barrel 


26  — BALLERS  No Model 

27  — - Number  right  hand 

28  — - Number  left  hand 

29  — Size  of  ball  (regular  30"  long  x 32"  diam.) .... 

30  — Belted  from 

31  — Diameter  of  pulleys  (15"  x 2") 

32  — Overhead  pulleys  to  guide  yarn  or  floor  stand 


656 


Notes  on  Warper  Specifications 

Items 

2 & 3 — Hand  is  determined  by  noting  on  which  side  driving  pulley  is 
located  when  standing  facing  front  or  beam  side  of  machine. 

4 — Beam  warpers  are  equipped  for  winding  beams  only.  Combination 

machines  will  wind  either  beams  or  balls.  Leese  warpers  may  be 
equipped  with  either  light,  medium  or  heavy  bailers,  the  size  of  the 
bailer  depending  on  the  weight  of  yarn  in  creel. 

5 — Standard  width  is  for  winding  beams  5434"  between  heads.  Wider 

machines  supplied  in  multiples  of  fi". 

6 — Cylinder  is  34"  shorter  than  distance  between  beam  heads,  that  is 

cylinder  on  a 5434"  warper  is  54 J 4"  long.  Can  also  supply  cylinders 
.54"  long  for  use  with  5434"  beams.  Cylinders  for  Model  A are  made 
1834"  diameter  for  winding  24"  beams  and  2034"  diameter  for  26" 
beams.  On  the  Model  C the  cylinder  is  1.534"  diameter  but  is 
mounted  on  offset  bearings  so  that  the  effective  radius  of  the 
cylinder  is  1354",  accommodating  up  to  30"  beams. 

9  — ( See  table  on  page  663  for  details  of  spring  combs.)  We  recommend 
the  use  of  the  positive  expansion  comb  for  the  front  of  machine. 
(See  pages  290  and  66J/for  details  of  the  positive  comb.) 

10  — Back  combs  are  of  the  spring  type. 

11  — The  expanding  mechanism  of  the  leese  comb  is  similar  to  that  of  the 

regular  spring  comb  but  are  run  two  ends  to  a dent,  one  thread 
passing  through  eye  in  the  dent,  the  other  between  the  dents. 

12  — Drop  wires  are  made  with  one,  two  or  three  wires  per  block.  Number 

of  rows  used  is  determined  by  the  number  of  ends,  but  we  do  not 
recommend  using  over  two  rows.  This  will  take  care  of  520  ends 
which  is  the  maximum  recommended  for  beam  warping. 

14  — State  whether  yarn  is  to  pass  over  or  under  the  beam  in  winding. 

15  — Ball  bearing  measuring  roll  is  supplied  as  regular  equipment.  For 

leese  warping  a measuring  clock  is  applied  to  the  floor  stand. 

16  — For  details  of  Rap  Clock  see  pages  286  and  287. 

18  — Unless  otherwise  ordered,  machines  will  be  painted  our  standard 

green. 

19  — Regular  equipment  is  the  Y-tvpe  creel  described  on  pages  288  and  289. 

Can  supply  a double  V-creel  mounted  on  rollers  if  floor  space  is 
limited.  Also  can  supply  special  creels  to  meet  requirements,  in- 
cluding our  recently  designed  steel  creel  which  permits  a practically 
straight  draw  from  spools  to  back  comb. 

23  — Beams  furnished  by  us  are  made  up  with  wood  barrels  and  cast  iron 
heads.  We  will  obtain  and  supply  any  of  the  various  patented 
types  of  beams  if  specified. 

26  to  32  — ( See  page  295 for  detailed  description  of  bailers.)  Size  will  depend 
on  number  of  ends  run  and  weight  of  yarn  in  the  creel.  Always 
specify  Model  A Warpers  for  use  with  Bailers,  unless  28"  or  30" 
beam  in  combination  is  desired,  or  unless  using  overhead  draw, 
when  either  model  A or  C can  be  used. 


657 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUREMENTS 


Standard  Beam  Warper 
Without  Creel,  Regular 


Width 1 MX) 

Add  for  each  12"  wider  than 

regular 240 

Creel — Approx,  per  spool  1}^ 

Heavy  Baller 525 

Light  Baller 300 


Local 
Ship.  Wt. 
(lbs.) 

Foreign 
Ship.  Wt. 
(lbs.) 

Cubic 

Feet 

Ocean 

Tons 

2150 

2300 

70 

1% 

205 

300 

10 

1M 

W2 

.05 

700 

750 

30 

1 

450 

500 

25 

ZA 

WARPER  BEAMS 


Approximate  net  weight  of  heads  only  and  of  complete  beams 
with  8"  diameter  barrel 


Heads  Only 

Complete 

H eads  Only 

Complete 

18"  diam. 

62  lbs. 

129  lbs. 

25"  diam. 

108  lbs. 

172  lbs. 

20"  “ 

70  “ 

137  “ 

26"  “ 

114  “ 

181  “ 

21"  “ 

70  “ 

142  “ 

27"  “ 

124  “ 

190  “ 

22"  “ 

80  “ 

147  “ 

28"  “ 

132  “ 

199  “ 

23"  “ 

88  “ 

155  “ 

29"  “ 

150  “ 

217  “ 

24"  “ 

96  “ 

103  “ 

30"  “ 

180  “ 

250  “ 

Driving  Belt:  1V£"  Single,  from  countershaft  on  ceiling. 
Power  Required  : Approx.  to  Yl  H.  P.  per  warper. 


65S 


STANDARD  WARPER  REAMS 


659 


i 

■ 


APPROXIMATE  NUMBER  OF  YARDS  OF  YARN  ON  24"  SECTION  BEAM 
54' 2"  BETWEEN  HEADS,  8"  BARREL 


660 


(jG  1 


APPROXIMATE  NUMBER  OF  YARDS  OF  YARN  ON  28"  SECTION  BEAM 
54^"  BETWEEN  HEADS,  8"  BARREL 


662 


TABLE  OF  WARPER  SPRING  COMBS 


663 


These  figures  will  vary  slightly  if  there  is  any  variation  in  thickness  of  the  wire  or  dent. 


TABLE  SHOWING  RANGE  OF  POSITIVE  EXPANSION  COMBS  FOR 


664 


Leese  Clock 

^UT  shows  detail  of  gearing  with  change  gears  indicated.  See 
^ following  pages  for  tables  showing  change  gears  in  various 
combinations. 


665 


Leese  Clocks 

(Special) 

rT',HE  illustration  on  page  665  shows  a special  clock  arranged  with 
4 change  gears  for  producing  leeses  of  any  desired  length. 

A registering  clock  for  1 to  10,000-yard  leeses  can  be  supplied 
in  connection  with  this  clock  when  required. 

Letters  shown  on  cut  indicate  the  change  gears  and  adjustments 
which  are  governed  by  the  following  general  rules: 

Use  for  gear  “A”  as  many  teeth  as  yards  of  yarn  are  wanted 
in  the  cut. 

Use  for  gear  “B”  four  times  as  many  teeth  as  cuts  are  wanted 
in  the  leese. 

Use  as  many  turns  or  thread  on  hub  of  gear  “C”  as  leeses  are 
wanted  in  warp  or  ball. 

Set  collar  “D”  for  number  of  leeses  wanted. 

Leese  Clock  Change  Gear  Tables 

/AN  the  following  pages  are  shown  change  gear  tables  arranged 
for  finding  easily  the  proper  change  gears  to  give  required 
lengths  of  leeses.  These  tables  cover  all  ordinary  requirements 
but  we  can  arrange  the  clock  for  handling  shorter  warps  than  shown 
in  table  w'hen  required  for  unusually  coarse  or  high-plv  yarns. 

INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  USING  TABLE 

Change  gears  “A”  and  “B”  referred  to  in  tables  are  indicated 
on  cut. 

Find  in  the  Multiplier  column,  a multiple  of  leese  wanted  and 
read  across  table  to  column  showing  length  of  required  leese.  Gear 
“A”  is  shown  at  top  of  this  column  and  gear  “B”  in  the  column 
next  to  multiplier. 

Example:  Wanted  a 660-yard  leese:  multipliers  are  10,  11,  12, 
or  15.  Can  use  combinations  of  66  and  40,  60  and  44,  55  and  48, 
or  44  and  60. 


666 


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6G7 


See  previous  page  for  instructions  how  to  use  table. 


TABLE  OF  LEESE  CLOCK  CHANGE  GEARS  ( Continued ) 


668 


TABLE  OF  LEESE  CLOCK  CHANGE  GEARS  ( Continued ) 


669 


TABLE  OF  LEESE  CLOCK  CHANGE  GEARS  ( Continued ) 


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670 


Floor  Plans 

LINE  drawings  are  provided  showing  floor  space  occupied  by 
a regular  beam  warper,  leese  warper  with  heavy  bailer,  and 
leese  warper  with  light  bailer.  The  space  occupied  by  the  various 
sizes  of  creels  is  shown  in  the  creel  table  on  page  289.  A space  of 
2'  0'  should  be  allowed  between  the  back  comb  and  front  post  of 
creel. 


671 


Model  A 

A = 5'  7H" 

B = 26"  (max. 

c = m" 

D = 18  W 
E = 13%" 

F = 3'  ~%" 

G = 3'  10%" 


Model  C 

A’=  6'  10" 

B = 30"  (max. 
C = 7M' 

D = !)%'' 

E = 16; 8" 

F = 3'  10  ys” 
G = 4'  6 %' 


672 


Plan  and  Elevation  of  Model  A Warper  and 
Light  Baller 


673 


— 


FOR  60  YDS. PER  MJN. 


Plan  and  Elevation  of  Leese  Warper  with 
Heavy  Baller 

Above  drawing  shows  a Model  C Warper.  Dimensions  of  the 
Model  A which  differ  are:  A — 5'  7*4";  B — O'  2%";  C — 0'  30". 


674 


Production  Calculations 


"PRODUCTION  tables  are  provided  for  cylinder  surface  speeds  of 
50,  60,  66,  72  and  78  yards  per  minute  with  a wide  range  in 
number  of  ends  and  size  of  yarn.  These  tables  are  based  upon  a 
theoretical  production  of  100%  from  which  the  actual  production  can 
be  obtained  by  use  of  a proper  percentage  of  stoppage.  The  percent 
of  stoppage  varies  with  the  quality  of  yarn,  size  of  yam,  number  of 
ends,  speed  of  machine,  care  of  machine,  amount  and  quality  of 
help  and  probably  numerous  other  causes.  The  table  herein  gives 
the  percentage  of  stoppage  which  will  approximate  the  conditions 
in  the  average  mill.  This  assumes  that  the  operative  tends  from 
four  to  two  warpers  depending  upon  the  speed,  and  is  provided 
with  a helper  for  creeling. 

The  production  formula  is  as  follows: 


Yards  per  minute  of  cylinder  surface  X 600  (Min- 
utes in  10  hours)  X number  of  ends 

of  yarn 


= lbs  in  10  hours. 


840  (Yards  in  1 hank)  X No. 

(Hanks  in  1 lb.) 

For  example:  54  R.  P.  M.  of  1 51q"  cylinder  having  approximate 
surface  speed  of  72  yards  per  minute,  number  12  yarn,  400  ends. 

72  X 600  X 400  „ . . 

=1/14  lbs.  theoretical  production. 

840  X 12  P 

The  table  of  allowances  shows  a percentage  for  stoppages  of 
30%.  1714  X 70%  = 1200  lbs.  Actual  production. 


WEIGHT  OF  YARN  ON  BEAM.  To  the  diameter  of  the 
beam  barrel,  add  the  diameter  of  the  beam  when  full  of  yarn. 
Multiply  this  sum  by  the  difference  between  these  two  diameters, 
and  multiply  this  product  by  .7854.  Multiply  this  product  by  the 
width  of  the  beam  between  heads,  dividing  the  figure  thus  obtained 
by  60,  which  is  the  number  of  cubic  inches  of  yarn  required  to 
weigh  a pound.  If  all  the  dimensions  are  in  inches  the  final  figure 
will  give  the  approximate  number  of  pounds  of  yarn  on  the  beam. 

LENGTH  OF  WARP.  Lbs,  of  yarn  on  beam  X no.  of 
yarn  (hanks  in  1 lb.)  X 840  (yards  in  1 hank)  -r-  number  of  ends 
= length  of  warp  in  yards. 


PERCENT  ALLOWANCE  FOR  STOPPAGES 


676 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 


677 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

POUNDS  IN  10  HOURS.  RUNNING  100',.  50  YARDS  PER  MINUTE' 
(Continued) 


67S 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

POUNDS  IN  10  HOURS.  RUNNING  100%.  60  YARDS  PER  MINUTE 


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679 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

POUNDS  IN  10  HOURS.  RUNNING  100%.  GO  YARDS  PER  MINUTE 
(Continued) 


650 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 


681 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

POUNDS  IN  10  HOURS.  RUNNING  100%.  06  YARDS  PER  MINUTE 
(Continued) 


682 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

POUNDS  IN  10  HOURS.  RUNNING  100%.  72  YARDS  PC  It  MINUTE 


683 


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684 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 


685 


WARPER  PRODUCTION  TABLE 

POUNDS  IN  10  HOURS.  RUNNING  100%.  78  YARDS  PER  MINUTE 
(Continued) 


SLASHERS 


Specifications  for  Cylinder  Slashers 
and  Hot  Air  Slashers 


HEAD  END 

1 — Style  of  Head  End 

2 — Width  of  Head  End 

3 — Length  of  Head  End 

4 — Double  gearing 

5 — Increased  friction 

6 — Size  of  driving  pulleys 

7 — Contractor  Motion 

8 — Kind  of  press  roll 

9 — For  what  distance  between  heads? 

10  — Type  of  expansion  comb 

11  — Total  number  of  dents 

12  — Space  when  closed 

13  — Number  of  sections 

14  — Number  of  dents  per  section 

15  — Rolf's  Cut  Marker 

lfi  — Length  of  cuts 

17  — Yard  Constant 

18  — Number  of  dents  in  striking  comb  . . 

19  — Selley  Reversing  Motion 

20  — Bitten  Yarn  Arrangement  . . 

21  — Slipp  Clutch 

CYLINDER  CENTER  FRAMES 

31  — Number  of  cylinders 

32  — Diameter  and  face  of  cylinders 

33  — Cylinder  heads  to  be  insulated 

34  — Cylinders  to  have  positive  gear  drive. 

35  — Cylinders  to  have  roller  bearings . . . . 

36  — Extra  carrying  rolls 

37  — Steam  Trap  (Squires) 

38  — Steam  Gauge  (Ashcroft) 

39  — Steam  Regulator  (Watts) 

HOT  AIR  CHAMBER 

51  — Width  of  chamber 

52  — Number  of  sections 

53  — Number  of  coils  high 

54  — Overhead  fan 

55  — Carrying  roll  for  five  and  six  sections 

56  — Steam  trap 

57  — Double  dip  arrangement 


6SS 


VAT 

71  — Number  of  vats  per  slasher 

72  — How  arranged,  if  two 

73  — Single  or  two  roll 

74  — Copper  lined 

75  — Steam  jacketed 

76  — Width  of  Vats  

77  — Weight  of  squeeze  rolls 

78  — Are  size  rolls  to  have  brass  heads  ? 

79  — Is  Nivling  Size  System  wanted  ? 

CREEL 

91  — Type  of  creel 

92  — Number  of  beams 

93  — Diameter  of  beam  heads 

94  — Distance  between  heads  of  beams 

95  — Overhead  track  and  pulley  block 

96  — Chain  hoist 

97  — Warp  — number  of  ends  (maximum  and  minimum) 

98  — Warp  - — number  of  yarn  (maximum  and  minimum) 

99  — Pounds  per  day  ( 10  hour)  production  required 

LOOM  BEAMS 

111  — Distance  between  heads 

112  — Distance  between  bearings 

113  — Overall  length 

114  — Diameter  of  heads 

115  — Diameter  of  barrel 

116  — Diameter  of  bearing  ( See  notes) 

121  — Paint 


689 


Notes  on  Slasher  Specifications 

1 — We  can  supply  two  types  of  friction  drive — the  Whitman  lever  and 

the  hand  wheel.  The  Whitman  lever  is  ordinarily  used  for  warps 
up  to  2500  ends,  the  hand  wheel  for  heavier  warps.  Frictions  are 
of  the  disc  type  with  rubber,  felt,  fiber,  asbestos,  wood  or  cork 
insert  discs.  We  are  now  supplying  rubber  discs  unless  otherwise 
specified. 

2 — Width  of  head  is  determined  by  width  of  loom  beams  used.  It  must 

not  be  narrower  than  the  vat  or  creel  but  may  be  wider.  Standard 
width,  termed  “regular,”  is  for  beams  54"  between  heads,  and  is 
.5'  1014"  overall  width.  Wider  heads  are  furnished  in  multiples 
of  12"  up  to  60"  wider  than  regular  or  10'  1034”  outside  width. 

3 — Standard  head  end  is  6'  10"  long,  exclusive  of  the  beam  projection. 

Can  also  supply  head  ends  9'  1"  or  11'  4"  long  by  adding  standard 
sections.  In  running  wide  heads  with  standard  width  cylinders, 
the  head  may  be  set  at  any  required  distance  from  the  center  frame 
to  permit  proper  expansion  of  the  warp. 

4 — Double  gearing  may  be  applied,  permitting  the  running  of  cones  at 

higher  speeds,  increasing  the  power  of  the  drive. 

5 — Increased  friction  is  obtained  by  adding  two  discs,  applying  the 

friction  to  both  sides  of  plate.  W ith  this  arrangement  the  Whitman 
type  can  readily  handle  up  to  3000  ends  and  the  capacity  of  the 
hand  wheel  type  is  sufficient  to  take  care  of  any  possible  require- 
ments. 

6 — For  head  ends  up  to  24"  wider  than  regular,  we  supply  15"  by  324” 

driving  pulleys;  for  heads  wider  than  this  18"  by  31  9”  are  regularly 
furnished. 

7 — The  Contractor  Motion  automatically  contracts  the  comb  after  the 

beam  has  been  filled  to  the  diameter  of  the  heads,  thereby  permitting 
a slight  barreling  of  the  beam  and  allowing  the  winding  on  of  several 
cuts  after  the  beams  reach  the  full  diameter  of  the  heads.  This  is 
furnished  as  regular  equipment  on  all  slashers. 

8 — We  supply  three  types  of  press  roll.  The  plain  pipe  or  common  roll, 

the  Saco-Lowell  expansion  roll  and  the  traversing  press  roll.  The 
pipe  roll  is  regularly  made  322”  diameter  and  is  supported  by  four 
trucks  or  rolls,  the  pressure  being  regulated  by  lever  with  adjustable 
weight.  The  expansion  roll  consists  of  an  expansion  head  7"  long 


690 


fastened  to  a pipe  roll  of  proper  length  to  fit  the  beams.  Expansion 
head  has  a variation  in  length  of  about  34".  The  traversing  arrange- 
ment is  used  in  connection  with  a plain  pipe  roll,  this  roll  being 
made  about  1 \ff'  shorter  than  distance  between  heads  of  beams. 
Roll  is  fitted  with  worm  and  eccentric  stud  which  moves  it  back 
and  forth  across  the  full  face  of  the  beam.  This  roll  is  particularly 
useful  when  running  loom  beams  which  vary  slightly  in  length  of 
barrel  or  with  heads  which  do  not  run  true. 


9  — Always  specify  distance  between  heads  of  all  loom  beams  which  will 
be  used  in  order  that  proper  length  press  rolls  may  be  furnished. 

10  — See  pages  285  and  290  for  description  of  both  spring  and  positive  type  ex- 

pansion combs. 

11  — Specify  total  number  of  dents  required,  based  on  the  greatest  number 

of  ends  that  will  be  run. 

12  — Space  when  closed  represents  the  narrowest  beam  that  can  be  run 

using  all  the  dents  of  the  comb. 

13  & 14  — Having  ascertained  the  minimum  contraction  and  maximum 

expansion  required  to  accommodate  beams  and  determine  the 
number  of  ends  to  be  run  in  a dent,  refer  to  table  covering  expansion 
combs  and  pick  out  the  comb  meeting  requirements.  Combs  with 
seventeen  sections  provide  the  greatest  possible  expansion  and 
contraction  for  regular  width  slasher  heads.  Twenty-five  dent 
sections  should  be  specified  when  possible. 

15  to  17  — Rolf  s Cut  Marker  is  standard  equipment  on  all  slashers.  It 
is  arranged  in  a tooth  per  yard  basis,  that  is,  one  tooth  in  gear 
represents  one  yard  in  warp.  Always  specify  the  number  of  yards 
wanted  and  state  whether  a marker  is  to  make  a single  or  a double 
mark. 

18  - Unless  otherwise  specified,  we  furnish  a striking  comb  having  ten 

more  dents  than  the  expansion  comb. 

19  - See  page  313  for  description  of  the  Selley  device. 

20  — AVe  can  supply  spindle  driven  by  cord  from  cone  shaft  for  winding 

spools  of  bitten  yarn.  (Sized  warp  for  supplying  missing  ends  on 
the  loom.) 

21  — See  page  313  for  description  of  the  Slipp  device. 

32  — Regular  width  slashers  have  cylinders  60"  face  overall,  actual  drying 

surface  5734'-  We  can  furnish  cylinders  12"  wider  than  regular  to 
meet  special  requirements. 

33  — Insulated  heads  are  recommended  as  effecting  a saving  of  steam  and 

reducing  temperature  of  the  slasher  room. 


691 


34  — Positive  gear  drive  is  recommended  for  light  warps  as  reducing  strain 

on  the  yarn. 

35  Roller  bearings  are  recommended  for  all  classes  of  work  as  they  greatly 

reduce  strain  on  the  yarn  and  are  more  durable  than  the  plain 
truck  bearings. 

36  - We  can  supply  extra  carrying  rolls  arranged  in  sets  of  four  with  suit- 

able supports  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  area  of  contact 
with  the  cylinders.  With  these  bearings  about  95%  of  the  cylinder 
surface  is  utilized  as  against  75%  available  with  the  usual  thread- 
ing of  the  yarn. 

37  — Squire’s  Steam  Traps  are  furnished  unless  otherwise  specified.  We 

can  also  supply  the  Webster  Sylphon  Drainage  System.  iSee  page 
300.) 

38  — Regular  equipment  includes  the  Ashcroft  Steam  Gauge. 

39  — We  supply  the  Watts  Pressure  Regulator,  which  is  thoroughly  reliable 

and  will  take  care  of  any  reasonable  pressure  from  the  main  line. 

51  — Regular  hot  air  sections  are  5'  10%"  wide  outside  of  frame.  We  can 
supply  them  12",  24"  or  36"  wider  than  regular. 

62  - Hot  air  chambers  are  furnished  in  from  two  to  six  sections.  The 

sections  are  3'  4"  long.  (Sec  page  315  for  further  dimensions.) 

63  -Hot  air  chambers  may  be  fitted  with  seven  or  eight  coils  of  1"  pipe, 

depending  upon  the  drying  capacity  required.  The  seven  coil 
arrangement  will  cover  all  ordinary  requirements. 

64  - Individual  overhead  fan  can  be  mounted  on  slasher  or  several  slashers 

can  be  connected  to  one  large  exhaust  fan.  A suitable  arrangement 
for  taking  away  the  moist  air  must  be  provided  to  insure  best 
results. 

56  — Can  supply  either  the  Squire’s  or  Walworth  Trap. 

57  The  double  dip  arrangement,  used  in  connection  with  hot  air  slashers 

only,  consists  of  an  arrangement  of  carrying  rolls,  whereby  warp 
is  passed  through  one  set  of  squeeze  rolls  in  the  vat,  through  the 
drying  chamber  and  then  back  through  second  set  of  size  rolls  and 
returned  to  the  drying  chamber  for  final  drying.  This  is  used  on 
worsted  yarns  to  insure  thorough  penetration  of  the  size. 

71  to  73  — Regular  equipment  includes  a single  deep  two  roll  vat  con- 
taining one  immersion  roll,  two  size  rolls  and  two  squeeze  rolls. 
We  can  supply  two  single  roll  vats  arranged  tandem  or  an  upper 
single  roll  vat  mounted  above  the  regular  two  roll  vat.  Can  also 


692 


supply  vats  with  extra  immersion  roll  in  vats  having  size  rolls  13" 
between  centers. 

74  — Copper  lining  is  advisable  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  rust  stains, 
and  is  essential  where  the  sizing  liquid  is  of  the  nature  which  would 
act  on  iron. 

76  — See  page  311  for  description  of  steam  jacketed  rats. 

76  — Standard  vats  are  made  5'  4"  inside  of  frame.  We  can  supply  vats 
12",  24"  or  36"  wider  than  regular. 

79  — For  detailed  description  of  Nivling  System,  see  page  320. 

91  — Standard  creel  is  of  the  horizontal  type,  built  in  two-beam  sections. 

Length  of  sections  vary  with  the  size  of  section  beams.  (See  detailed 
drawing  on  page  703  for  dimensions.)  We  can  also  supply  horizontal 
creels  mounted  on  trucks  for  beams  not  over  24"  in  diameter,  or 
special  vertical  creels  for  use  where  floor  space  is  limited;  also  creels 
to  hang  from  ceiling. 

96  & 96  — We  can  supply  overhead  track  with  necessary  supports,  also 

chain  hoist  for  handling  section  beams. 

97  & 98  — Always  specify  maximum  and  minimum  requirements  to  insure 

proper  equipment  being  supplied. 

Ill  to  116  — The  sketch  shown  below  indicates  dimensions  required  for 
determining  proper  width  of  head  end  to  accommodate  beams. 
Always  supply  accurate  dimensions.  If  hollow  beams  without 
shafts  are  used  we  supply  face  plate  with  dog  for  driving  beams. 
Always  submit  accurate  sketch  of  such  beams,  including  diameter 
of  bore  and  length.  Also  indicate  dimensions  of  hub  or  extension 
on  the  outer  sides  of  beam  heads. 


693 


Equipment  Furnished  with  Standard  Slasher  Included 
in  Base  Price 

Steam  trap. 

Steam  gauge. 

Watt’s  regulator. 

Rolf’s  cut  marker. 

Creel  for  8 beams. 

One  leese  rod  per  beam  in  creel. 

Common  press  roll. 

Contractor  motion. 

Spring  comb. 


Extras  and  Appurtenances  Furnished  When  Specified 

Increased  friction. 

Double  gearing. 

Quick-wind  attachment  for  beam  with  small  barrels. 

Traversing  press  roll. 

Saco-Lowell  expansion  press  roll. 

Positive  expansion  combs. 

Spring  combs  with  double  dents. 

Extra  width  of  head  end  in  12"  units  up  to  60". 

Extra  width  cylinders  (72"  only). 

Heat  insulation  for  cylinder  heads. 

Positive  gear  drive. 

Extra  contact  carrying  rolls  with  stands. 

Roller  bearings. 

Webster  sylphon  drainage  system. 

Extra-width  vats,  12"  and  24". 

Copper-lined  vats. 

Steam-jacketed  vats. 

Extra  immersion  roll  with  stands. 

Double  dip  arrangement. 

Lever  weighting  for  squeeze  rolls. 

Brass  heads  in  squeeze  rolls. 

Truck  creel. 

Upright  creel. 

Overhead  track  and  pulley  block  for  handling  beams. 

Fan  for  top  of  heating  chamber  (hot  air). 

Extra  carrying  rolls  (hot  air). 


694 


Installation  and  Care  of  Cylinder 
Slashers 

FAULTY  installation  and  lack  of  proper  care  of  cylinder  slashers 
frequently  lead  to  serious  accidents,  with  a resultant  and 
expensive  loss  of  production,  as  cylinders  can  seldom  be  properly 
repaired  on  the  spot. 

Our  cylinders  are  regularly  tested  at  15  lbs.,  and  it  is  important 
that  they  should  be  operated  at  a pressure  not  exceeding  12  lbs. 

Main  steam  supply  lines  should  be  thoroughly  insulated  and 
properly  drained  by  a suitable  separator  to  free  steam  line  from 
all  condensation,  and  to  prevent  access  of  condensation  to  the 
cylinder,  thus  cutting  down  its  drying  capacity.  We  consider  it 
advisable  as  additional  protection  to  introduce  in  the  feed  line  from 
boilers  a reducing  pressure  valve  or  regulator  so  that  the  steam 
will  reach  the  reducing  pressure  valve  provided  for  each  slasher  at 
not  exceeding  40  lbs.  pressure.  The  reducing  valves  will  best  per- 
form their  functions  when  they  are  adapted  to  the  particular  con- 
ditions under  which  they  are  to  operate,  and  in  ordering  slashers 
information  should  be  furnished  as  to  the  pressure  under  which  the 
steam  will  be  supplied  and  the  largest  count  of  yarn  and  number  of 
ends  which  it  is  anticipated  will  be  dried. 

A steam  gauge  should  be  installed  between  the  main  line  reduc- 
ing valve  and  the  slasher  reducing  valve  to  indicate  the  pressure 
between  these  points.  The  steam  gauge  for  each  slasher  should  not 
register  a pressure  above  12  lbs.  All  of  these  gauges  should  be 
occasionally  tested  to  determine  their  accuracy. 

Regulating  valves,  steam  traps,  safety  and  vacuum  valves 
should  be  regularly  inspected  and  kept  in  proper  repair.  Steam 
should  be  admitted  very  slowly  into  cold  cylinders  when  starting  up. 

If  slasher  fails  to  dry  yarn  properly,  it  is  a positive  indication 
that  there  is  insufficient  dry  steam  being  supplied,  or  that  conden- 
sation water  is  not  being  removed  from  the  cylinders. 

Failures  of  cylinders  are  commonly  due  to  excessive  pressure 
arising  from  appurtenances  being  out  of  repair. 


695 


TABLE  OF  SLASHER  SPRING  COMBS 


696 


SACO-LOWELL  POSITIVE  DENT  EXPANSION  COMBS  FOR  SLASHERS  AND  WARPERS 


40  dent 
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( See  Note ) 
Dents 

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* Dents  will  not  expand  to  greater  distance  than  length  of  case.  Standard  for  Slashers,  63>^",  for  Warpers,  76". 
Note:  Forty-dent  sections  are  4>s"  long,  total  expansion  1"  per  section  greater  than  figures  shown  in  third  column. 


PRODUCTION  TABLE  FOR  SLASHER  HAVING  7 FT.  AND  5 FT.  CYLINDERS 

Pounds  per  10  Hours 


COS 


Approximate.  Based  on  proper  attendance,  medium-grade  yarn,  and  percent  of  size  not  less  than  5 or  over  10. 


Approximate.  Based  on  proper  attendance,  medium-grade  yarn,  and  percent  of  size  not  less  tlian  5 or  over  10. 


Miscellaneous  Data— Slashers 

Power  Required  : 1 H.  P.  up,  dependent  on  varying  conditions. 
Belting:  Variable  length,  3"  light  double,  from  overhead  countershaft. 
Cone  belt,  3"  to  6"  single,  varying  with  width  of  Head. 


Shipping  Data.  Approximate  Weights. 


Local 

Shipping 

Weight 

Foreign 

Shipping 

Weight 

Net 

Weight 

Cubic 

Feet 

Ocean 

Tons 

7'  and  5'  x 60"  2-cyl.  slasher,  standard 

widths  and  creel 

16,500 

18,000 

13,500 

835 

22 

Hot-Air  Slasher,  4 sections,  8 coils  . . 

26,000 

28,500 

23,000 

900 

27 

7' x 60"  Cylinder  sections  only  . . . . 

4,000 

4,700 

3,300 

400 

10 

7'  x 60"  Cylinder  only 

3,100 

3,450 

2,000 

340 

8K 

5' x 60"  Cylinder  sect  ions  only  . . . . 

3,100 

3,600 

2,450 

240 

6 

5'  x 60"  Cylinder  only 

2,000 

2,500 

1,200 

190 

5 

Head  End  only,  6'  10"  long,  regular  width 

6,500 

7,000 

5,500 

200 

6 

Add  for  each  12"  wider 

400 

450 

400 

25 

Size  Vat,  regular  width,  deep  2-roll  . . 

2,100 

2,300 

1,800 

80 

2 

Add  for  Steam-Jacketed  Vat  .... 

350 

400 

300 

Upper  Single-Roll  Vat  with  stands,  cop- 

per  lined 

1,540 

1,750 

1,300 

40 

1 

Creel,  per  beam 

250 

300 

250 

7 

Truck  Creel,  per  beam 

275 

325 

275 

8 

Heater  Sections:  7 coils  high 

3,600 

4,100 

3,300 

72 

2 

8 coils  high 

4,000 

4,500 

3,400 

80 

2 

Cylinder  Slashers.  Approx.  Sep  Ft.  of  Cyl.  in  Contact  with  Yarn. 


Regular  Width  12"  Wider 

7'  and  5'  Cylinders  without  carrying  rolls  . . . 
7'  and  5'  Cylinders  with  carrying  rolls  .... 
7'  Single  Cylinder 

119  145 

151  185 

88  108 

Hot-Air  Slashers.  Approximate  Square  Feet  of  Heating  Surface. 


7 Coils  High 

8 Coils  High 

Reg.  Width  12"  Wider  24"  Wider 

Reg.  Width  12"  Wider  24"  Wider 

Two  Sections  . 
Three  Sections 
Four  Sections  . 
Five  Sections  . 

400  4S5  , 570 
625  7G0  894 
850  1037  1220 
1080  1312  1544 

450  555  652 
717  871  1025 
975  1184  1394 
1234  1500  176S 

OVERHEAD  TRACK 
REQUIRED 

Nu 

mber  of  Beams  in 

Creel 

G 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

Regular  Creel  24"  beams 

18' 

18' 

18' 

22' 

26' 

29' 

26"  beams 

IS' 

18' 

22' 

2 o' 

SO7 

33' 

28"  beams  . . 

18' 

20' 

24' 

2S' 

32' 

36' 

Truck  Creel  (Beams  not  over  24")  . . 

IS' 

22' 

26' 

31' 

35' 

40' 

700 


701 


and  5'  Cylinder  Slasher  with  Creel  for  Eight  Beams 


702 


70.3 


or  7'  Cylinder  Slasher  with  Creel  for  Eight  Beams 


704 


0 or  / Cylinder  Slasher  with  Double  Size  Vat,  Brushing  Machine,  and  Truck 

Creel  for  Six  Beams 


SPEED  OF  PULLEY  350  REVS 


705 


'-Air  Slasher  with  Creel  for  Eight  Beams 


SPEED  OF  PULLEY  225  REVS. 


-Toi-t— 


0€e5I 

K 

(KHl 
■=< 
M ■=! 


N1  Hi 

Wht 


u n iT 


o 


70G 


Reamer  with  Creel  eor  Eight  Reams 
Double  Geared  Friction 


•viq|^8  rvoy  AyBAiiaa 


707 


SUPPLEMENT 

USEFUL  INFORMATION,  TABLES,  ETC.,  FOR  THE 
ENGINEER,  MILL  MAN,  AND  TEXTILE  STUDENT 


LIST  OF  COTTONS  WITH  AVERAGE  LENGTH  OF  STAPLE 


COUNTS  WHICH  CAN  BE  SPUN  AND  CHARACTERISTICS 


Variety 

Average 

Staple 

Counts 

UP  TO 

Color 

Characteristics 

Sea  Island 

1.8 

400 

Cream 

Silky  — regular 

.Florida  Sea  Island 

1.6 

soo 

Cream 

Silky  — regular 

Meade 

1.75 

120 

Cream 

Silky  — regular 

EGYPTIAN 

Sakellaridis 

1.6 

150 

Dark  Cream 

Silkv  — soft 

Nubari 

1.4 

100 

Light  Brown 

Silkv  — irregular 

Jokanovich 

1.5 

100 

Dark  Cream 

Silky 

Brown 

1 4 

100 

Deep  Brown 

Regular 

Uppers 

1.2 

60 

Brown 

Dirty 

AMERICAN 

Orleans 

V/t," 

60 

While 

Soft  — strong 

Texas 

1" 

50 

White 

Clean  — strong 

Uplands  

1" 

50 

White 

Softest  of  American  Cot. 

Mobile 

Vs” 

50 

White 

Weaker  than  Uplands 

BRAZILIAN 

Pernams 

We," 

60 

Light  Gold! 

Harsh  and  wiry. 

Maranhams 

I A" 

60 

Light  Gold  ! 

good  for  warp 

Ceara 

1" 

60 

Dull  White  I 

varns  and  for 

Puraiba 

1" 

50 

Dull  White J 

mixing 

PERUVIAN 

Sea  Island 

i y%" 

100 

Variable 

Silkv  — irregular 

Smooth 

nr 

60 

White 

Soft,  similar  to  Orleans 

Rough 

1H" 

Cream 

Used  for  mixing  with  wool 

WEST  INDIES 

West  Indian 

1" 

40 

Varies 

Harsh  — wiry 

CHINA 

Vi"  to  yr 

20 

White 

Harsh  — clean 

INDIA 

Surat  Group 

Surtee 

Vi"  to  1" 

28 

Golden 

Good  quality 

Broach  

Ve" 

28 

White 

Clean,  strong 

Dhollera 

28 

White 

Similar  to  Broach,  weaker 

Dharwar 

Ve"  to  yr 

20 

Light  Gold 

Weak 

Oornra  

vr 

20 

Cream 

Strong,  dirtv 

Khandeish 

yr 

20 

Cream 

Similar  to  Oornra 

Coomptah 

yr  to 

15 

Cream 

Weak,  dirty 

Scinde 

y&" 

10 

Dull  White 

Poor  and  dirty 

Madras  Group 

Tinnevelly 

%" 

26 

While 

Best  Indian  Cotton 

Westerns 

H" 

20 

Light  Brown 

Strong,  dark,  dirtv 

Northerns 

vr 

20 

Brown 

Silkier  than  Westerns 

Coconada  

Redish 

Medium  grade 

Cambodia 

i" 

20 

White 

Similar  to  Uplands 

Hinganghat  (or  Bani)  . 

i" 

36 

White 

Clean,  strong,  fine,  silkv 

Bengal 

y%" 

10 

Light  Brown 

Harsh,  dirty 

710 


In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  cottons,  most  of  which  are  more  or 
less  widely  known  in  the  world’s  markets,  considerable  quantities  are 
raised  principally  for  local  consumption  in: 

Russia  — (Turkestan  and  the  Caucasus  region)  a rough,  short  staple, 
not  over  ]/%'  in  length.  In  the  Caucasus  region  American 
cotton  is  also  raised. 

Turkey — -(Around  Smyrna  and  Adana)  a harsh,  short  staple,  dirty 
cotton  used  only  for  coarse  numbers.  The  native  variety 
is  called  Yerli.  American  cotton  is  also  grown  to  some 
extent. 

Africa  — A cotton  similar  to  American  staple  is  grown  to  some  ex- 
tent in  Nigeria,  Lagos,  and  the  Gold  Coast  of  West  Africa. 
The  Uganda  and  East  Africa  raise  a good  grade,  comparing 
favorably  with  Texas. 

The  Soudan  raises  the  Mitafifi  variety  or  Brown  Egyptian, 
but  it  is  not  so  regular  in  length  or  so  clean  as  that  grown 
in  Egypt. 


GRADING  OR  CLASSIFICATION 

Methods  of  grading  vary  in  different  countries.  Present  standards  are 
shown  by  the  following  table: 


American. 

Ordinary 
Good  ordinary 
Fully  good  ordinary 

Egyptian. 

Fair 

Good  fair 
Fully  good  fair 


Low  middling 
Fully  low  middling 
Middling 
Fully  middling 

Good 

Fine 

Extra  fine 


Good  middling 
Fully  good  middling 
Middling  fair 


Brazilian. 

Middling  — Middling  fair  — Fair  — Good  fair  — Good  — Fine 
Peruvian  — East  African  — West  Indian. 

Middling  — Middling  fair  — Fair  — Good  fair  — Good  — Fine 
— Extra  fine 


Indian. 

Good  fan-  — Fully  good  fair  — Good  — Fully  good  — Fine  — 
Superfine 
West  African. 

Low  middling  — Middling  — Good  middling  — Fully  good  mid- 
dling — Middling  fair 

USUAL  WEIGHT  OF  BALES 

American  — 500  lbs. 

Egyptian  (hard  compressed)  — 730  to  750  lbs. 

East  Indian  (hard  compressed)  — about  400  lbs. 

Brazilian  and  Peruvian  — vary  from  160  to  500  lbs. 

711 


YARN  NUMBERING  AND  COMPARATIVE  TABLES 

The  “sizing”  or  numbering  of  yarns  is  based  on  many  different  systems,  vary-  . 
ing  with  the  kind  of  yarn  and  with  local  customs  and  practice.  All  of  these  sys-  . 
terns  come  under  two  general  heads,  i.  e.,  numbers  based  on  fixed  weights  and 
numbers  based  on  fixed  lengths.  In  the  WEIGHT  system,  counts  are  based  on 
the  length  of  yarn  required  to  weigh  a certain  fixed  standard,  therefore  the  FIXER 
THE  YARN  the  HIGHER  the  number.  Under  the  length  system  counts  are  j 
based  on  the  weight  of  yarn  in  a fixed  length,  therefore  the  FIXER  THE  YARX 
the  LOWER  the  number.  In  the  following  tables  we  have  endeavored  to  cover 
such  systems  as  are  in  most  common  use,  without  attempting  to  mention  the 
almost  endless  local  systems,  particularly  on  woolen  yarns,  which  are  still  used  ! 
in  some  localities. 


NUMBERING  SYSTEMS  BASED  ON  WEIGHT  (Class  A) 


Yarn 

Name  of 
System 

Unit 

Base 

Length 

Rule  for  Counts 

COTTON 

AND 

SPUN  SILK 

American  & 
British 

Hank 

840  yds. 

Number  of  hanks  in  1 lb. 

International 

Metric 

Hank 

1000  m. 

Number  of  hanks  in  1 kilo. 

Continental  or 
French  Metric 

Hank 

1000  m. 

Number  of  hanks  in  F6  kilo. 

Waste  & 
Counts  under 
No.  1 

Ounce 

Yard 

Number  of  yards  in  1 oz. 

WORSTED 

English 

Hank 

560  yds. 

Number  of  hanks  in  1 lb. 

Metric 

Hank 

1000  m. 

Number  of  hanks  in  1 kilo. 

WOOLEN 

American  Run 
English  Run 

Run 

Run 

100  vds. 
1600  yds. 

Number  of  runs  in  1 oz. 
Number  of  runs  in  1 lb. 

American  Cut 

Cut 

300  yds. 

Number  of  cuts  in  1 lb. 

Alloa  Scale 

Cut 

Spindle 

240  yds. 
48  cuts 

A spindle  is  11,520  yds. 
Number  of  spindles  in  24  lbs. 

Dewsbury 

Yard 

Number  of  yards  in  1 oz. 

Galashiels 

Cut 
Spindle 
. Slip 

300  yds. 
48  cuts 
12  cuts 

Number  of  cuts  in  24  oz. 

Harwich 

Do. 

Do. 

Number  of  cuts  in  26  oz. 

Leeds  & 
Huddersfield 

Yard 

Number  of  yards  in  1 dram. 

West  of  Eng. 

Snap 

320  yds. 

Number  of  snaps  in  1 lb. 

Yorkshire 

Skein 

1536  yds. 

Number  of  skeins  in  6 lbs. 

LINEN 

Wet  spun 

Hank 

Spindle 

Bundle 

300  yds. 
48  hank 
200  hank 

Number  of  hanks  in  1 lb. 

RAMIE 

International 

Metric 

Hank 

1000  m. 

Number  of  hanks  in  1 kilo. 

THROWN  SILK 

Ounce  System 

Hank 

1000  yds. 

Number  of  hanks  in  1 oz. 

UNION  YARNS 

Hank 

840  yds. 

Number  of  hanks  in  1 lb. 

712 


YARN  NUMBERING  SYSTEMS  BASED  ON  FIXED  LENGTHS  (CLASS  B ) 


Yarn 

Name  of 
System 

Unit 

Base 

Length 

Rule  for  Counts 

WOOLEN 

Aberdeen 

Spindle 

14,400  yds. 

Weight  in  pounds  of  1 spindle 

Amer.  Grain 

Weight  in  grains  of  20  yards 

Sowerbv 
Halifax  Rural 

Weight  in  drams  of  80  yards 

LINEN  (Dry  Spun) 

JUTE 

HEAVY  FLAX 
COARSE  HEMP 

Hank  or 
Lea 

Spindle 

300  yds. 
14,400  yds. 

Weight  in  pounds  of  1 spindle 

ARTIFICIAL  SILK 
RAW  AND  THROWN 
SILK 

Italian 

Denier 

Hank 

400  ells 
476  met. 
520  yds. 

Weight  in  deniers  of  1 hank. 
(1  denier  = .8203125  grains) 
(533F6  denier  = 1 ounce) 

THROWN  SILK 

(See  note) 

Legal 

Denier 

Hank 

450  met. 

Weight  in  half  decigrams 
(.05  grams)  of  1 hank,  or 
Weight  in  grams  of  9000  met. 

International 

Denier 

Skein 

500  met. 

Weight  in  half  decigrams 
(.05  gram)  of  1 skein,  or 
Weight  in  grams  of  10,000  met. 

Dram  System 

Hank 

1000  yds. 

Weight  in  drams  of  1 hank 

Note:  The  various  “Denier  Systems”  for  numbering  silk  are  not  standardized  but  vary  in  different 
localities.  In  addition  to  the  Italian  Denier  mentioned  above,  there  are  in  use  in  Italy  several  older 
systems  including: 


Old  Milan  Denier — 450  meter  hanks,  .0511  gram. 
Old  Turin  Denier — 476  meter  hanks,  .05336  gram. 
Old  Lyons  Denier — 476  meter  hanks,  .05311  gram. 
New  Lyons  Denier  — 500  meter  hanks,  .05311  gram. 


The  Legal  Denier  described  above  was  adopted  by  the  Paris  Silk  Conference  in  1900  as  their 
standard. 

The  International  Denier  has  been  adopted  by  the  London  Silk  Conditioning  House. 


PLIED  YARNS.  Cotton  plied  yarns  are  indicated  by  the  number  of  the  single  yarn  and  the  ply. 

Example:  60/3  means  three  threads  of  No.  60  single,  making  the  twisted  yarn 
approximately  equal  in  weight  to  a No.  20  single. 

Spun  Silk  plied  yarns  are  indicated  by  the  number  of  the  twisted  yarn  and  the  ply. 
/ See  also  \ Example:  100/2  means  two  threads  of  No.  200.  making  the  resultant  yarn 
\page  720 ) equivalent  to  a No.  100  single. 

Woolen  and  Worsted  plied  yarns  are  termed  “Fold”  rather  than  ply  — that  is, 
a 2-fold  60  is  written  2/60  and  means  2 threads  of  No.  60  equivalent  to  No.  30 
single. 


713 


COMPARATIVE  YARN  TABLE  OF  VARIOUS  NUMBERING  SYSTEMS 

SHOWING  WEIGHT  OF  120  YARDS  & NO.  OF  YARDS  PER  POUND 


No.  of 
Yards 
per  lb. 

^X^tOc5x9)'«5  0r}iCOOJ*cO-fX^2c?X?'3c-r 
°o  o jc  w ^ o co  i>-  -t  s)  c ^ O'  - * x r:  - c r.  ■; 

r-  — — 1 — 1 — ? O'  4* 

Jute 

Linen, Dry 
H’vy  Flax 
/' 

6 ° 

■t  t-  - x w ^ ^ -t  c -<  -o  ci  ^ -t  i-  - x c x 

H«5t-«^x^HQi.«)^WWH5ccjay. 

X GO  X ”f<  X oi  <3^  •— 1 1 — 1 t— 1 r— 1 r— 1 1—  i— 1 — ( — 

Raw  Silk 

ja 

x i-5  go  ©*  x’  d -*  x ' x ©*  x d -*  ‘d  ^ x d x*  x — — — d -*  x 

x x — x < ~ x x — x 3'  — x r. 

xxxxoxxx  x x -*  -*  -*■  x x x x 3'  n>  nt  r:>  r>>  ->>  ^ — 

Raw  Silk 
Artificial 
Silk 

x^x^xxxxx?>x^xxxx^— x x x x ^ 5*  d — x d 

X 51  H H H 

J2 

o 

r* 

•A 

x x d x x x — x x r-J  x x ~ -*  x — -*  x — •*  x — -*  x — 

a 

a js 

c/y>  a 

< ^ 

mmmmmmimm  ■■.  ■ 

Woolen 
Linen, Wet 
Spun.  Fine 
Hemp 

q'w1 

a 

< 

xSSSoSS^SoxS^ScxS^Soxc^^cxv 

d X X*  d d X 2 X x x cj  X x -*  X X X X — X X X d X 

Worsted 

a > 
W n 

dddxXXX>d  X X X X X — d -*  X l-  X X — : X -*  X X X X 

< _ . _ <^4  '*'***'*  ~*  *^  7*  — 

Cotton 
Spun  Silk 

^ o ja 

o c £ 
O ofc, 

U-  X -t  X X x d X d X ^ X — X X X X X x -*•  X X X X x ^ X 
X X X X O*  X X X X X X — X X X X X X X X X -*  X — X X 

' — d x d x x x x x d x — — d x x x x x x x x — d d. 

Cotton 
Spun  Silk 
Ramie 

i D A 

a P; 

$5  - 
§ _o 

X X X X X X X •+  X X ^ ~ — x X X X X X X X ;*  ^ X £*  — — 

Cotton 
Spun  Silk 
Union 
Yarn 

< - 7Z 

HO,«^c,ot-coao-22S2eSx=oS^|§J 

Weight 
120  yds. 
in  grains 

X X X X X x d X — X X X X — X d X X d X X X x — X X X 
■“>  X X X X X -?  — X X X X X X X X X x x -*■  — -*  -*■  — x X 

X>OW5<OlHHr(Hr- 

714 


SHOWING  WEIGHT  OF  120  YARDS  & NO.  OF  YARDS  PER  POUND 


71  j 


CONVERSION  TABLE 
FRENCH  TO  ENGLISH  COUNTS 
French  X 118  = English  Counts 


French 

Eng. 

French 

Eng. 

French 

Eng. 

French 

Eng. 

French 

Eng. 

i 

1.18 

17 

20.1 

34 

40. 1 

66 

77.9 

98 

115.6 

2 

2.36 

18 

21.2 

36 

42.5 

68 

80.2 

100 

118. 

3 

3.54 

19 

22.4 

38 

44.8 

70 

82.0 

110 

130. 

4 

4.72 

20 

23.6 

40 

47.2 

72 

84.9 

120 

141.6 

5 

5.90 

21 

24.8 

42 

49.6 

74 

87.3 

130 

153. 

6 

7.08 

22 

26. 

44 

51.9 

76 

89.7 

150 

177. 

7 

8.26 

23 

27.2 

46 

54.3 

78 

92. 

160 

189. 

8 

9.44 

24 

28.3 

48 

56.6 

80 

94.4 

170 

201. 

9 

10.62 

25 

29.5 

50 

59. 

82 

96.8 

180 

212. 

10 

11.80 

26 

30.7 

52 

61.4 

84 

99.2 

190 

224. 

11 

12.98 

27 

31.9 

54 

63.7 

86 

101.5 

200 

236. 

12 

14.2 

28 

33. 

56 

66.1 

88 

103.8 

210 

247.8 

13 

1,5.3 

29 

34.2 

58 

68.4 

90 

106.2 

220 

260. 

14 

16.5 

30 

35.4 

60 

70.8 

92 

108.6 

230 

271.4 

15 

17.7 

31 

36.6 

62 

73.1 

94 

110.9 

250 

295. 

16 

18.9 

32 

37.8 

64 

75.5 

96 

113.2 

300 

354. 

ENGLISH  COUNTS  TO  FRENCH 
English  -7-  1.18  or  English  X .8475  = French  Counts 


Eng. 

French 

Eng. 

French 

Eng. 

French 

Eng. 

French 

Eng. 

French 

1 

0.847 

17 

14.40 

34 

28.80 

66 

55.90 

98 

83.01 

2 

1.693 

18 

15.25 

36 

30.49 

68 

57.60 

100 

84.70 

3 

2.540 

19 

16.09 

38 

32.19 

70 

59.29 

110 

93.17 

4 

3.388 

20 

16.94 

40 

33.88 

72 

60.98 

120 

101.64 

5 

4.235 

21 

17.80 

42 

35.57 

74 

62.68 

130 

110.11 

6 

5.082 

22 

18.63 

44 

37.27 

76 

64.37 

150 

127.05 

7 

5.929 

23 

19.49 

46 

38.96 

78 

66.07 

160 

135.52 

8 

6.776 

24 

20.33 

48 

40.66 

80 

67.76 

170 

143.99 

9 

7.623 

25 

21.19 

50 

42.35 

82 

69.45 

180 

152.46 

II) 

8.470 

26 

22.02 

52 

44.04 

84 

71.15 

190 

160.93 

11 

9.313 

27 

22.88 

54 

45.74 

86 

72.84 

200 

169.40 

12 

10.16 

28 

23.72 

56 

47.43 

88 

74.54 

210 

177.87 

13 

11.01 

29 

24.58 

58 

49.13 

90 

76.23 

220 

186.34 

14 

1 1.86 

30 

25.41 

60 

50.82 

92 

77.92 

230 

194.81 

15 

12.70 

31 

26.27 

62 

52.51 

94 

79.62 

250 

211.75 

16 

13.55 

32 

27.10 

64 

54.21 

96 

81.31 

300 

254.10 

716 


DIAMETER  OF  COTTON  AND  WORSTED  YARNS 
Approximate  Number  of  Threads  That,  Laid  Side  by  Side,  Will  Occupy  1" 


Counts 

Cotton 

Worsted 

Counts 

Cotton 

Worsted 

Counts 

Cotton 

Worsted 

i 

26.1 

21.3 

22 

122.5 

100. 

56 

196. 

160. 

2 

36.8 

30.1 

23 

125. 

102. 

58 

199. 

163. 

3 

45.2 

36.9 

24 

128. 

104. 

60 

202. 

165. 

4 

52.2 

42.6 

25 

130.5 

106.5 

62 

206. 

168. 

5 

58.4 

47.6 

26 

133. 

109. 

64 

209. 

170. 

6 

64. 

52.2 

27 

136. 

111. 

66 

212. 

173. 

7 

69. 

56.3 

28 

138. 

113. 

68 

216. 

176. 

8 

73.9 

60.2 

29 

141. 

115. 

70 

219. 

178. 

9 

78.3 

64. 

30 

143. 

117. 

72 

222. 

181. 

10 

82.7 

67.4 

32 

147.5 

120. 

74 

225. 

183. 

11 

86.6 

71. 

34 

152. 

124. 

76 

228. 

186. 

12 

90.5 

74. 

36 

157. 

128. 

78 

230. 

188. 

13 

94.1 

77. 

38 

161. 

131. 

80 

234. 

191. 

14 

97.8 

80. 

40 

165. 

135. 

84 

239. 

195. 

15 

101.0 

82. 

42 

169. 

138. 

88 

245. 

200. 

16 

104.5 

85. 

44 

173. 

141. 

92 

250. 

204. 

17 

108. 

88. 

46 

177. 

145. 

96 

256. 

209. 

18 

111. 

90. 

48 

181. 

148. 

100 

261. 

213. 

19 

114. 

93. 

50 

185. 

151. 

112 

277. 

226. 

20 

117. 

95. 

52 

188. 

154. 

120 

286. 

234. 

21 

120. 

98. 

54 

192. 

157. 

CONVERSION  TABLES 

Method  of  using  constants  shown  in  tables  on  two  following  pages. 

For  determining  equivalent  counts  of  two  yarns  numbered  in  the  same 
class,  i.  e.,  both  length  system  or  both  weight  system,  multiply  the  known 
count  (Name  in  column  arranged  vertically)  by  the  constant  shown  at 
intersection  of  column  of  desired  count  (Name  at  head  of  column). 

Example:  Known  counts  are  No.  10  Sowerby  Bridge  Woolen,  desired 
equivalent  counts  of  Aberdeen  Scale. 

10  X .7031  = 7.031  (Equivalent  in  Aberdeen) 

For  determining  equivalent  counts  of  two  yarns  numbered  in  different 
classes  (i.  e.,  one  in  the  weight  system  and  one  in  the  length  system)  first 
reduce  known  counts  to  equivalent  cotton  count,  then  reduce  cotton  to 
required  count. 

Example:  Known  count  is  No.  10  American  Grain,  required  counts  in 
Worsted,  English  scale. 

166.67  _ jg  Cotton  X (Constant)  1.50  = No.  25  Worsted. 

10 

Or  the  reverse:  Known  Counts  No.  25  Worsted  to  find  American  Grain. 

25  X .666  (Constant)  = 16.68  Cotton  (Constant)  = jq  \mer  Qr 

16.68 

The  third  column  in  table  on  page  719  shows  the  weight  in  grains  of 
14,400  yards,  the  counts  being  in  inverse  ratio  to  the  variation  in  weight, 
that  is,  the  weight  of  a given  length  of  known  counts  divided  by  weight  of 
a similar  length  of  desired  counts  will  give  equivalent  counts. 

717 


CONVERSION  CONSTANTS 

Weight  Systems  of  Numbering 


Multiply  knovm  counts  by  constant  at  intersection  of  columns  of  required  system. 

Raw 

Silk. 

Ounce 

System 

'V  i-<  ©»  «5  X — 0»  ^ w 

o © © © ^ o o o cc  © © — 

III 

is-ia 

i 3 2 S S » § IS  oc 

« — « ~ « 'a'’'-  — = 

it  « 

Slf 

S 2 ® 2 7 t:  s I ^ 5- 

« H « ot  © l-i  I-i 

111 

8 § £ § g 1 <=  1 1 i 2 

•f  0>  >S  X GO  r-«  ©?  * r-  rH  — ^ 

Jill 

o»  i © co  *o  -?  © 5 © 

oi  -*0*  Xr-oi  i-< C5  *-<  r-5  © 

Jj  III 

s s ;c-  ss  i 

§ = S 8 g 2 g ~ SiS  2 g § 

III! 

g 1 1 2 S3  2 1=1  S 1 

“ - — " ' - | 

|“|ll 

lF|i 

* § 1 I S3  § 1 Is  1 1 « 

oi  t-h  ri  -1  »o  <-«  -*  x 

tplJ 

2 S S = 2 2 s Is  s g 

r-  © 

II  g 
IP 

g Is  SsSIsgliSs 

- - oi £ 

.i  Sa  a 

JJlI 

% s I ^1  ill!  11  2 

§ § ISSISSsl5 

r-J  I—  Of  f—  « 2J 

Ill'll 

g 2 1 §151  is  IS® 

‘ * -i  © 

Known 

Counts 

ill  ® 8 .fiiiliii!  gl 

lll-lll'll'll  i Hit  =j 

g<fflp2«5;S,vi.  p c<a<~;a<x-' ^ > < - 

718 


Counts  Based  on  Fixed  Lengths 


719 


EUROPEAN  NUMBERING  SYSTEMS  COMPARED 

r I TIE  following  table  shows  some  of  the  local  systems  for  numbering 
1.  cotton  yarns  used  in  European  countries,  compared  with  English  and 
metric  systems.  Equivalents  of  No.  1 of  each  system  are  shown  and  these 
can  be  used  as  multipliers  in  reducing  from  one  count  to  another,  for  ex- 
ample, to  find  the  equivalent  of  No.  25  Int.  Metric  in  Catalan  counts: 
25  X .567  = 14.17  Catal. 

The  Austrian  System  is  based  on  hanks  of  1487  Vienna  Ells  (approx. 
168  yards)  and  a weight  unit  of  1- Vienna  Found  (approx.  1.23  Eng.  poundj. 

The  Catalan  System  is  based  on  hanks  of  500  canas  (approx.  851  yards 
or  777.5  met.)  and  a weight  unit  of  440  grams. 

The  Netherlands  and  Belgian  System  is  based  on  a hank  of  840  yards 
and  weight  unit  of  Y2  kilo. 


Austrian 

Continental 
or  French 

Catalan 

English 

Netherlands 
& Belgium 

International 

Metric 

l. 

1.035 

1.173 

1.222 

1.3478 

2.07 

.966 

1. 

1.014 

1.18 

1.302 

2.00 

.852 

.8828 

1. 

1.04 

1.149 

1.764 

.818 

.8475 

.96 

1. 

1.103 

1.694 

.74193 

.768 

.87 

.90629 

1. 

1.535 

.483 

.50 

.567 

.59 

.651 

1, 

COUNTS  OF  PLIED  YARNS 

17  OR  calculation  purposes  it  is  customary  to  consider  a plied  yarn  made 
’ up  of  two  or  more  equal  single  yarns  as  equaling  in  counts  the  counts 
of  the  single  yarn  divided  by  the  number  of  ends  plied. 

In  actual  practice  this  is  not  correct  as  the  size  of  yarn  will  vary  with  the 
twist  and  also  with  the  twist  of  the  single  yarns.  There  is  no  rule  for  figur- 
ing actual  numbers  and  these  can  be  obtained  only  by  testing  samples. 

To  find  approximate  counts  of  plied  yarns  made  up  of  two  yarns  of  dif- 
ferent counts,  divide  the  product  of  the  single  counts  by  the  sum  of  same. 
Example:  a yarn  made  up  of  one  No.  30  and  one  No.  20  single  would  figure 
30  X 20  divided  by  30  plus  20,  equals  12,  approximate  counts  of  the 
plied  yarn. 

To  find  counts  of  three  ply  or  more,  divide  the  highest  count  by  itself 
and  by  each  of  the  other  counts,  add  results  and  divide  into  the  highest 
count.  Example:  Three  ply  made  up  of  one  No.  100,  one  No.  80  and  one 
No.  50. 

100  4-  100  = 1 
100  4-  80  = 1.25 
100  4-  50  = 2 

4.24  100  4-  4.25  = 23.50,  Approx,  counts. 

720 


DRAPERS  TABLE 

Breaking  Weights  of  American  Yarns 


120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

No. 

of 

Yarn 

Cardec 

Old 

Yarn 

New 

Combed 

Yarn 

Soft 

Twist 

Yarn 

120  Yds. 
Weight 
Grains 

No. 

of 

Yarn 

Carded 

Yarn 

Combed 

Yarn 

1000 

i 

20 

51 

37 

47 

500 

2 

19 

52 

30 

40 

333 

3 

530 

034  + 

803 

020 

19 

53 

30 

45 

250 

4 

410 

476- 

040 

462 

19 

54 

35 

44 

200 

5 

330 

381 

510 

307 

18 

55 

34 

43 

107 

0 

275 

318- 

429 

304 

18 

50 

34 

42 

143 

7 

238 

272+ 

367 

258 

18 

57 

33 

42 

125 

8 

200 

238  + 

321 

224 

17 

58 

33 

41 

111 

9 

187 

212  + 

285 

198 

17 

59 

32 

40 

100 

10 

109 

191 

250 

177 

17 

00 

32 

39 

01 

11 

154 

174- 

232 

160 

10 

01 

31 

39 

83 

12 

142 

159  + 

213 

145 

10 

02 

31 

38 

77 

13 

132 

147  + 

190 

133 

10 

03 

30 

37 

71 

14 

123 

137- 

182 

123 

10 

04 

30 

37 

07 

15 

115 

128- 

109 

114 

15 

05 

30 

36 

03 

10 

108 

120- 

158 

106 

15 

00 

29 

35 

50 

17 

103 

113- 

149 

99 

15 

07 

29 

35 

50 

18 

97 

107- 

140 

93 

15 

08 

29 

34 

53 

19 

93 

101 

133 

87 

15 

09 

28 

34 

50 

20 

88 

90 

126 

82 

14 

70 

28 

33 

48 

21 

84 

91  + 

120 

77 

14 

71 

27 

33 

40 

22 

80 

87  + 

114 

73 

14 

72 

27 

32 

44 

23 

70 

84- 

109 

70 

14 

73 

27 

32 

42 

24 

72 

80  + 

104 

00 

14 

74 

27 

31 

40 

25 

09 

77 

100 

03 

13 

75 

26 

31 

39 

20 

00 

74  + 

90 

00 

13 

70 

20 

30 

37 

27 

64 

71  + 

92 

57 

13 

77 

20 

30 

30 

28 

01 

09- 

89 

55 

13 

78 

25 

29 

35 

29 

59 

07- 

80 

53 

13 

79 

25 

29 

33 

30 

57 

04  + 

83 

50 

13 

80 

25 

28 

32 

31 

56 

62+ 

80 

48 

12 

81 

24 

28 

31 

32 

54 

00  + 

77 

40 

12 

82 

24 

28 

30 

33 

53 

59- 

75 

45 

12 

83 

24 

27 

29 

34 

51 

57- 

72 

43 

12 

84 

23 

27 

29 

35 

50 

55  + 

70 

41 

12 

85 

23 

27 

28 

36 

49 

54- 

08 

40 

12 

80 

23 

20 

27 

37 

48 

52+ 

00 

38 

12 

87 

23 

20 

26 

38 

47 

51 

04 

37 

11 

88 

22 

26 

26 

39 

40 

50- 

03 

36 

11 

89 

22 

25 

25 

40 

45 

48  + 

01 

34 

11 

90 

22 

25 

24 

41 

44 

47  + 

59 

33 

11 

91 

22 

25 

24 

42 

43 

40  + 

58 

32 

11 

92 

22 

24 

23 

43 

42 

45  + 

50 

31 

11 

93 

21 

24 

23 

44 

41 

44  + 

55 

30 

11 

94 

21 

24 

22 

45 

41 

43  + 

54 

29 

11 

95 

21 

23 

22 

40 

40 

42  + 

53 

28 

10 

90 

21 

23 

21 

47 

39 

41  + 

51 

27  + 

10 

97 

21 

23 

21 

48 

39 

41- 

50 

27- 

10 

98 

20 

23 

20 

49 

38 

40- 

49 

26 

10 

99 

20 

22 

20 

50 

37 

39 

48 

25 

10 

100 

20 

22 

THERMOMETER  SCALES 


COMPARATIVE  TEMPERATURES  FAHRENHEIT 
AND  CENTIGRADE 


Far. 

Cent. 

Far. 

Cent. 

Far. 

Cent. 

Far. 

Cent. 

Far. 

Cent. 

0 

-17.78 

50 

10.00 

100 

37.78 

150 

65.56 

200 

93.34 

1 

-17.23 

51 

10.56 

101 

38.34 

151 

66.11 

201 

93.90 

2 

-16.67 

52 

11.11 

102 

38.90 

152 

66.67 

202 

94.45 

3 

-16.11 

53 

11.67 

103 

39.45 

153 

67.23 

203 

95.00 

4 

-15.56 

54 

12.23 

104 

40.00 

154 

67.78 

204 

95.56 

5 

-15.00 

55 

12.78 

105 

40.56 

155 

68.34 

205 

96.11 

6 

-14.45 

56 

13.34 

106 

41.11 

156 

68.90 

206 

96.27 

7 

-13.90 

57 

13.90 

107 

41.57 

157 

09.45 

207 

97.23 

8 

-13.34 

58 

14.45 

108 

42.23 

158 

70.00 

208 

97.78 

9 

-12.78 

59 

15.00 

109 

42.78 

159 

70.56 

209 

98.34 

10 

-12.23 

60 

15.56 

110 

43.34 

160 

71.11 

210 

98.90 

11 

-11.67 

61 

16.11 

111 

43.90 

161 

71.67 

211 

99.45 

12 

-11.11 

62 

16.67 

112 

44.45 

162 

72.23 

212 

100.00 

13 

-10.56 

63 

17.23 

113 

45.00 

163 

72.78 

213 

100.56 

14 

-10.00 

64 

17.78 

114 

45.56 

164 

73.34 

214 

101.11 

15 

- 9.45 

65 

18.34 

115 

46.11 

165 

73.90 

215 

101.67 

16 

- 8.89 

66 

18.89 

116 

46.67 

166 

74.45 

216 

102.23 

17 

- 8.34 

67 

19.45 

117 

47.23 

167 

75.00 

217 

102.78 

18 

- 7.78 

68 

20.00 

118 

47.78 

168 

75.66 

218 

103.34 

19 

- 7.23 

69 

20.56 

119 

48.34 

169 

76.11 

219 

103.90 

20 

- 6.67 

70 

21.11 

120 

48.90 

170 

76.67 

220 

104.45 

21 

^ 6.11 

71 

21.67 

121 

49.45 

171 

77.23 

225 

107.23 

22 

— 5.56 

72 

22.23 

122 

50.00 

172 

77.78 

230 

110.00 

23 

- 5.00 

73 

22.78 

123 

50.56 

173 

78.34 

235 

112.78 

24 

- 4.45 

74 

23.34 

124 

51.11 

174 

78.90 

240 

115.56 

25 

- 3.90 

75 

23.90 

125 

51.67 

175 

79.45 

245 

118.34 

26 

- 3.34 

76 

24.45 

126 

52.23 

176 

80.00 

250 

121.11 

27 

- 2.78 

77 

25.00 

127 

52.78 

177 

80.56 

255 

123.90 

28 

- 2.23 

78 

25.56 

128 

53.34 

178 

81.11 

260 

126.67 

29 

- 1.67 

79 

26.12 

129 

53.90 

179 

81.67 

265 

129.45 

30 

- 1.11 

80 

26.67 

130 

54.45 

180 

82.23 

270 

132.23 

31 

- 0.56 

81 

27.23 

131 

55.00 

181 

82.78 

275 

135.00 

32 

0.00 

82 

27.78 

132 

55.56 

182 

83.34 

280 

137.78 

33 

0.56 

83 

28.34 

133 

56.11 

183 

83.90 

285 

140.56 

34 

1.11 

84 

28.89 

134 

56.67 

184 

84.45 

290 

143.34 

35 

1.67 

85 

29.45 

135 

57.23 

185 

85.00 

295 

146.11 

36 

2.23 

86 

30.00 

136 

57.78 

186 

85.56 

300 

148.90 

37 

2.78 

87 

30.55 

137 

58.34 

187 

86.11 

310 

154.45 

38 

3.34 

88 

31.11 

138 

58.90 

188 

86.67 

320 

160.00 

39 

3.90 

89 

31.67 

139 

59.45 

189 

87.23 

330 

165.56 

40 

4.45 

90 

32.22 

140 

60.00 

190 

87.78 

340 

171.11 

41 

5.00 

91 

32.78 

141 

60.56 

191 

88.34 

350 

176.67 

42 

5.56 

92 

33.33 

142 

61.11 

192 

88.90 

360 

182.23 

43 

6.11 

93 

33.89 

143 

61.67 

193 

89.45 

370 

187.78 

44 

6.67 

94 

34.45 

144 

62.23 

194 

90.00 

380 

193.34 

45 

7.24 

95 

35.00 

145 

62.78 

195 

90.56 

390 

198.90 

46 

7.79 

96 

35.56 

146 

63.34 

196 

91.11 

400 

204.45 

47 

8.38 

97 

36.11 

147 

63.90 

197 

91.67 

450 

232.23 

48 

8.83 

98 

36.67 

148 

64.45 

198 

92.23 

500 

260.00 

49 

9.45 

99 

37.23 

149 

65.00 

199 

92.78 

550 

287.75 

CONVERSION  FACTORS  FOR  STANDARD 
THERMOMETER  SCALES 

Centigrade  X .80  = Reamur  Reamur  X 2.-25  = Fahrenheit 

Centigrade  X 1.80  = Fahrenheit  F.  ■—  32  X 4 -s-  9 = Reamur 

Reamur  X 1.25  = Centigrade  F.  — 32  X 5 -4-  9 = Centigrade 

HUMIDIFICATION 

The  cotton  fibre  is  capable  of  holding  a relatively  large  percentage  of 
water,  which  can  be  driven  out  by  drying  at  a temperature  of  220  degrees  F. 
On  exposure  to  normal  atmosphere  after  drying,  the  fibres  will  regain  or 
absorb  an  amount  of  moisture  approximately  equal  to  the  original  content. 
This  amount  however  is  dependent  on  the  amount  of  moisture  in  the  atmos- 
phere and  can  be  controlled  by  artificial  humidification.  This  process  is 
one  of  the  essential  features  of  the  modern  mill  and  is  required  for  the 
following  reasons: 

1st.  To  maintain  proper  weights  of  yarn  and  cloth. 

2d.  To  prevent  trouble  in  handling  fibres  due  to  static  electricity, 
which  is  a troublesome  feature  if  stock  is  too  dry. 

.‘3d.  Fibres  containing  a proper  amount  of  moisture  cling  together 
better  and  produce  more  even  and  stronger  yarns,  resulting  in 
less  breakage  of  ends,  less  waste  and  improved  products  in  all 
departments  of  the  mill. 

4th.  The  freshening  and  cooling  effect  make  the  air  more  healthful 
and  agreeable  to  the  operatives,  resulting  in  increased  efficiency 
of  the  operative,  therefore  increased  product  and  lower  costs. 

REGAIN.  In  testing  the  amount  of  moisture  in  cotton,  samples  are 
taken  from  several  bales  and  thoroughly  dried  to  a constant  weight,  the 
difference  in  weight  before  and  after  drying  representing  the  amount  of 
moisture  contained  in  the  stock  in  its  original  state.  Moisture  standards 
for  textile  materials  are  based  on  a “Regain  system,  wherein  a certain 
fixed  percentage  of  moisture  is  assumed  to  be  present  in  the  material  under 
ordinary  atmospheric  conditions.  No  Standard  Regain  for  cotton  has  been 
adopted  in  the  United  States,  the  variation  in  climatic  conditions  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  country  being  such  that  figures  representing  normal  condi- 
tions in  one  locality  would  be  entirely  wrong  for  other  sections.  The  English 
Standard  Regain  is  based  on  the  assumption  that  100  parts  of  absolutely 
dry  cotton  will  absorb  83-2  parts  of  moisture,  that  is,  properly  conditioned 
cotton  will  represent  108^2  per  cent,  or  100  parts  of  cotton  will  contain 
7.834  per  cent  of  moisture.  This  also  applies  to  cotton  yarn.  The  actual 
amount  absorbed  is  dependent  on  the  length  of  time  exposed,  the  bulk  of 
the  sample,  the  temperature  of  the  air,  the  barometric  pressure  and  the 
amount  of  moisture  in  the  air,  therefore  the  above  standard  is  based  on 
ordinary  atmospheric  conditions  peculiar  to  the  British  Isles,  and  is  not 
applicable  to  localities  where  conditions  are  different.  Owing  to  this  differ- 
ence in  moisture  content  it  is  customary  in  cotton  and  yarn  transactions 
to  allow  a percentage  of  moisture  agreed  upon  between  the  buyer  and 
seller. 

The  Cotton  Duck  Manufacturers  Association  recommends  the  exposure 
of  all  samples  of  yarn  and  fabric  for  not  less  than  four  hours  to  an  atmos- 
pheric condition  of  65  per  cent  relative  humidity  at  70  degrees  prior  to  test- 
ing for  strength,  weight,  or  counts. 


723 


Humidity  has  a definite  relation  to  temperature,  that  is,  the  higher  the 
temperature  the  greater  the  sensation  of  oppression  which  results  from  a 
given  humidity.  To  insure  the  comfort  of  operatives  some  localities  have 
passed  laws  fixing  the  maximum  allowable  humidity  permissible  at  given 
temperatures,  the  scale  adopted  varying  considerably  in  different  locali- 
ties. The  Massachusetts  Factory  Laws  permit  humidities  ranging  from 
6(1  per  cent  at  a temperature  of  96  degrees  to  88  per  cent  at  60  degrees. 

The  amount  of  moisture  in  the  air  is  found  from  the  temperature  of  the 
ordinary  dry  bulb  thermometer  compared  with  the  temperature  shown  by 
a wet  bulb  thermometer.  Knowing  the  temperature  and  the  difference 
between  it  and  the  wet  bulb  temperature,  the  relative  humidity  is  deter- 
mined by  consulting  humidity  tables,  or  charts. 

The  Common  or  Stationary  Hygrometer  has  a dry  bulb  and  a wet  bulb 
thermometer,  the  latter  covered  with  a wick  connected  with  a water  con- 
tainer to  keep  the  bulb  moist.  The  instruments  should  be  protected  from 
such  abnormal  influences  as  perceptible  draughts  of  air  and  the  influence 
of  heat  from  nearby  radiators  which  might  affect  their  readings.  In  a large 
room  several  sets  of  instruments  should  be  used  and  their  readings  com- 
pared frequently.  Extreme  care  is  necessary  to  keep  the  wet  bulbs  clean 
and  moist.  Such  instruments  are  slow  in  registering  changes  and  are  not 
as  accurate  as  psychrometers.  Their  readings  should  be  compared  with 
hygrometric  charts  rather  than  those  prepared  for  use  with  psychrometers. 

The  Sling  Psychrometer  is  a particularly  accurate  instrument  and  is 
used  for  testing  humidity  when  accuracy  is  especially  desired.  Being  car- 
ried in  the  hand,  readings  may  be  taken  with  the  one  instrument  at  any 
desired  location.  It  registers  a somewhat  lower  wet  bulb  temperature  than 
the  hygrometer  and  psychrometer  charges  should  be  used  in  determining 
degree  of  humidity  from  its  readings. 

The  Electro-psychrometer  is  another  extremely  accurate  instrument.  It 
is  provided  with  an  electrically  driven  fan  which  draws  a rapid  air  current 
over  the  bulbs.  The  instrument  is  portable  and  readings  can  be  taken  at 
any  desired  point. 

Authorities  differ  somewhat  in  their  recommendations  as  to  the  proper 
amount  of  humidity  for  the  various  departments  of  the  mill.  Average 
recommendations  are  covered  by  the  following  schedule: 

Picker  Room Artificial  humidification  rarely  used. 


Cards  and  Drawing 45  to  55% 

Combing 60  to  70% 

Roving 50  to  60'  c 

Spinning,  Twisting,  Spooling,  Warping 60  to  70% 

Weaving  ' 65  to  90c  0 


The  tables  on  following  pages  show  relative  and  actual  humidity  based 
on  psychrometer  readings.  If  hygrometer  readings  are  referred  to  psy- 
chrometrie  tables  the  humidity  indicated  will  be  too  high,  while  if  psy- 
chrometer readings  are  referred  to  hygrometric  tables  the  indicated  humidity 
will  be  low.  The  error  in  either  case  averages  about  5 per  cent,  the  difference 
increasing  as  the  humidity  increases. 

RELATIVE  HUMIDITY  is  the  percentage  of  moisture  as  compared 
with  the  amount  present  if  air  is  saturated. 

ACTUAL  HUMIDITY  is  the  weight  of  moisture  in  one  cubic  foot  of 
air  expressed  in  grains. 


724 


HUMIDITY 


Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist. 
inCu.Ft.of  Air 

Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist. 
inCu.Ft.ofAir 

60 

60 

100 

5.7 

64 

64 

100 

6.5 

59 

94 

5.4 

63 

95 

6.2 

58 

89 

5.1 

62 

90 

5.9 

57 

83 

4.7 

61 

84 

5.5 

56 

78 

4.4 

60 

79 

5.1 

55 

73 

4.2 

59 

74 

4.8 

54 

68 

3.9 

58 

70 

4.5 

53 

63 

3.6 

57 

65 

4.2 

52 

58 

3.3 

56 

60 

3.9 

51 

53 

3.0 

55 

56 

3.6 

50 

48 

2.7 

54 

51 

3.3 

49 

43 

2.4 

53 

47 

3.0 

61 

61 

100 

5.9 

65 

65 

100 

6.7 

60 

94 

5.5 

64 

95 

6.4 

59 

89 

5.2 

63 

90 

6.1 

58 

84 

4.9 

62 

85 

5.7 

57 

78 

4.6 

61 

80 

5.4 

56 

73 

4.3 

60 

75 

5.0 

55 

68 

4.0 

59 

70 

4.7 

54 

63 

3.7 

58 

66 

4.4 

53 

58 

3.4 

57 

61 

4.1 

52 

54 

3.2 

56 

56 

3.8 

51 

49 

2.9 

55 

52 

3.5 

50 

44 

2.6 

54 

48 

3.2 

62 

62 

100 

6.1 

66 

66 

100 

7.0 

61 

94 

5.7 

65 

95 

6.6 

60 

89 

5.4 

64 

90 

6.3 

59 

84 

5.1 

63 

85 

5.9 

58 

79 

4.81 

62 

80 

5.6 

57 

74 

4.5 

61 

75 

5.2 

56 

69 

4.2 

60 

71 

4.9 

55 

64 

3.9 

59 

66 

4.6 

54 

59 

3.6 

58 

61 

4.2 

53 

54 

3.3 

57 

57 

4.0 

52 

50 

3.0 

56 

53 

3.7 

51 

45 

2.7 

55 

48 

3.3 

63 

63 

100 

6.3 

67 

67 

100 

7.2 

62 

95 

6.0 

66 

95 

6.8 

61 

89 

5.6 

65 

90 

6.5 

60 

84 

5.3 

64 

85 

6.1 

59 

79 

5.0 

63 

80 

5.7 

58 

74 

4.7 

62 

75 

5.4 

57 

69 

4.3 

61 

71 

5.1 

56 

64 

4.0 

60 

66 

4.7 

55 

60 

3.8 

59 

62 

4.4 

54 

55 

3.4 

58 

58 

4.2 

53 

50 

3.1 

57 

53 

3.8 

52 

46 

2.9 

56 

49 

3.5 

HUMIDITY  — Continued 


Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist. 
inCu.Ft.of  Air 

Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist. 
inCu.Ft.of  Air 

68 

68 

100 

7.4 

72 

72 

100 

8.5 

67 

95 

7.1 

71 

95 

8.0 

66 

90 

6.7 

70 

91 

7.7 

65 

85 

6.3 

69 

86 

7.3 

64 

80 

5.9 

68 

82 

6.9 

63 

76 

5.6 

67 

77 

6.5 

62 

71 

5.3 

66 

73 

6.2 

61 

67 

5.0 

65 

69 

5.8 

60 

62 

4.6 

64 

65 

5.5 

59 

58 

4.3 

63 

61 

5.1 

58 

54 

4.0 

62 

57 

4.8 

57 

50 

3.7 

61 

53 

4.5 

69 

69 

100 

7.7 

73 

73 

100 

8.7 

68 

95 

7.3 

72 

95 

8.3 

67 

90 

6.9 

71 

91 

7.9 

66 

85 

6.5 

70 

86 

7.5 

65 

81 

6.2 

69 

82 

7.2 

64 

76 

5.8 

68 

78 

6.8 

63 

72 

5.5 

67 

73 

6.4 

62 

67 

5.1 

66 

69 

6.0 

61 

63 

4.8 

65 

65 

5.7 

60 

59 

4.5 

64 

61 

5.3 

59 

55 

4.2 

63 

57 

5.0 

58 

51 

3.9 

62 

53 

4.6 

70 

70 

100 

7.9 

74 

74 

100 

9.0 

69 

95 

7.5 

73 

95 

8.6 

68 

90 

7.1 

72 

91 

8.2 

67 

86 

6.8 

71 

86 

7.8 

66 

81 

6.4 

70 

82 

7.4 

65 

77 

6.1 

69 

78 

7.0 

64 

72 

5.7 

68 

74 

6.7 

63 

68 

5.4 

67 

69 

6.2 

62 

64 

5.1 

66 

65 

5.9 

61 

59 

4.7 

65 

61 

5.5 

60 

55 

4.3 

64 

58 

5.2 

59 

51 

4.0 

63 

54 

4.9 

71 

71 

100 

8.2 

75 

75 

100 

9.3 

70 

95 

7.8 

74 

96 

8.9 

69 

90 

7.4 

73 

91 

8.5 

68 

86 

7.0 

72 

86 

8.0 

67 

81 

6.6 

71 

82 

7.6 

66 

77 

6.3 

70 

78 

7.3 

65 

72 

5.9 

69 

74 

6.9 

64 

68 

5.6 

68 

70 

6.5 

63 

64 

5.2 

67 

66 

6.1 

62 

60 

4.9 

66 

62 

5.8 

61 

56 

4.6 

65 

58 

5.4 

60 

52 

4.2 

64 

54 

5.0 

726 


HUMIDITY  — Continued 


Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist 
inCu.Ft.of  Air 

Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist 
inCu.Ft.of  Air 

76 

76 

100 

9.6 

80 

80 

100 

10.9 

75 

96 

9.2 

79 

96 

10.4 

74 

91 

8.7 

78 

91 

9.9 

73 

87 

8.4 

77 

87 

9.5 

72 

82 

7.9 

76 

83 

9.0 

71 

78 

7.5 

75 

79 

8.6 

70 

74 

7.1 

74 

75 

8.2 

69 

70 

6.7 

73 

72 

7.8 

68 

66 

6.3 

72 

68 

7.4 

67 

62 

5.9 

71 

64 

7.0 

66 

59 

5.7 

70 

61 

6.6 

65 

55 

5.3 

69 

57 

6.2 

77 

77 

100 

9.9 

81 

81 

100 

11.2 

76 

96 

9.5 

80 

96 

10.8 

75 

91 

9.0 

79 

92 

10.3 

74 

87 

8.6 

78 

88 

9.9 

73 

83 

8.2 

77 

84 

9.4 

72 

79 

7.8 

76 

80 

9.0 

71 

74 

7.3 

75 

76 

8.5 

70 

71 

7.0 

74 

72 

8.1 

69 

67 

6.6 

73 

69 

7.7 

68 

63 

6.2 

72 

65 

7.3 

67 

59 

5.8 

71 

61 

6.8 

66 

56 

5.5 

70 

58 

6.5 

78 

78 

100 

10.2 

82 

82 

100 

11.6 

77 

96 

9.8 

81 

96 

11.1 

76 

91 

9.3 

80 

92 

10.7 

75 

87 

8.9 

79 

88 

10.2 

74 

83 

8.5 

78 

84 

9.7 

73 

79 

8.1 

77 

80 

9.3 

72 

75 

7.7 

76 

76 

8.8 

71 

71 

7.3 

75 

72 

8.3 

70 

67 

6.8 

74 

69 

8.0 

69 

63 

6.4 

73 

65 

7.5 

68 

60 

6.1 

72 

61 

7.1 

67 

56 

5.7 

71 

58 

6.7 

79 

79 

100 

10.6 

83 

83 

100 

11.9 

78 

96 

10.1 

82 

96 

11.5 

77 

91 

9.6 

81 

92 

11.0 

76 

87 

9.2 

80 

88 

10.5 

75 

83 

8.8 

79 

84 

10.0 

74 

79 

8.3 

78 

80 

9.5 

73 

75 

7.9 

77 

76 

9.1 

72 

71 

7.5 

76 

73 

8.7 

71 

68 

7.2 

75 

69 

8.2 

70 

64 

6.7 

74 

66 

7.9 

69 

60 

6.3 

73 

62 

7.4 

68 

57 

6.0 

72 

59 

7.0 

727 


HUMIDITY  — Continued 


Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist. 
inCu.Ft.  of  Air 

Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist 
inCu.Ft.  of  Air 

84 

84 

100 

12.3 

88 

88 

100 

13.9 

83 

96 

11.8 

87 

96 

13.3 

82 

92 

11.3 

86 

92 

12.8 

81 

88 

10.8 

85 

88 

12.2 

80 

84 

10.3 

84 

85 

11.8 

79 

80 

9.8 

83 

81 

11.2 

78 

76 

9.3 

82 

77 

10.7 

77 

73 

9.0 

81 

74 

10.3 

76 

69 

8.5 

80 

70 

9.7 

75 

66 

8.1 

79 

67 

9.3 

74 

62 

7.6 

78 

64 

8.9 

73 

59 

7.2 

77 

61 

8.5 

85 

85 

100 

12.7 

89 

89 

100 

14.3 

84 

96 

12.2 

88 

96 

13.7 

83 

92 

11.7 

87 

92 

13.2 

82 

88 

11.2 

86 

88 

12.6 

81 

84 

10.7 

85 

85 

12.2 

80 

80 

10.1 

84 

81 

11.6 

79 

77 

9.8 

83 

77 

11.0 

78 

73 

9.3 

82 

74 

10.6 

77 

69 

8.8 

81 

70 

10.0 

76 

66 

8.4 

80 

67 

9.6 

75 

63 

8.0 

79 

64 

9.1 

74 

60 

7.6 

78 

61 

8.7 

86 

86 

100 

13.1 

90 

90 

100 

14.7 

85 

96 

12.6 

89 

96 

14.2 

84 

92 

12.0 

88 

92 

13.6 

83 

88 

11.5 

87 

89 

13.1 

82 

84 

11.0 

86 

85 

12.5 

81 

81 

10.6 

85 

81 

11.9 

80 

77 

10.1 

84 

78 

11.5 

79 

73 

9.5 

83 

74 

10.9 

78 

70 

9.1 

82 

71 

10.5 

77 

66 

8.6 

81 

68 

10.0 

76 

63 

8.2 

80 

65 

9.6 

75 

60 

7.8 

79 

61 

9.0 

87 

87 

100 

13.5 

91 

91 

100 

15.2 

86 

96 

12.9 

90 

96 

14.6 

85 

92 

12.4 

89 

92 

14.0 

84 

88 

11.9 

88 

89 

13.5 

83 

85 

11.5 

87 

85 

12.9 

82 

81 

10.9 

86 

82 

12.4 

81 

77 

10.4 

85 

78 

11.8 

80 

74 

10.0 

84 

75 

11.4 

79 

70 

9.4 

83 

72 

10.9 

78 

67 

9.0 

82 

68 

10.3 

77 

64 

8.6 

81 

65 

9.9 

76 

61 

8.2 

80 

62 

9.4 

HUMIDITY  — ■ Continued 


Read. 

Dry 

of  Ther. 
— Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist, 
in  Cu. Ft. of  Air 

Read,  of  Ther. 
Dry  — Wet 

Deg.  of 
Humidity 

Grs.  of  Moist, 
in  Cu. Ft. of  Air 

92 

92 

100 

15.6 

96 

96 

100 

17.6 

91 

96 

15.0 

95 

96 

16.9 

90 

92 

14.4 

94 

93 

16.4 

89 

89 

13.9 

93 

89 

15.6 

88 

85 

13.3 

92 

86 

15.1 

87 

82 

12.8 

91 

82 

14.4 

86 

78 

12.3 

90 

79 

13.9 

85 

75 

11.7 

89 

76 

13.4 

84 

72 

11.3 

88 

73 

12.8 

83 

68 

10.6 

87 

69 

12.1 

82 

65 

10.2 

86 

66 

11.6 

81 

62 

9.7 

85 

63 

11.1 

93 

93 

100 

16.1 

97 

97 

100 

18.1 

92 

96 

15.5 

96 

96 

17.4 

91 

93 

15.0 

95 

93 

16.8 

90 

89 

14.3 

94 

89 

16.6 

89 

85 

13.7 

93 

86 

15.1 

88 

82 

13.2 

92 

82 

14.8 

87 

79 

12.7 

91 

79 

14.3 

86 

75 

12.1 

90 

76 

13.7 

85 

72 

11.6 

89 

73 

13.2 

84 

69 

11.1 

88 

69 

12.5 

83 

66 

10.6 

87 

66 

11.9 

82 

63 

10.1 

86 

63 

11.4 

94 

94 

100 

16.6 

98 

98 

100 

18.6 

93 

96 

15.9 

97 

96 

17.9 

92 

93 

15.4 

96 

93 

17.3 

91 

89 

14.8 

95 

89 

16.6 

90 

85 

14.1 

94 

86 

16.0 

89 

82 

13.6 

93 

83 

15.5 

88 

79 

13.1 

92 

79 

14.7 

87 

75 

12.4 

91 

76 

14.1 

86 

72 

11.9 

90 

73 

13.6 

85 

69 

11.4 

89 

70 

13.0 

84 

66 

10.8 

88 

67 

12.5 

83 

63 

10.4 

87 

64 

11.9 

95 

95 

100 

17.1 

99 

99 

100 

19.2 

94 

96 

16.4 

98 

96 

18.4 

93 

93 

15.9 

97 

93 

17.8 

92 

89 

15.2 

96 

89 

17.1 

91 

85 

14.5 

95 

86 

16.5 

90 

82 

14.0 

94 

83 

15.9 

89 

79 

13.5 

93 

80 

15.3 

88 

75 

12.8 

92 

77 

14.7 

87 

72 

12.3 

91 

73 

14.0 

86 

69 

11.8 

90 

70 

13.4 

85 

60 

11.3 

89 

68 

13.0 

84 

63 

10.7 

88 

65 

12.4 

729 


APPROXIMATE  POWER  REQUIRED  FOR  OPERATING 
COTTON  MACHINERY 


Bale  Breaker  . 3 to  5 

Fans:  No.  6 5 to  10 

No.  7 7^  to  15 

No.  8 10  to  20 

Lattice  Feed  Table  Li 

Condensers:  No.  1 5 

No.  o y2 

No.  6 1 

Distributor Li  to  1 

No.  5 Feeder 

1 Btr.  Brk.  & Feeder 7% 

2 Btr.  “ “ “ 10 

1 Btr.  Screen  Sect.  Brk 7 Li 

2 Btr.  “ “ “ 10 

1 Btr.  Gauge  Box  Brk 7}  -> 

2 Btr.  “ “ “ 10 

2 Btr.  Brk.  40"  Sect 10 

1 Btr.  Brk.  Exhaust  Opener 10 

1 Btr.  Finisher  Lapper 5 

2 Btr.  “ “ 10  to  12 

Waste  Willow 10 

C.  & P.  Waste  Cleaner 5 

Thread  Extractor 2 

W-3  Waste  Openers,  per  sect 5 to  7 

English  Shoddy  Picker 12  to  30 

But terworth  Shoddy  Picker 10  to  20 

40"  or  45"  Cards 1 

Card  Stripper 10  to  25 

Drawing  Frames: 

4 to  5 del’s  per  1 H.P. 

Evener  Drawing: 

3  to  4 del’s  per  1 H.P. 


Lap  Winder 

Roving  Frames: 

Slubber  40  to  45  spdls.  per  1 H.P. 


Inter. 

55  to  60  “ “ 

1 “ 

Fine 

70  to  85 

1 “ 

Jack 

90  to  100  “ 

1 “ 

Spinning 

Frames:  (See  page 

511  ) 

Heavy 

Spindles  30  to  40 

spdls. 

Medium  Spindles  38  to  50  “ “ “ 

Light  Spindles  55  to  75 
Twisters: 

10  to  50  spdls.  per  1 H.P. 

Spooler,  200  to  300  spdls.  per  1 H.P. 

Beam  Warper H to  }4 

Leese  Warper Li  to  1 

Slasher 1 up 

(Varies  with  weight  of  yarn) 

Size  Kettle 1 to  1 Li 

Size  Pump 1 to  2 

Yarn  Reels 300  spdls.  per  1 H.P. 

Cone  Winders 12  “ 1 

Tube  Winders 40  “ 1 

Filling  Winders 40  1 

Plain  Looms:  32"  to  36" M 

40"  to  48" H 

80" s4  to  1 

92"  to  1 OS" 1 

Brushing  Machine 1 

Brushing  & Shearing  Machine 3 

Cloth  Folder  ....  * Li  to  }4 


Above  figures  are  only  approximate  but  offer  a fair  average  for  estimating  purposes.  The  friction 
of  shafting  and  belting  adds  about  20%  to  the  load. 


730 


Belting  Data 

Whenever  possible,  use  large  diameter  pulleys. 

Keep  belt  speed  below  4000  feet  per  minute  if  possible. 

Give  slight  sag  to  belt.  Give  sag  of  IJ2"  to  2 }/±"  for  narrow  belts,  with 
pulleys  about  15  ft.  011  centers,  and  S}4"  to  5"  for  main  belts,  with  pulleys 
between  25  and  30  ft.  on  centers,  according  to  width  of  belt. 

To  Find  Belt  Speed  in  Feet  Per  Minute : 

Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  pulley  in  inches  by  3.1410  and  again  by 
the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  of  the  pulley  and  divide  by  12  to  get 
the  result  in  feet  per  minute. 

To  Find  the  Horse  Power  Belting  Will  Safely  Transmit 
When  the  Drive  is  Open  (without  Idlers)  and  the  Pulley 
Diameters  are  Nearly  Equal: 

Multiply  the  belt  speed  in  feet  per  minute  by  the  width  of  the  belt  in 
inches  and  multiply  that  product  by  55  for  single,  88  for  double,  or  110  for 
3-ply  belt.  Divide  this  product  by  33,000.  The  quotient  will  be  the  amount 
of  horse  power  that  belt  will  safely  transmit. 

To  Find  Width  of  Belting: 

Multiply  the  given  horse  power  by  33,000  and  divide  this  product  by  the 
result  obtained  by  multiplying  the  belt  speed  in  feet  per  minute  by  55  for 
single,  88  for  double,  or  110  for  3-ply.  The  quotient  will  be  the  width  of 
belting  required. 

The  above  is  with  an  arc  of  contact  of  180  degrees. 

To  Find  the  Horse  Power  When  the  Arc  of  Contact  is 
Smaller  than  180  Degrees: 

Multiply  the  arc  of  contact  (determined  in  accordance  with  the  rule 
given  below)  by  55,  and  divide  this  product  by  180.  This  is  for  single  belt- 
ing. Multiply  by  1.6  for  double,  or  2 for  triple  belting. 

To  Find  the  Arc  of  Contact  on  the  Smaller  Pulley  When  the 
Drive  is  Open  and  without  Idlers: 

Multiply  the  difference  between  the  diameters  of  the  pulleys  in  inches 
by  4.75,  dividing  the  product  by  the  distance  between  the  pulley  centers 
in  feet  and  subtracting  the  quotient  from  180. 

731 


Belting  Data  — Continued 

Example:  Having  pulleys  3 feet,  6 inches  and  10  inches  diameter,  14 
feet  between  the  centers.  16  inches  subtracted  from  3 feet,  6 inches,  or 
42  inches,  equals  26  inches.  26  multiplied  by  4.75  equals  123.5.  123.5 

divided  by  14  equals  8.82.  8.82  subtracted  from  180  degrees  equals  171.18 
degrees. 

To  Find  the  Length  of  a Belt  When  It  is  not  Convenient  to 
Use  a Tape : 

When  both  pulleys  are  about  the  same  size,  add  the  diameters  of  the 
two  pulleys,  multiply  this  result  by  3.1416,  and  divide  by  2.  To  this  quo- 
tient add  twice  the  distance  between  centers  of  the  shafts  and  this  will 
give  the  required  length. 

When  one  pulley  is  considerably  larger  than  the  other,  square  the  dis- 
tance between  the  centers  of  the  shafts,  add  to  this  the  square  of  the  differ- 
ence between  the  radii  of  the  two  pulleys;  extract  the  square  root  from  this 
sum  and  multiply  by  2,  thereby  obtaining  a result  which  we  will  call  “A.” 
Add  the  diameters  of  the  two  pulleys  and  multiply  this  sum  by  3.1416, 
add  to  one-half  of  this  product  the  result  “A,”  which  gives  the  length  of 
the  belt  required. 

For  Cross  Belts: 

Square  the  diameter  of  the  large  pulley  and  the  distance  between  centers, 
add,  and  extract  the  square  root. 

Square  the  diameter  of  the  small  pulley  and  the  distance  between  centers, 
add,  and  extract  the  square  root. 

To  the  sum  of  the  two  roots  add  one-half  of  the  circumference  of  the 
two  pulleys,  and  the  total  will  be  the  required  length. 

Single  Belts 

Should  be  put  on  with  the  grain,  or  hair  side,  next  to  the  pulley  so 
that  the  points  in  the  laps  will  run  against  the  pulleys,  as  the  laps  on  the 
outside  of  the  belt  are  more  liable  to  give  than  when  the  points  are  run 
against  the  atmospheric  pressure. 

Double  Belts 

Should  be  put  on  so  that  the  points  in  the  laps  will  run  with  the  pulleys 
as  both  sides  point  in  the  same  direction. 


732 


HORSE  POWER  TRANSMITTED  BY  LEATHER  BELTS 
AND  BY  LINK  BELT 


Velocity  of 
Belt  in  feet 

PER  INCH  OF  WIDTH 

Leather 

Link  or  Chain  Belts 

per  minute 

Single 

Lt. 

Dbl. 

Hvy. 

Dbl. 

%" 

14" 

Vs" 

Vi 

Vi" 

1" 

100 

0.15 

0.21 

0.27 

0.13 

0.15 

0.17 

0.20 

0.24 

0.27 

200 

0.30 

0.42 

0.55 

0.25 

0.29 

0.35 

0.40 

0.47 

0.55 

300 

0.45 

0.64 

0.82 

0.38 

0.44 

0.52 

0.60 

0.71 

0.82 

400 

0.61 

0.85 

1.09 

0.51 

0.58 

0.69 

0.80 

0.95 

1.09 

500 

0.76 

1.06 

1.36 

0.64 

0.73 

0.86 

1.00 

1.18 

1.36 

600 

0.91 

1.27 

1.64 

0.76 

0.87 

1.04 

1.20 

1.42 

1.64 

700 

1.06 

1.49 

1.91 

0.89 

1.02 

1.21 

1.40 

1.65 

1.91 

800 

1.21 

1.70 

2.18 

0.92 

1.16 

1.38 

1.60 

1.89 

2.18 

900 

1.36 

1.91 

2.45 

1.05 

1.31 

1.55 

1.80 

2.13 

2.45 

1000 

1.51 

2.12 

2.73 

1.27 

1.45 

1.73 

2.00 

2.36 

2.73 

1100 

1.67 

2.33 

3.00 

1.40 

1.60 

1.90 

2.20 

2.60 

3.00 

1200 

1.82 

2.55 

3.27 

1.53 

1.75 

2.07 

2.40 

2.84 

3.27 

1300 

1.97 

2.76 

3.55 

1.65 

1.89 

2.25 

2.60 

3.07 

3.55 

1400 

2.12 

2.97 

3.82 

1.78 

2.04 

2.42 

2.80 

3.31 

3.82 

1500 

2.27 

3.18 

4.09 

1.91 

2.18 

2.59 

3.00 

3.55 

4.09 

1600 

2.42 

3.39 

4.36 

2.04 

2.33 

2.76 

3.20 

3.78 

4.36 

1700 

2.58 

3.61 

4.64 

2.16 

2.47 

2.94 

3.40 

4.02 

4.64 

1800 

2.73 

3.82 

4.91 

2.29 

2.62 

3.11 

3.60 

4.25 

4.91 

1900 

2.88 

4.03 

5.18 

2.42 

2.76 

3.28 

3.80 

4.49 

5.18 

2000 

3.03 

4.24 

5.45 

2.55 

2.91 

3.45 

4.00 

4.73 

5.45 

2100 

3.18 

4.45 

5.73 

2.67 

3.05 

3.63 

4.20 

4.96 

5.73 

2200 

3.33 

4.67 

6.00 

2.80 

3.20 

3.80 

4.40 

5.20 

6.00 

2300 

3.49 

4.88 

6.27 

2.93 

3.35 

3.97 

4.60 

5.44 

6.27 

2400 

3.64 

5.09 

6.55 

3.05 

3.49 

4.15 

4.80 

5.67 

6.55 

2500 

3.79 

5.30 

6.82 

3.18 

3.64 

4.32 

5.00 

5.91 

5.82 

2600 

3.94 

5.52 

7.09 

3.24 

3.78 

4.49 

5.20 

6.15 

7.09 

2700 

4.09 

5.73 

7.36 

3.28 

3.85 

4.66 

5.40 

6.38 

7.36 

2800 

4.24 

5.94 

7.64 

3.31 

3.86 

4.73 

5.60 

6.62 

7.64 

2900 

4.39 

6.15 

7.91 

3.32 

3.87 

4.78 

5.80 

6.85 

8.91 

3000 

4.50 

6.36 

8.18 

3.31 

3.86 

4.75 

5.97 

7.09 

9.18 

3100 

4.60 

6.58 

8.45 

3.30 

3.85 

4.73 

5.96 

7.33 

8.45 

3200 

4.69 

6.79 

8.70 

3.28 

3.82 

4.71 

5.94 

7.37 

8.73 

3300 

4.77 

7.00 

8.86 

3.24 

3.77 

4.70 

5.92 

7.35 

8.88 

3400 

4.84 

7.21 

8.96 

3.19 

3.71 

4.64 

5.87 

7.32 

8.86 

3500 

4.90 

7.31 

9.06 

3.13 

3.61 

4.50 

5.78 

7.26 

8.80 

3600 

4.95 

7.40 

9.16 

3.05 

3.50 

4.37 

5.67 

7.16 

8.73 

3700 

4.99 

7.48 

9.24 

2.96 

3.39 

4.26 

5.55 

7.01 

8.58 

3800 

5.03 

7.54 

9.29 

2.84 

3.28 

4.15 

5.41 

6.87 

8.41 

3900 

5.06 

7.60 

9.34 

2.72 

3.13 

4.02 

5.20 

6.70 

9.27 

4000 

5.08 

7.64 

9.37 

2.58 

2.95 

3.84 

5.01 

6.48 

8.04 

4200 

5.10 

7.70 

9.38 

2.27 

2.55 

3.37 

4.52 

5.98 

7.51 

4500 

5.07 

7.69 

9.27 

1.64 

1.77 

2.45 

3.68 

5.05 

6.55 

5000 

4.82 

7.42 

8.75 

0.42 

0.55 

0.61 

1.55 

2.78 

4.32 

733 


734 


MENSURATION  DATA 

Circumference  of  a circle  = diameter  X 22/7  or  3.146. 

Area  of  circle  = square  of  diameter  X .78.54. 

Area  of  sector  of  circle  = length  of  arc  X V%  of  radius. 

Area  of  triangle  = Yi  of  base  X perpendicular  height. 

Area  of  equilateral  triangle  = square  of  side  X .433. 

Area  of  regular  polygon.  Inscribe  a circle,  then,  of  radius  of  circle  X 
length  of  one  side  X number  of  sides. 

Area  of  a parabola  = base  X height  X %■ 

Area  of  an  ellipse  = long  axis  X short  X .7854. 

To  find  one  side  of  a square  equal  in  diameter  to  a given  circle  = diameter 
of  circle  X .8862. 

To  find  diameter  of  a circle  equal  to  a given  square  = side  X 1 .1284. 

Side  of  square  inscribed  in  circle  = diameter  of  circle  X .707. 

Diameter  of  circle  circumscribing  square  = side  of  square  X 1.414. 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


CONVERSION  FACTORS 


lb.  per  sq.  inch  = .0703  kilos  per  sq.  centimeter, 

kilo  per  sq.  centimeter  = 14.223  pounds  per  sq.  inch. 


lb.  per  cubic  foot  = 16.018  kilos  per  cubic  meter, 
kilo  per  cubic  meter  = .064  lbs.  per  cu.  ft. 


lb.  per  gallon 
kilo  per  liter 


= .09983  kilos  per  liter. 
= 10.438  lbs.  per  gallon. 


grain  per  inch  = .0255  grammes  per  centimeter, 

gramme  per  centimeter  = 39.198  grains  per  inch. 


grain  per  inch  = .00514  lbs.  per  yard, 

lb.  per  yard  = 194.444  grains  per  inch. 


gramme  per  centimeter=  .2016  lbs.  per  yard. 

lb.  per  yard  = 4.96054  grammes  per  centimeter. 


kilo  per  meter 
lb.  per  yard 


= 2.016  lbs.  per  yard. 
= .496  kilos  per  meter. 


oz.  per  sq.  yard  = 33.905  grammes  per  sq.  meter, 

grain  per  sq.  meter  = .02949  oz.  per  sq.  yard. 


735 


TABLE  OF  DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS 


Inches 

MM.  || 

Inches 

MM. 

Inches 

MM. 

1/64 

.015625 

.397 

23/04 

.359375 

9.128 

45/64 

.703125 

17.859 

1/32 

.03125 

.794 

3/8 

.3750 

9.525 

23/32 

.71875 

18.256 

3/64 

.046875 

1.191 

25/64 

.390625 

9.922 

47/04 

.734375 

18.053 

1/16 

.0625 

1.588 

13/32 

.40625 

10.319 

3/4 

.75 

19.050 

5/64 

.078125 

1.984 

27/64 

.421875 

10.716 

49/04 

.765625 

19.447 

3/32 

.09375 

2.381 

7/16 

.4375 

11.113 

25/32 

.78125 

19.844 

7/64 

.109375 

2.778 

29/64 

.453125 

11.509 

51/04 

.796875 

20.241 

1/8 

.1250 

3.175 

15/32 

.46875 

11.906 

13/16 

.8125 

20.638 

9/64 

.140625 

3.572 

31/64 

.484375 

12.303 

53/64 

.828125 

21.034 

5/32 

.15625 

3.969 

1/2 

.5 

12.700 

27/32 

.84375 

21.431 

11/64 

.171875 

4.366 

33/64 

.515625 

13.097 

55/64 

.859375 

21.828 

3/16 

.1875 

4.763 

17/32 

.53125 

13.494 

7/8 

.875 

22.225 

13/64 

.203125 

5.159 

35/04 

.546875 

13.891 

57/64 

.890625 

22.622 

7/32 

.21875 

5.556 

9/16 

.5625 

14.288 

29/32 

.90625 

23.019 

15/64 

.234375 

5.953 

37/64 

.578125 

14.684 

59/64 

.921875 

23.416 

1/4 

.2500 

6.350 

19/32 

.59375 

15.081 

15/16 

.9375 

23.813 

17/64 

.265625 

6.747 

39/64 

.609375 

15.478 

61/64 

.953125 

24.209 

9/32 

.28125 

7.144 

5/8 

.625 

15.875 

31/32 

.96875 

24.606 

19/64 

.296875 

7.541 

41/64 

.640625 

16.272 

63/64 

.984375 

25.003 

5/16 

.3125 

7.938 

21/32 

.65625 

16.669 

1 

1.000 

25.400 

21/64 

.328125 

8.334 

43/64 

.671875 

17.066 

11/32 

.34375 

8.731 

11/16 

.6875 

17.463 

MILLIMETERS  REDUCED  TO  DECIMALS  OF  AN  INCH 


MM. 

Inches 

MM. 

Inches 

MM. 

Inch es 

MM. 

Inches 

MM. 

Inches 

1 

.03937 

21 

.82677 

41 

1.61417 

61 

2.40157 

81 

3.18897 

2 

.07874 

22 

.86614 

42 

1.65354 

62 

2.44094 

82 

3.22834 

3 

.11811 

23 

.90551 

43 

1.69291 

63 

2.48031 

83 

3.26771 

4 

.15748 

24 

.94488 

44 

1.73228 

64 

2.51968 

84 

3.30708 

5 

.19685 

25 

.98425 

45 

1.77165 

65 

2.55905 

85 

3.34645 

6 

.23622 

26 

1.02362 

46 

1.81102 

66 

2.59842 

86 

3.38582 

7 

.27559 

27 

1.06299 

47 

1.85039 

67 

2.63779 

87 

3.42519 

8 

.31496 

28 

1.10236 

48 

1.88976 

68 

2.67716 

88 

3.46456 

9 

.35433 

29 

1.14173 

49 

1.92913 

69 

2.71653 

89 

3.50393 

10 

.39370 

30 

1.18110 

50 

1.96850 

70 

2.75590 

90 

3.54330 

11 

.43307 

31 

1.22047 

51 

2.00787 

71 

2.79527 

91 

3.58267 

12 

.47244 

32 

1.25984 

52 

2.04724 

72 

2.83464 

92 

3.62204 

13 

.51181 

33 

1.29921 

53 

2.08661 

73 

2.S7401 

93 

3.66141 

14 

.55118 

34 

1.33858 

54 

2.12598 

74 

2.91338 

94 

3.70078 

15 

.59055 

35 

1.37795 

55 

2.16535 

75 

2.95275 

95 

3.74015 

16 

.62992 

36 

1.41732 

56 

2.20472 

76 

2.99212 

96 

3.77952 

17 

.66929 

37 

1.45669 

57 

2.24409 

77 

3.03149 

97 

3.81S89 

18 

.70866 

38 

1.49606 

58 

2.28346 

78 

3.07086 

98 

3.85S26 

19 

.74803 

39 

1.53543 

59 

2.32283 

79 

3.11023 

99 

3.S976S 

20 

.78740 

40 

1 .57480 

1 60 

2.36220 

80 

3.14960 

73G 


TABLE  OF  INTERRELATION  OF  UNITS  OF  MEASUREMENT 


LENGTH 


Units 

Inches 

Feet 

Yards 

Centimeters 

Meters 

I inch 

1 

.0833333 

.0277778 

2.540005 

.02540005 

1 foot 

12 

1 

.333333 

30.48006 

.3048006 

1 yard 

36 

3 

1 

91.44018 

.9144018 

1 cm. 

.3937 

.03280833 

.010936111 

1 

.01 

1 meter 

39.37 

3.280833 

1.0936111 

100 

1 

AREA 


Units 

Square 

Inches 

Square 

Feet 

Square 

Yards 

Square 

Centimeters 

Square 

Meters 

1 sq. inch 

1 

.00694444 

.000771605 

6.451626 

.0006451626 

1 sq. foot 

144 

1 

.1111111 

929.0341 

.09290341 

I sq.  yard 

1296 

9 

1 

8361.307 

.8361307 

1 sq.  cm. 

.1549997 

.001076387 

.0001195985 

1 

.0001 

1 sq.  meter 

1549.9969 

10.76387 

1.195985 

10000 

1 

VOLUME 


Units 

Cubic 

Inch 

Cubic 

Feet 

Cubic 

Yards 

Cubic 

Centimeters 

Cubic 

Meters 

1 cu. inch 

i 

.000578704 

.00002143347 

16.387162 

.00001638716 

1 cu. foot 

1728 

1 

.037037 

28317.016 

.028317016 

1 cu.  yard 

46656 

27 

i 

764559.4 

.7645594 

1 cu.  cm. 

.06102338 

.00003531445 

.00000130794 

1 

.000001 

1 cu.  meter 

61023.38 

35.31445 

1.3079428 

1000000 

1 

WEIGHT 


Units 

Grains 

Drams 

Avoirdupois 

Ounces 

Avoirdupois 

Pounds 

Grams 

Kilograms 

1 

.03657143 

.00228571 

.0001428571 

.064798918 

0000647989 

27.34375 

1 

.0625 

.0001395 

1.772 

.001772  i 

437.5 

16 

1 

.0625 

28.349527 

.02834953 

7000 

256 

16 

1 

453.5924277 

.4535924277 

15.432356 

.05643833 

.03527396 

.00220462 

1 

.001 

1 kilogram 

15432.356 

564.38332 

35.27396 

2.204622341 

1000 

1 

737 


- 


VIEWS  OF  COTTON  MILLS 


740 


Naumkeag  Steam  Cotton  Co.,  Sai.em.  Mass. 
1.50,356  Spindles,  2934  Looms 
Cotton  Sheetings 


741 


Naumkeag  Steam  Cotton  Co.,  Salem,  Mass. 
Picker  Room 


(42 


Naumkeag  Steam  Cotton  Co.,  Salem,  Mass. 


74:J 


Natjmkeag  Steam  Cotton  Co.,  Salem,  Mass. 
Spinning  Department  • 


714 


Naumkeag  Steam  Cotton  Co.,  Salem,  Mass. 
Slasher  Room 


745 


Quissett  Mill,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

80,000  Ring  Spindles 
Combed  Egyptian  and  Sea  Island  Yarns 


46 


Soule  Mill,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

45, (>!)(>  Ring  Spindles,  1150  Bnuid  Looms,  1150  Narrow  Looms 
Lawns  and  Organdies,  Cotton  and  Silk 


747 


International  Cotton  Mills,  Lowell,  Mass. 


48 


M ASSAC1IUSKTTS  COTTON  MlLLS,  LOWELL,  MASS. 
17<>,232  Ring'  Spindles,  .j()5(>  Looms 
Denims,  Clinmliniys,  (iinglmms.  Rlankels,  Klii.nelett.es,  etc. 


749 


of  the  Pacific  Mills,  Lawrence, 
184,096  Ring  Spindles,  3811  Looms 
Prints  and  Fancy  Cotton  Fabrics 


750 


New  Bedford  Cotton  Mills  Coup.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
4d,00()  Ring  Spindles,  1400  Looms 
Fine  ( ’otton  Goods 


751 


Great  Falls  Mfg.  Co.,  Somersworth, 
125,100  Ring  Spindles,  2650  Looms 
Sateens  and  Coutils 


Nashua  Mfg.  Co.,  Jackson  Mill,  Nashua,  N.  H. 
03,400  Ring  Spindles,  1722  Looms 
Sheetings,  Drills,  Domets  and  Flannels 


i 02 


American  Cotton  Fabric  Cohi\.  Passaic  Mills  Division,  Passaic, 

Tire  Fabrics 


754 


Amkiucan  Cotton  Faiiuic  Coiii*.,  Passaic  Division,  Passaic 

Picker  Room 


755 


American  Cotton  Fabric  Corp.,  Passaic  Division,  Passaic, 
Carding  and  Drawing  Department 


756 


Amkiiican  Cotton  Kahkic  Cori\,  Passaic  Division,  Passaic 

Spinning  Hoorn 


758 


Riverside  and  1)an  River  Cotton  Mills.  Danville,  \ a. 
411.864  Ring  Spindles.  11,704  Looms 
CliamLrays.  (linghams.  Sliirliiigs,  Sheetings,  Cheviots,  ete. 


759 


Riverside  and  Dan  River  Cotton  Mills,  Danville, 
Slasher  Room 


GO 


Flint  River  Cotton  Mills,  Albany,  G 
22,210  King  Spiiidlos,  520  Broad  Looms 
Shod  ings 


761 


Massachusetts  Cotton  Mills,  Lindale,  Ga. 
102,016  Ring  Spindles,  460  Broad  Looms,  2734  Narrow  Looms 
Sheetings,  Shirtings,  Ducks,  Drills,  Flannels  and  Denims 


02 


Dwight  Mfg.  Co.,  Alabama  City. 
74,492  Ring  Spindles,  1 {)(>()  Looms 
Sheetings,  Drills  and  Duck 


703 


Brown  and  Bleached  Sheeting: 


764 


Musgrove  Mills,  Gaffney,  S.  C. 
15,000  Ring  Spindles,  400  Broad  Looms 
Cotton  Goods 


765 


:olet  Mfg.  Co.,  Pacolet,  S.  < 
,184  Ring  Spindles,  2080  Looms 
Sheetings,  Drills  and  Twills 


66 


Winnshoko  Mills,  Winnshoko, 
77.0t28  Kin<«  Spindles 


Dunean  Mills,  Greenville,  S.  ( 
50,720  Ring  Spindles,  1200  Looms 
Picker  Room 


768 


Dunean  Mills,  Greenville, 
Warping  1 )epartment 


c 

c 


C 


jj 


769 


.Brandon  Mills,  Creenville,  b.  C. 
Duck  Mill.  (5712  Spindles,  52  Looms) 
87,808  Ring  Spindles,  2200  Broad  Looms 
Converters  Cloths,  Sateens  and  Sheetings 


770 


Miller  Cotton  Mills,  Waco,  Texas 
10,000  Spindles,  .‘3.50  Looms 
Mine  Denims 


Cosmos  Cotton  Co.,  Yarmouth,  Nova  Scotia 
19,508  Ring  Spindles,  18(i  Looms 

Cotton  Duck,  Paper  Felts,  Hose  and  Belting,  Press  Cloths  and  Twines 


772 


Compania  dio  Industhias  Textis,  Salto,  Brazil 
Complete  Installation  of  Saco- Lowell  Machinery  for  Waste  Yarns 


773 


Inca  Cotton  Mills,  Lima,  Peru 
Largest  Cotton  Mill  in  Peru 


774 


"'aukica  Ki.  Tkimdad,  IYkhla,  Mexico 


775 


Ebmundo  Bebie,  La  Farga,  San  Quirico  de  Besora,  Spain 


776 


Riva  y Garcia,  San  Hipolito  re  Voltbeqa,  Spain 


777 


Toyq  Cotton  Spinning  Co.,  No.  1 Mill,  Yamada,  Japan 
30,000  Ring  Spindles.  Cotton  Yarns 
This  Company  Operates  100,000  Spindles  of  Saco-Lowell  Machinery 


778 


Intkuioh  of  Toyo  Cotton  Spinning  Co.  Mill,  Yamaha,  Japan 


779 


Cotton  Mixing  Room  of  the  Toyo,  Yamaha  Mill 


780 


Drawing  and  Roving  Machinery  in  Torn  Cotton  Spinning  Co.,  Yamada,  Japan 


781 


Sanko  Cotton  Spinning  Mill,  Tokio,  Japan 
Roving  Frames 


Spinning  Machinkhv,  Sanko  Cotton  Spinning  Mii.i..  Siiidzouka,  Japan 
.‘{2,000  l{ing  Spindles 
Colton  Yarns 


S3 


Card  Room  op  the  Nagoya  Spinning  Mill,  Nagoya,  Japan 
35,000  Ring'  Spindles 
Cotton  Yarns 


784 


Kasiiiwara  Spinning  & Weaving  Co.,  Kasiiiwara,  Japan 
12,000  Spindles.  Saco-Lowell  Machinery 


785 


Nagasaki  Spinning  & Weaving  Mill,  Nagasaki,  Japan 
12,000  Spindles 

This  Company  Operates  60,000  Spindles  of  Saco-Lowell  Machinery 


7 S(i 


Spinning  Room  ok  the 

Mousselaine  ok  Laine  Spinning  & Weaving  Mill.  Osaka.  Japan 
IK), 000  Spindles.  Saco- Rowell  Maeliinery 


78' 


Godown  and  Office  of  the  Wing  On  Co.,  Shanghai,  China 
30,720  Ring  Spindles 


788 


Intkhioh  of  Wing  On  Miu„  Shanghai,  China 


789 


IIou  Sung  Cotton  Mills,  Shanghai,  China 
49,536  Ring  Spindles,  396  Looms 


790 


Waii  IIsinc;  Cotton  Mills,  Tientsin.  China 
L27.072  Ring  Spindles 


791 


Interior  of  the  Heng  Yuen  Cotton  Mill,  Tientsin,  China 
30,720  Ring  Spindles,  200  Looms 


92 


Yu  Yuan  Cotton  Mill,  Tientsin,  China 
71,3(10  Ring  Spindles,  1,000  Looms 


793 


Great  China  Cotton  Mills,  Shanghai,  China 
42,104  Ring  Spindles 


794 


Fabrica  de  IIilados  y Tejidos  Del  Hato  Medellin,  Colombia, 
3300  Spindles.  Saeo-Lowcll  Machinery 


Index 


Adjustable  (irids  for  Vertical 


< Ipjeher If 

Adjustable  Grids  for  Lappcrs  77 

Apron  Conveyors  26-27 

Area  of  Circles  and  other  plane 

figures  735 

Area,  Metric  vs.  U.  S.  Standard 

units 737 

Automatic  Feeders 37 

Automatic  Hopper  Feed  Regu- 
lator  41 

Automatic  Distributors 31 

Rale  Breaker,  No.  -t 7 

Bale  Breaker,  Motor  Drive  . . 330 

Bale  Breaker  Specifications  . . 330 

Ball  Bearings  for  Lappers 74 

Ball  Bearing  Top  Rolls  for 

Roving  Frames 201 

Bailers  29.5 

Reamer  305 

Ream  Warpers  283 

Bearings,  Ring  Oiling,  Lappers  75 

Beater  Locks 73 

Beats  per  inch,  Lapper  Beaters  358 

Belt  Guards  for  Lappers 85 

Belt  List  for  Openers  and  Lap- 
pers   380 

Belt  List  for  Cards  393 

Belt  Shippers  for  Cards  133 

Belts  — Power  transmitted  by  733 

Belting  Data 734 

Birkenhead  Creels  for  Roving 

Frames 198 

Birkenhead  Creels  for  Spinning 

Frames 207 

Bin  Distributors 29 

Bins,  Capacity  of  Cotton 349 

Bobbin  Charts,  Roving 454-455 

Bobbins,  Spinning  512-513 

Bobbin  Charts,  Twisters  . .570-571 

Bobbin  Gauges,  Roving  204 

Breaker  Lapper,  Condenser  and 

Gauge  Box  57 

Breaker  Lapper,  Screen  Section  57 

Breaker  Lapper,  with  Automatic 

Feeder  57 

Breaker  Lapper,  Two-Beater 
Machines 59 


I Breaker  Lapper  with  Exhaust 

Opener  Section  59 

Breaker  Lapper  with  Feeder 

and  Evener 60 

Waste  Carding  and  Spinning.  . 137 

Buckley  Cylinders  (Lapper)  . 76 

Builder  Motion,  Spinning 218 

Butterworth  Shoddy  Picker  . 116 

Calender,  3-Roll  for  Waste  Ala- 

chine  105 

Calender  Rolls  for  Drawing 

Frames 169 

Card  Appurtenances:  Fancy  Roll  141 

Mote  Knife  Roll 143 

Card  & Picker  Waste  Cleaner.  93-95 

Card  Clothing  Data  393 

Card  Extras  393 

Carding  Beaters  67 

Carding,  the  Process  of 119 

Carding  Waste  Stock  135-147 

Cards,  Description  of  121 

Card  Stripper 151 

Card  Stripper  Condensers  . . 153 

Care  of 

Cards 394 

Drawing  Frames  416 

Picking  Machinery  348 

Roving  Frames 452 

Slashers  695 

Spinning  Frames  508 

Spoolers  647 

Twisters 562 

Centigrade  vs.  Farenheit 722 

Chain  Belts,  Power  transmitted 

by  ...  733 

Cleaning  Trunk  46 

Cleanout  for  Card  and  Picker 

Waste  Cleaners 95 

Clearers  for  Drawing 173-175 

Coders,  Method  of  setting  on 

drawing  frame  414 

Combination  Beam  and  Leesc 

Warpers 293 

Combing  Roll  for  Feeder  39 

Compound  for  Roving  Frames  . 199 

Condenser  for  Card  Stripper  . 153 

Condensers  21-23 

Cone  Belts  on  Roving 448 

795 


INDEX  — Continued 


Contraction  in  Yarn  due  to 

Twist  556 

Conversion  Factors  — Metric 

and  American  systems  737 

Conversion  Tables  for  number- 
ing yarn  716-720 

Conveying  Machinery 5 

Conveying  System  — table  of 

eqidpment  337 

Cotton  Bales,  Size  of 711 

Cotton  Bins,  Capacity  of 349 

Cotton  Grading  711 

Cotton,  Varieties  of 710 

Counts  — conversion  tables  .710-720 

Creels  for  Warpers  289 

Cylinder  Grinder  for  Waste  Ala- 

chines  110 

Cylinder  Speeds,  Spinning  . .539-542 

Decimal  Equivalents  of  Frac- 
tions   736 

Diameter  of  yarns  717 

Differential  Motion  (Roving)  . 199 

Distributor,  Automatic 28-31 

Distributor,  Bin 29 

Doffer.  Revolutions  per  minute  402- 

403 

Double  Carding  135 

Double  Distributor  33 

Doubling  and  Twisting  Frames.  235 
Draft  Calculations  and  Tables: 

Card 400 

Drawing  Frames  417-419 

Evener  Drawing  Frames  . . 439 

Lappers  352-353 

Roving  Frames 470-471 

Spinning  Frame  527 

SpinningFrame  Change 

Gears  529 

Spinning  Frame  Constants  528 

Drawing  Frame  163 

Drawing  Frame  Roll  Weights  . 415 

Dust  Chimney  Area  349 

Dust  Room  Area  349 

Elevator  for  Laps 81 

English  Shoddy  Picker  113 

Evener  Drawing  Frame  179 

Evener,  No.  5 Lapper  64 


Fancy  Roll  for  Cards 

Fans  for  Conveying  Systems. 

Fahrenheit  vs.  Centigrade 

Feeder,  No.  5 

Feeder  in  connection  with  Waste 

Machinery 

Feeders,  Tandem 

Feed  Plate  for  Waste  Opener. 
Feed  Regulator  for  Bale  Breaker 
Feed  Regulator  for  No.  5 

Feeder  

Feed  Table  

Field  Patent  Electric  Yarn  In- 
spector for  Twisters 

Five-Section  Waste  Opener 

Flyers,  Roving  

Four-Coiler  Front  for  Cards 
Four-Section  Waste  Opener 
French  Yarn  Numbering  Sys. 
Front  Plate  for  Cards 


141 

21 

722 

37 

88 

43 

107 

9 

41 

11 

260 

103 

202 

145 

103 

716 

124 


Galvanized  Pipe  for  Card  Strip- 
pers   153 

Galvanized  Pipe  for  Conveying 

System 24 

Gear  Drive  for  Slasher  Cylinder  309 

Grading  Cotton  711 

Gordon  Card  Attachment  149 

Grids,  Pat.  Adj.  Lappers 77 

Grids,  Patent  Adjustable  for 

A’ertical  Openers 14 

Grinder  for  Cards  131 

Grinder  for  Waste  Openers  . 110 

Hand  of  Twisters 255-567 

Hank  Clock  and  Stop  Alotion 

for  Drawing  Frames 172 

Hank  Clock  for  Roving  203 

Hank  Clock  for  Spinning  223 

Hank  Clock  for  Twisters  . 245-257 

Hank  Clocks,  Directions  for 

Ordering 151 

Hank  of  Laps 349 

Hank  of  Laps  (French  System)  349 

Hot  Air  Slasher 315 

Humidity  Tables  725-729 

Installation  of  Slashers 695 

Intermediate  Lapper 63 

Knee  Brakes.  Twister  249 


196 


INDEX  — Continued 


Lap  Counting  Device  55 

Lap  Elevator  81 

Lappers  51 

Lap  Rods 79 

Laps,  Weight  of  for  Finisher 

Card 409 

Laps,  Weight  of  Picker 349 

Lap  Trucks  83 

Lap  Winders 157 

Large-Capacity  Willow 91 

Lattice  Conveyors 26-27 

Lattice  Feed  Table  11 

Lay  Gears  on  Roving  Frame 
(See  production  tables)  . . 479-493 
Leese  Clock  Change  Gears  . .666-670 

Leese  Warpers  293 

Length,  Metric  vs.  American  . 737 

Length  of  Roving  Frames  . 456-457 
Length  of  Roving  Frames,  Met- 
ric   458 

Length  of  Spinning  Frame  .516-521 
Length  of  Spinning  Frame,  Met- 
ric   522-523 

Length  of  Spoolers 653 

Length  of  Twisters  572-576 

Length  of  Twisters,  Metric  . . . 577 

Length,  Table  of  Skeins  and 


Hanks 498-555 

Lickerin,  Cards 125 

Lickerin  Wire,  Point-Hardened  126 

Lightning  Tie  Cutter 79 

Lock  for  Lap  Winder  159 


Machinery-Moving  Trucks  ...  85 

Mensuration  Data  735 

Metallic  Rolls,  Drawing 175 

Metallic  Thread  Boards,  Twister  243 
Metric  Conversion  Factors  ...  735 

Metric  Conversion  Tables  ....  736 

Metric  Lengths  of  Roving 

Frames 458 

Metric  Lengths  of  Spinning 

Frames 523 

Metric  Lengths  of  Twisters  . . . 577 

Metric  System  of  Numbering 

Yarn 712 

Millimeters  reduced  to  decimals 

of  an  inch  736 

Mills,  Photographs  of  ....  740-794 

Mote  Knife  Roll,  Cards  143 


Motor  Drive  for  Lappers  71 

Motor  Drive  for  Spinning 

Frames 221 

Motor  Drive  for  Twisters 253 

Motor  Drive  on  W-3  Waste 
Opener 373 

Nivling  System  of  Size  Circu- 
lation   320 

Notes  on  Specifications: 

Card  and  Picker  Waste 

Cleaner  367 

Cards 389 

Card  Stripper 391 

Drawing  Frame  413 

Lappers  347 

Openers  345 

Roving  Frames 447 

Slashers  690 

Spinning  Frames  505 

Spoolers  645 

Twisters 562 

Warpers  657 

W-3  Waste  Openers 370 

Novelty  Yarns  260 

Numbering  Card  and  Drawing 

Frame  Slivers 415-497 

Numbering  Cotton  and  other 

fibres  712 

Numbering  Cotton  Yarn  . 549-554 

Numbering  Plied  Yarns  . . . 713,  720 

Numbering  Roving  494-497 

Numbering  Yarns,  Comparative 
Tables 714 


One-Section  Waste  Opener  ....  101 

Opener,  Nos.  7 & 9 45 

Opening  Machinery 5 

Operating,  Notes  on: 

Care  of  Cards 394 

Care  of  Drawing  Frames  . 416 

Care  of  Roving  Frames  . . . 452 

Care  of  Spinning  Frames  . 508 

Changing  Hank  Roving  on 

Roving  Frames  499 

Miscellaneous  Rules  for 

Spinning 556 

Picking  Machinery  348 

Setting  Beaters 349 

Setting  of  Cards 395 


797 


INDEX  — Continued 


Operating,  Notes  on  (continued): 

Setting  of  Coilers 414 

Setting  Waste  Machine 

Cylinders 371 

Slashers  69.5 

Spoolers  647 

Twisters .566 

Ounces  reduced  to  grains  5.54 

Pipe  for  Card  Stripper  . 153 

Pipe  for  Conveying  System  . 24 

Plied  Yarns,  System  of  Number- 
ing   713 

Porcupine  Cylinder  76 

Positive  Expansion  Comb  for 

Slasher  <507 

Positive  Expansion  Comb  for 

Warper 664 

Positive  Expansion  Combs  290 

Power  Required  for  Cotton  Ma- 
chinery   730 

Power  Requirements: 

Bale  Breaker 330 

Butterworth  Shoddy  Picker  379 
C a r d a n d P i c k e r Waste 

Cleaner  366 

Cards 390 

Card  Strippers  392 

Condensers  334-336 

Distributors  341 

Drawing  Frames  414 

English  Shoddy  Picker  376 

Evener  Drawing  Frames  . 436 

Fans  332 

Feed  Table  332 

Lappers  350 

Lap  Winders 409 

No.  5 Feeder 343 

Roving  Frame  4.50 

Slasher 700 

Spinning  Frame  511 

Spooler 650 

Thread  Extractor 368 

Twister  56.5 

Warpers  658 

Willow 362 

W-3  Waste  Opener  . 372-373 
Power  transmitted  by  Belts  . . 733 

Power  transmitted  by  Chain  733 

Power  transmitted  by  Shafting  734 


Production  Calculation  — Rov- 
ing   500 

Production  Constants  — Draw- 
ing   420 

Production  Constants  — Roving  498 
Production  Constants  — Spin- 
ning   55.5 

Production  Data  and  Tables: 

Bale  Breaker 330 

Card  and  Picker  Waste 

Cleaner  3(56 

Card  — Production  tables  401 
Condenser,  No.  1 334 

Condenser,  No.  6 336 

Condenser,  No.  9 33.5 

Conveying  System 337 

Distributors  341 

Drawing  Frames  420-426 

Evener  Drawing  Frames  441-442 
Lapper  Production  Tables  3.50- 
3.5.5-357 

Lap  Winders 408 

No.  5 Feeder 343 

Roving  Frames 479-493 

Shoddy  Picker,  Butter- 

worth  379 

Shoddy  Picker,  English  . . 376 

Slashers  698-699 


Spinning  — Filling  ^ arn  .54.5 

Spinning  — Hosiery  Yarn  . 546 

Spinning  — Warp  Yarn  . .544 

Spoolers  651 

Thread  Extractor 368 

Twister  637-642 


Vertical  Opener  331 

Warpers 675-686 

Willow 362 

W-3  Waste  Opener  372 

Pulley  Speed  — Twisters  . . .593-597 


Ratio,  Cylinder  to  Whirl  — 

Spinning  534-538 

Ratio,  Cylinder  to  Whirl  — 

Twisters 592 

Revolving  Clearers,  Drawing  175 

Rings,  Twister  247 

Roll  Sizes  on  Roving  Frames  449 

Roll  Sizes  on  Spinning  Frames  507 
Roll  Weights  on  Drawing 
Frames 41.5 


INDEX  — Continued 


Roving  Frame  Roister  Sizes  . . 148 

Roving  Frame  Cone  Belts  . . 448 

Roving  Frame  Creel  Space  ....  450 

Roving  Frame  Rolls  200 

Roving  Frame  Spindle  Sizes  . . 448 

Roving,  The  Process  of 187 

Roving  Waste  Machines 98 

Rule  for  Changing  Hank  on 
Roving  Frames 499 

Self-Aligning  Bearings .'58,  75 

Selley  Device  for  Slashers 318 

Separators  (Spinning) 220 

Setting  Beaters 349 

Setting  Cards  395 

Setting  Coders  of  Drawing  Frames  414 
Setting  Waste  Machine  Cylinders  349 
Sewing  Machine  for  Tapes  . 229 

Shafting,  Power  transmitted  by  734 
Shoddy  Picker,  Butterworth 

Pattern 116 

Shoddy  Picker,  English  Pattern  1 13 
Silk,  Systems  of  Numbering  .712-713 
Six-Section  Waste  Opener  . 103 

Size  Kettles 318 

Size  of  Cotton  Bales  711 

Size,  Preparation  and  Circula- 
tion of 320 

Size  Pumps 327 

Sizing,  Saco-Lowell  Circulating 

Size  System  325 

Sizing,  The  Nivling  System  . . . 320 

Skewers,  Roving  Frame  . 454-455 

Slasher  Appurtenances 316 

Slasher  Combs  303 

Slasher  Cylinder  and  Center 

Frame  '. 307 

Slasher  Extras 694 

Slasher  Head  Ends  301 

Slasher,  Hot  Air 315 

Slasher  Positive  Gear  Drive  . . 309 

Slasher  Regular  Equipment  . . 694 

Slasher  Size  Vat 310 

Slashers  299 

Slashers,  Area  of  contact  of  yarn  700 
Slashers,  Hot  Air,  Area  of  heat- 
ing surface  700 

Slipp  Device  for  Slashers  313 

Soaping  device  for  Waste  Opener  1 09 
Space  in  Roving  Creels 450 


Specifications: 

Bale  Breaker,  No.  4 330 

Butterworth  Shoddy  Picker  379 
Card  and  Picker  Waste 

Cleaner  366 

Cards 388 

Card  Strippers  391 

Condensers  333 

Distributor  341 

Drawing  Frame  412 

English  Shoddy  Picker  . 376 

Evener  Drawing  Frame  . . 436 

Feeder.  No.  5 343 

Hank  Clocks 451 

Tappers  346 

Openers  344 

Roving  Frames 446 

Roving  Waste  and  Hard 

Waste  Openers 369 

Slashers  688 

Spinning  F’rames  502 

Spoolers  644 

Thread  Extractor's  368 

T wisters 560 

Vertical  Openers 331 

Warpers 656 

Willow 362 

Spindle  Sizes  on  Roving  Frames  448 


Spindle  Speed  on  Roving  Frames 
(See  production  tables) 

479-493 


Spindles,  Spinning  Frame 227 

Spindles,  Twister 249 

Spinning  Frame  207 

Spinning  Frame,  Motor  Drive  . 221 

Spinning  Frame,  Pape  Drive  225 

Spiral  Gear  Drive  for  Evener 

in  Lapper  65 

Split  Lap  Preventer 78 

Spooler 263 

Spooler  Bobbin  Holder  271 

Spooler,  different  models  273 

Spooler,  Methods  of  Applying 

Bands 648 

Spooler  Thread  Guides 270 

Spooler  Traverse  Table 649 

Spooling  from  Filling- Wound 

Bobbins 279 

Spring  Combs  for  Warper, 

Table  of 663 

99 


INDEX  — Continued 


Sprocket  for  Card  Flats  129 

Steel  Lap  Rod  79 

Stop  Motion  for  D rawing 

Frames 172 

Stop  Motion  for  Twister 259 

Stop  Motion  Spoons,  Drawing  171 
Systems  of  Numbering  Yarn.  712 

Table  of  Warper  Creels 289 

Tandem  Feeder  43 

Tandem  Lap  Attachment  for 

Waste  Card 146 

Tandem  Vertical  Openers 17 

Tape  Drive  for  Spinning 

Frames 225 

Tape  Drive  for  Spoolers. 269 

Tape  Drive  for  Twisters 255 

Tape  for  Spinning  Frames  . 557 

Tape  Sewing  Machine 229 

Tension  Gears  on  Roving  (See 

Production  Tables)  479-493 

Thermometer  Scales  722 

Thomas  Automatic  Regulator  . 35 

Thompson  Stripping  Roll  . . 128 

Thread  Boards,  Spinning  211 

Thread  Boards,  Twister  243 

Thread  Extractor 97 

Thread  Guide  for  Spooler 270 

Three-roll  Calender  for  Waste 

Opener  105 

Three-Section  Waste  Opener.  . . 103 

Tie-Cutter  for  Cotton  Bales  ...  79 

Top  Clearers  for  Drawing 

F’rames 173 

Top  Flats  (Cards)  127 

Track  for  Handling  Section 

Beams  in  Slasher  Creel 700 

Trap  Twister  259 

Travelers,  Number  and  Weight 

of 547 

Travelers,  Numbers  for  different 

counts  548 

Truck  for  Laps  83 

Trucks  for  Moving  Machinery  85 

Trunk 46 

Twist  Constants  and  Tables: 

Roving  Frame  472 

Roving  Frame  Change  Gear  473 
Roving  Frame  Twist  Ta- 
bles   474-477 


Twist  Constants  and  Tables: 

Spinning  Frame  Formulae  531 
Spinning  Frame  Twist  Con- 
stants   534-538 

Spinning  Twist  Tables  and 

Multipliers  532-533 

38"  Standard  Twister  Con- 
stants   580-581 

Model  A & C Twister  Con- 
stants   584-591 

Twist  Tables  (Twisters  2 to  12 

ply) 598-635 

Twister  Bobbins 570-571 

Twister  Extras 568 

Twister  Motor  Drive 253 

Twister  Rings 247 

Twister  Spindles 249 

Twisters,  Saco-Lowell 237 

Twisting,  The  Process  of 233 

Two-Section  Waste  Opener  . 101 

Varieties  of  Cotton  710 

Vats  for  Slashers  311 

Vertical  Apron  Conveyor  26-27 

Vertical  Opener  Grids  14 

Vertical  Opener,  Hand  F'eed  19 

Vertical  Opener,  Motor  Drive  . 19 

Vertical  Openers  arranged  Tan- 
dem   17 

Vertical  Opener  with  Apron  De- 
livery   17 

Volume,  Metric  vs.  American 
Standard  737 

Warpers  for  Beaming  283 

Warper  Spring  Combs 663 

Waste  Carding  and  Spinning: 

Preparatory  Process 89 

Spinning  137 

Waste  Openers,  Motor  Driven  373 

W-3  Waste  Openers 98-101 

Weight  Equivalents,  Ounces 

and  Grains 554 

Weight  of  Cotton  on  Roving 

Bobbins 479-493 

Weight  of  Laps  for  Finisher 

Card 409 

Weight  of  Machines: 

Bale  Breaker,  No.  4 330 

Bailers  658 

soo 


INDEX  TO  CUTS 


W eight  of  Machines  ( continued ): 

Butterworth  Shoddy  Picker  379 
Card  and  Picker  Waste 


Cleaner  366 

Cards 390 

Condenser,  No.  1 334 

Condenser,  No.  6 336 

Condenser,  No.  9 335 

Distributors  341 

Drawing  Frames  414 

English  Shoddy  Picker  . 376 

Evener  Drawing  Frame  436 

Fans  332 

Feeder,  No.  5 343 

Feed  Table  332 

Lappers  351 

Lap  Winders 409 

Roving  Frames 459 

Size  Kettles 319 

Slashers  700 

Spinning  Frames  514-515 

Spoolers  650 

Thread  Extractor 368 

Trunks 333 

Twisters 568-569 

Vertical  Openers 331 


Index 

Adjustable  Grids  for  Vertical 

Openers  14 

Adjustable  Grids  for  Lappers  . 77 

Apron  Conveyors 25-27 

Automatic  Distributor  28 

Automatic  Feeder  36 

Automatic  Hopper  Feed  Regu- 
lator  40 

Bale  Breaker,  No.  4 6 

Bale  Breaker,  Cross  Section  ...  8 

Bale  Breaker  andVertical  Opener  12 

Ball  Bearings  for  Lappers 74 

Ball  Bearing  Top  Rolls  for 

Roving 201 

Bailers  291,  294 

Beam  Warper,  Model  A 282 

Beam  Warper,  Model  C 284 

Bearings,  Ring  Oiling,  for  Lappers  75 


Weight  of  Machines  {continued) : 


Warper  Beams  658-659 

Warpers 658 

W-3  Waste  Openers 372 

Willow 362 

Weight  of  Picker  Laps  in 
Ounces,  Grains,  and  Hank  . 349 

Weight  of  Travelers 547 

Weights,  Metric  vs.  U.  S.  Stand- 
ard   737 

Weight  System  of  Numbering 

Yarns  712 

Weights,  Table  of  Roving  498 

W eights.  Table  of  Yarn 555 

W eights  used  on  Drawing  Frame 

Rolls 415 

Wet  Twisting  251 

Willow 91 

Yardage  Knock-Off  Motion  for 

Twisters 257 

Yarn,  Contraction  due  to  Twist  556 

Yarn  Diameters 717 

Yarn  — Numbering 712-713 

Yarn,  Varieties  of  Twisted  235 


Yarn,  Yards  on  Section  Beams  660- 

662 

o Cuts 


Bearings,  Self-Aligning  38 

Bearing  for  Slasher  Cylinder  . 306 

Beater  Locks 72 

Beater,  Kirschner  Carding  ....  66 

Belt  Shippers  for  Cards  132 

Birkenhead  Creel  for  Roving  198 

Birkenhead  Creel  for  Spinning  217 

Bobbin  Gauges,  Roving  204 

Bobbins,  for  Roving  455 

Bobbins,  Spinning  512 

Bobbins,  Twister  570 

Breaker  Lapper  with  Vertical 
Opener  and  No.  7 Opener  ...  48 

Breaker  Lapper  with  No.  5 

FYeder  50 

Breaker  Lapper,  2-Beater  with 

40"  Cylinder  52 

Breaker  Lapper  with  Condenser 
and  Gauge  Box 56 


INDEX  TO  CUTS  — Continued 


Breaker  Lapper  with  Screen 

Section .50 

Breaker  Lapper,  2-Beater  with 

Feeder  .58 

Breaker  Lapper  with  Exhaust 

Opener  Section  58 

Breaker  Lapper  with  Feeder 

and  Evener 00 

Breaker  Waste  Card 130 

Buckley  Cylinder 70 

Builder  Motion,  Spinning  218 

Lutterworth  Shoddy  Picker  110 

Calender,  3-Roll,  for  Waste 

Machine 101 

Calender  Rolls  for  Drawing 

Frame  109 

Card  and  Picker  Waste  Cleaner  92,  94 

Carding  Beater 00 

Card  (front  and  back  views)  118,  120 
Card  Cross  Section  . . 122 

Card  Belted  for  Grinding  130 

Card.  Breaker  for  Waste  ....  130 

Card.  Finisher  for  Waste  ..  134 

Card  with  Fancy  Roll  140 

Card  with  4-Goiler  Front  144 

Card  with  2-Coiler  Front  147 

Card  with  tandem  lap  attach- 
ment   140 

Card  with  Gordon  Attachment  148 
Card  Diagrams  of  Gearing.  .398-399 
Card  Cylinder  Detail  . 120 

Card  Stripper 150,  152 

Clearers,  Common  for  Drawing 

Frame  173 

Clearers,  Revolving,  for  Draw- 
ing Frame  174 

Cleaning  Trunk  40 

Clips  for  Card  Flats  127 

Comb,  Positive  Expansion  290 

Combination  Breaker  and  Fin- 
isher Lapper  08 

Combing  Roll  for  Feeder  39 

Compound  on  Roving  Frame  . 199 

Condensers,  Nos.  1,  0 and  9 20 

Condenser,  No.  0,  Cross  Section  22 
Creel,  Standard  for  Spinning  216 
Creel,  Birkenhead  for  Roving  . 198 

Creel,  Birkenhead  for  Spinning  217 
Creel,  V-type  for  Warper  288 


Cylinder  Grinder  for  Waste 

Machine 110 

Cylinder  Bearings  for  Cards  126 

Distributor,  Automatic 28 

Distributor,  Detail  of  Parts  . 30 

Distributor,  Double 32 

Differential  Motion  of  Roving 

Frame  199 

Drawing  Frame,  front  view  162,  164 

Drawing  Frame,  cross  section, 

metallic  rolls  166 

Drawing  Frame,  cross  section, 

leather  rolls  168 

Drawing  Frame,  Head  End 

Gearing 170 

Drawing  Frame,  Diagram  of  Rolls 

and  Gearing 429-433 

Drawing  Frame,  Diagram  for 

Setting  Coilers 414 

Drawing  Frame,  Diagram  of 
Tube  Gear  Drive  428 

Elevator  for  Laps 80 

English  Shoddy  Picker  112-114 

Evener,  No.  5,  for  Lapper  64 

Evener  Drawing  Frame  178,  180 

Evener  Drawing  Frame  Plan 

and  Elevation 182,  183 

Evener  Drawing  Frame  Dia- 
gram of  Rolls  and  Gearing.  . 438 

Fancy  Roll  for  Cards  140 

F'eeder,  No.  5 36 

Feeder,  No.  5,  Cross  Section  342 
Feeders,  Arranged  Tandem  42 

Feed  Regulator,  No.  5 Feeder  . 40 

Feed  Table,  Single  and  Double.  10 
Feed  Plate  for  Waste  Opener  107 

Finisher  Lapper  62 

Finisher  Lapper  Cross  Section  61 

Finisher  Waste  Card 134 

Five-Section  Hard  Maste 

Opener  106 

Flat  Clips,  Card 127 

Flyers,  Roving  202 

Four-coiler  Front  for  Card  ...  144 

Front  Plate  for  Card 124 

' Gallows  Pulley  Drive  for  Verti- 
cal Opener 13 


INDEX  TO  CUTS—  Continued 


Gear  Diagrams: 

Coilcr  Gearing 398-39!) 

Drawing  Frame  Gearing  429-433 
Fine  Roving  Frames  . 467-468 

Intermediate  Roving 

Frames 466-467 

Jack  Frames 469 

Lap  Winder 406 

Slubbers 465-466 

Spinning  Frame  524 

Spinning  Frame  Roll  Gear- 
ing   526 

Tube  gears.  Drawing  Frame  428 
Twister,  38"  Standard  . 578 

Twisters,  Model  A and  C . 582 

Willow  Gearing  365 

Gear  Drive  for  Slasher  Cylinder  308 
Gearing  for  Card  Coders  . 398-399 

Gearing  in  Spinning  Frame 

Head  End  215,  524 

Gearing  in  Twister  Head  End  578 

Types  A and  C 582 

Gordon  Card  Attachment  148 

Grids,  Patent  Adjustable  for 

Vertical  Opener  14 

Grids,  Patent  Adjustable  for 

Lappers  77 

Grinder  for  Waste  Machine 


Lap  Trucks  82 

La]>  Winder 156-158 

La])  Winder  Gearing 406 

Lattice  Conveyors 25-27 

Leese  Clock  for  Warper  665 

Leese  Warper,  Model  A 291 

Leese  Warper  Floor  Stand 292 

Lickerin  Details,  Card  125 

Lightning  Tie  Cutter 79 

Lock  for  Lap  Winder  156 

M aehinery  Moving  Trucks  . .84-85 
Metallic  Thread  Boards,  Spin- 
ning   222 

Metallic  Thread  Boards,  Twist- 
ers   242 

Mote  Knife  Roll,  Cards  142 

Motor  Drive  for  Lappers  70-71 

M otor  Drive  for  Spinning 

Frame  221 

Motor  Drive  for  Twisters 252 

Nivling  System  of  Size  Circu- 
lation   322-323 

One-Section  W-3  Waste  Opener 

100,  108 

Opener,  Xo.  7 with  Feeder  . . 44 


Cylinder 110 

Grinder  for  Cards 131 

Hand  of  Twisters,  Diagram  . . 567 

Hank  Clock,  Drawing  Frame  172 
Hank  Clock,  Roving  Frame  . . 203 

Hank  Clock,  Spinning  Frame  223 

Hank  Clock,  Twisters  256 

Hank  Clock  Diagram  for  Order- 
ing   451 

Hot  Air  Slasher  304,  314 

Intermediate  Lapper 62 

Intermediate  Roving  Frame  190,  192 

Knee  Brakes  for  Twister  Spin- 
dles   249 

Knock-off  Motion,  Twisters  . . . 256 

Lap  Counting  Device,  Lappers.  55 

Lap  Elevator  80 

Lap  Rods 79 


Plans  and  Elevations  of  Machines: 


Bale  Breaker  ATo.  4 340 

Beamer  706 

Breaker  with  Xo.  5 Feeder  359 

Breaker  with  Condenser  and 

Gauge  Box  360 

Breaker  with  Screen  Sec- 
tion   360 

Breaker  with  Exhaust 

Opener  Section  360 

Breaker  with  40"  Cylinder, 

First  Section 359 

Breaker  with  0-7  Opener 
and  Vertical  Opener  . 360 

Butterworth  Shoddy  Picker  378 

Card,  40" 396 

Card,  45" 397 

Card  Stripper  Condensers  392 

Combination  Breaker  and 

Finisher  Lapper  360 

Condenser,  Xo.  1 334 

Condenser,  Xo.  9 335 


803 


INDEX  TO  CUTS -Continued 


Plans  and  Elevations  of  Machines: 


Condenser,  No.  6 336 

Distributor  Layout  338 

Drawing  Frame,  4 del. 

head 427 

Drawing  Frame,  6 del. 

head  428 

English  Shoddy  Picker  . 377 

Evener  Drawing  Frame  437 

Feeder,  No.  5 340,  3.59 

Feed  Regulator 359 

Finisher  Lapper  360 

Lap  Winder,  20" 404 

Lap  Winder,  223^" 405 


Opener,  No.  7 with  Feeder  359 
Opener,  No.  9 with  Feeder  359 
Opener  with  Apron  delivery  359 
Opener  with  pipe  delivery  359 
Opener,  One-Section  W-3  . 374 

Picker  Room  Layout 338 

Roving  Waste  Opener  374 

Roving  Frames 460-464 

Slasher,  7'  and  5'  Cylinders  701 

Slasher  Double  Head 702 

Slasher  Single  Cylinder  . . 703 

Slasher  with  Truck  Creel  . 704 

Slasher,  Hot  Air 705 

Spinning  Frames  516-520 

Spooler 652 

Twisters 572-573 

Vertical  Opener  340 

Warper,  Beam  672 

Warper,  Leese 673-674 

Willow  with  Automatic 

Feeder 364 

Porcupine  Cylinder  ...  . 76 

Positive  Expansion  Comb  . 290 

Revolving  Clearers,  Drawing  . . 174 

Rings,  for  Spinning  Frames.  . . 219 

Rings,  for  Twisters  246 

Roller  Bearings  for  .Slasher  306 

Rope  Drive  for  Vertical  Openers  18 

Roving  Frames  in  Mill 186 

Roving  Frame,  front  view  . 190 

Roving  Frame,  back  view  . 192 

Roving  Frame  Gearing 194 

Roving  Frame  Rolls  200-201 

Roving  Frame,  diagram  of  gear- 
ing   465-469 


Roving  Traverse  Motion  196 

Roving  Frame  Compound  199 

Self-Aligning  Bearings  for  Lap- 

pers 38,  75 

Separators  for  Spinning  Frames  220 
Sewing  Machine  for  Tapes  ....  229 

Shoddy  Picker,  English  Pattern  112 

With  Adj.  Base 116 

Shoddy  Picker,  Butterworth  116 

Size  Kettle  318 

Size  Pump  326 

Sizing  System,  Nivling  322 

Sizing  System,  Saco-Lowell  . 324 

Slasher,  7'  and  5'  Cylinders  . . 298 

Slasher  with  Double  Headway  . 300 

Slasher  with  Three  Cylinders . . 302 

Slasher  Cylinder  Bearings 306 

Slasher,  Positive  Gear  Drive.  . 308 

Slasher  Size  Vat  310 

Slasher,  Hot  Air  304-314 

Slubber  188 

Soaping  Device  for  Waste 

Opener 108-109 

Spindles  for  Spinning  Frames  . 226, 

228 

Spindles  for  Twister  248-249 

Spinning  Frame,  Model  17  206 

Spinning  Frame,  Model  22  208,  210. 

212,  214 

Spinning  Frame,  Motor  Drive  . 221 

Spinning  Frame,  Tape  Drive  224-225 
Spinning  Frame  Draft  Gearing.  526 
Spinning  Frame  Twist  Gearing.  530 
Spinning  Frame  Head  End  Gear- 


ing   215,  524 

Spinning  Bobbins 512 

Spiral  Gear  Drive  for  Tappers  . 65 

Split  Lap  preventer 78 

Spooler,  Model  No.  1 272 

Spooler,  Model  No.  3 274 

Spooler,  Model  No.  4 266 

Spooler,  Model  No.  5 276 

Spooler  Bobbin  Holder 271 

Spooler  Geared  End  Open 262 

Spooler  Spindles 268 

Spooler  Tape  Drive  268 

Spooler  Tension  Devices 278 

Spooler  Thread  Guide 270 

Sprocket  for  Card  Flats 129 


INDEX  TO  CUTS  — Continued 


Steel  Lap  Rods 79 

Stop  Motion  for  Drawing  Frames  172 
Stop  Motion  Spoons  Drawing 

Frames  171 

Stop  Motion  for  Twisters,  Trap  258 
Strippers  for  Cards 150,  152 


Tandem  Feeders 42 

Tandem  Vertical  Openers 4 

Tandem  Lap  Attachment  for 

Waste  Cards  140 

Tape  Drive  for  Spinning  ....  224-225 

Tape  Drive  for  Spooler 208 

Tape  Drive  for  Twisters 254 

Tape  Sewing  Machine 229 

Tension  Devices  for  Spoolers  278 
Thomas  Automatic  Regulator 

for  Distributor  34 

Thompson  Stripping  Roll  . . 128 

Thread  Boards,  Spinning  222 

Thread  Boards,  Twisters  242 

Thread  Extractor 90 

Thread  Guides  for  Spoolers  ....  270 

Tie  Cutters 79 

Top  Clearers,  Drawing  Frames  173- 

174 

Top  Clearers,  Roving  Frames  . 200 

Trap  Motion  for  Twisters  ....  258 

Trucks  for  Laps ..  82 

Trunk,  Cleaning 40 

Twister,  38"  Standard 232 

Twister  New  Model 234 

Twister  Type  A 23G,  238 

Twister,  Type  C Beam  Creel  . . 240 

Twister,  Type  C Pin  Creel  ....  244 

Twister,  Type  C Motor  Drive  . 252 

Twister  Bobbins 570 

Twister  Diagram  showing  Hand  507 
Twister  Head  End  Gearing  . 578,  582 
Twister  Rings  . 240 


Twister  Spindles 248-249 

Two-Coiler  Head  for  Card  . . 147 

Vat  for  Slasher  310 

Vertical  Apron  Conveyors  . . . .20-27 
Vertical  Openers,  Battery'  of  Three  4 
Vertical  Openers  with  Bale 

Breaker  12 

Vertical  Openers,  Hand  Feed  . . 19 

Vertical  Openers,  Motor  Drive.  19 

Vertical  Opener,  Grids  14 

Vertical  Opener,  Cross  Section  15 

Vertical  Opener  with  Apron 

Delivery,  cross  section 10 

Vertical  Openers,  Methods  of 

Driving 18 

Vertical  Openers  with  Picker 

(China  Combination)  49 

Views  of  Cotton  Mills 740-793 


Warper,  Model  A Beam  282 

Warper,  Model  C Beam  284 

Warper,  Model  A Leese  291 

Warper,  Combination  Beam  and 

Leese  294 

Warper,  Clock  and  Gearing  . . . 280 

Warper,  Clock,  Special  Leese  . 005 

Warper,  Floor  Stand  for  Leese  . 292 

Warper  V-Creel  288 

Waste  Breaker  Card  130-140 

Waste  Finisher  Card  . . 134-144-140 

Wet  Twister  Detail 250 

Willow 90 

Willow  Gearing  305 

W-3  Waste  Opener,  1-section  100 
With  Soaping  Attachment  . 108 

W-3  Waste  Opener,  2-section  102-104 
W-3  Waste  Opener,  5-section  10G 

Yardage  Knock-Off  Motion  for 

Twisters 250 


805 


. 


